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Air Force Institute of Technology

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Full-Text Articles in Structures and Materials

Effectsof Prior Aging At 260 °C In Argon On Inelastic Deformation Behavior Of Pmr-15 Polymer At 260 °C: Experiment And Modeling, Bradley K. Diedrick Mar 2010

Effectsof Prior Aging At 260 °C In Argon On Inelastic Deformation Behavior Of Pmr-15 Polymer At 260 °C: Experiment And Modeling, Bradley K. Diedrick

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this research was to investigate the inelastic deformation behavior of PMR-15 neat resin, a high-temperature polymer, at 260 °C. The experimental program was designed to explore the influence of strain rate on loading and unloading behaviors. In addition, the effect of prior strain rate on creep, relaxation, and recovery responses was evaluated. The material exhibits positive, nonlinear strain rate sensitivity in monotonic loading. Early failures occur before fully establishing inelastic flow. The creep, relaxation, and recovery responses are significantly influenced by prior strain rate. The experimental results suggest the behavior of PMR-15 at 260 °C can be …


Consideration Of Wear Rates At High Velocities, Stephen P. Meador Mar 2010

Consideration Of Wear Rates At High Velocities, Stephen P. Meador

Theses and Dissertations

The goal of this research is to study sliding contact wear of test sled slippers at high velocities. Experimentation representative of the slippers is infeasible, so numerical studies are used. An Eulerian-Lagrangian hydrocode called CTH is used to study mechanical wear. Failure criteria have been established to evaluate the stresses and strains resulting from the hydrocode simulation of a single asperity collision. The results from the hydrocode simulations are scaled to account for slipper bounce and multiple asperities, and these results produce total wear values that are approximately 90% of total experimental wear. Slipper thermodynamics have also been evaluated. The …


Part Count: Monolithic Part Effects On Manufacturing Labor Cost, An Aircraft Applied Model, Aaron M. Lemke Mar 2010

Part Count: Monolithic Part Effects On Manufacturing Labor Cost, An Aircraft Applied Model, Aaron M. Lemke

Theses and Dissertations

There are significantly different manufacturing processes and part counts associated with composites that are not currently addressed within the aircraft procurement and life cycle management processes in the Department of Defense (DoD). A series of affordability initiatives have culminated in significant evidence over the last decade to better quantify the impact of primarily composite structures in aircraft. An Air Force Research Laboratory program, Advanced Composite Cargo Aircraft (ACCA), provides substantial support for the impact of part size on life cycle cost for payload aircraft. This research evaluates select methods used and seeks to introduce modifications to the projected manufacturing hours …


Investigation Into Contact Resistance And Damage Of Metal Contacts Used In Rf-Mems Switches, Kevin W. Gilbert Dec 2009

Investigation Into Contact Resistance And Damage Of Metal Contacts Used In Rf-Mems Switches, Kevin W. Gilbert

Theses and Dissertations

This research examines the physical and electrical processes involved in lifecycle failure of Microelectromechanical (MEMS) Radio-Frequency (RF) cantilever beam ohmic contact switches. Failures of these switches generally occur at the contact, but complete details of performance of microcontacts are difficult to measure and have not been previously reported. This study investigated the mechanics of microcontact behavior by designing and constructing a novel experimental setup. Three representative contact materials of varying microstructure (Au, Au5%Ru, Au4%V2O5) were tested and parameters of contact during cycling were measured. The Au4%V2O5, a dispersion strengthened material developed at …


Fatigue Behavior Of An Advanced Sic/Sic Composite At Elevated Temperature In Air And In Steam, Devon T. Christensen Dec 2009

Fatigue Behavior Of An Advanced Sic/Sic Composite At Elevated Temperature In Air And In Steam, Devon T. Christensen

Theses and Dissertations

The fatigue behavior of an advanced Silicon Carbide/Silicon Carbide (SiC/SiC) ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was investigated at 1200 ˚C in laboratory air and in steam environments. The composite consisted of a SiC matrix reinforced with Boron Nitride (BN) coated Hi-Nicalon fibers woven into eight-harness-satin (8HS) weave plies. Tensile stress-strain behavior and tensile properties were also evaluated at 1200 ˚C. Tension-tension fatigue tests were conducted in both laboratory air and in steam at 1200 ˚C at frequencies of 0.1 Hz, 1.0 Hz, and 10 Hz. The tension-tension fatigue tests had a ratio of minimum stress to maximum stress of R = …


Application Of Systems Engineering To Rapid Prototyping For Close Air Support, John M. Colombi, Richard G. Cobb Oct 2009

Application Of Systems Engineering To Rapid Prototyping For Close Air Support, John M. Colombi, Richard G. Cobb

Faculty Publications

Twenty-first century military operations have brought forth many new challenges for the Armed Forces of the United States. One such challenge is with new operating environments, where current systems are not always effective. While it is desirable to apply a systems engineering approach to best meet critical user needs, there may be a misconception that systems engineering requires a lengthy and detailed process not nimble enough for a rapid prototyping effort. This article describes how a classic systems engineering methodology was successfully tailored to the rapid development of potential material solutions to meet a critical operational need. Key observations are …


Effect Of Steam Environment On Creep Behavior Of Nextel720/Alumina-Mullite Ceramic Matrix Composite At Elevated Temperature, Tolga Kutsal Mar 2009

Effect Of Steam Environment On Creep Behavior Of Nextel720/Alumina-Mullite Ceramic Matrix Composite At Elevated Temperature, Tolga Kutsal

Theses and Dissertations

The tensile creep behavior of an oxide-oxide ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was investigated at 1000 and 1100° C in laboratory air and steam. The oxide-oxide CMC studied in this research was Nextel™ 720/alumina-mullite (N720/AM). The composite consists of N720/fibers with 0°/90° fiber orientation and a porous alumina-mullite matrix. Tensile-strain behavior was investigated and tensile properties measured at 900, 1000 and 1100° C. The effect of loading rate on tensile properties of N720/AM ceramic matrix composite at 1100° C in steam was also examined. Creep-rupture tests were performed at 1100° C in laboratory air and steam, and at 1000° C only …


Predicting Solar Protons: A Statistical Approach, Jonathan C. Spaulding Mar 2009

Predicting Solar Protons: A Statistical Approach, Jonathan C. Spaulding

Theses and Dissertations

A small fraction of solar flares are accompanied by high energy (>10 MeV) protons. These events can cause degradation or failure of satellite systems and can be harmful to humans in space or in high altitude flight. For risk management purposes, the Air Force is interested in predicting these events. Several algorithms exist to do this operationally, but none predict when these events will occur with much accuracy. Here, we analyzed 3610 M1 and greater flares including 106 with proton events from the GOES sensors from 1 Jan 1986 to 31 Dec 2004 to produce new results, including a …


Non-Destructive Evaluation Of Aerospace Composites, Jeremy D. Johnson Mar 2009

Non-Destructive Evaluation Of Aerospace Composites, Jeremy D. Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

Five methods of non-destructive material evaluation (NDE) were used to inspect various forms of damage commonly found in aerospace fiberglass composites: voids, edge and sub-surface delaminations, surface burning, and cracking. The images produced by X-ray, X-ray Computed Tomography, terahertz (THz) imaging, ultrasound, and flash IR thermography were analyzed for the detection of defects. Test results and analysis of each NDE method's capabilities provide a comparison study of conventional techniques versus the emerging technology of THz imaging for the non-destructive evaluation of aerospace composite materials. A comparison guide to the five methods' damage detection effectiveness for fiberglass composites is provided by …


Fatigue Evaluation Of Nanocomposites As Lightweight Electronic Enclosures For Satellites' Applications, Javier Rodriguez Mar 2009

Fatigue Evaluation Of Nanocomposites As Lightweight Electronic Enclosures For Satellites' Applications, Javier Rodriguez

Theses and Dissertations

Existing nanocomposite materials used for satellite applications don't offer the required conductivity and electromagnetic shielding protection, requiring metal shields in order to survive in space. The AFRL Materials and Manufacturing Directorate in conjunction with the private sector have developed a material that promises to blend the attributes of nanocomposites and metal materials. The M55J/RS3 material consists of carbon fibers combined with a polyisocyanate matrix, in which Nickel nanostrandsTM are added. The research effort investigated the changes in the EMI and ESD of the material after being subjected to cyclic loads. Four configurations of a symmetric layup with fibers oriented …


Creep And Fatigue Interaction Characteristics Of Pwa1484, Christian J. Pierce Mar 2009

Creep And Fatigue Interaction Characteristics Of Pwa1484, Christian J. Pierce

Theses and Dissertations

One of the main methods for predicting the service life of jet engine turbine blades is through creep analysis. A sample of the turbine blade material will be mechanically tested to characterize its creep performance. This characterization will be used to determine safe operating conditions for the material. While methods for modeling creep behavior are generally well developed, this constant load creep testing does not fully represent the loading conditions present in a jet engine due to cyclic loading caused by the mission profile and throttle movements. As the industry seeks to become more accurate in physics based modeling of …


Effects Of Environment On Creep Behavior Of Nextel720/Alumina-Mullite Ceramic Composite With ±45º Fiber Orientation At 1200ºc, Muzaffer Ozer Mar 2009

Effects Of Environment On Creep Behavior Of Nextel720/Alumina-Mullite Ceramic Composite With ±45º Fiber Orientation At 1200ºc, Muzaffer Ozer

Theses and Dissertations

The present effort will investigate the off-axis creep behavior of the Nexte720/Alumina-Mullite CMC, a material system which relies on a porous alumina/mullite matrix for damage tolerance as compared to the pure alumina matrix in earlier studies. This research evaluated the creep behavior of N720/AM with a ± 45° fiber orientation at 1200°C in: laboratory air, steam, and argon environments. Creep-rupture tests at the creep stress levels of: 32, 30, 26, and 20 MPa were conducted in each environment. Additionally 35 MPa stress level examined in air and 13 MPa stress level examined both in air and steam. The N720/AM with …


Electrostatic Discharge Properties Of Irradiated Nanocomposites, Joshua D. Mcgary Mar 2009

Electrostatic Discharge Properties Of Irradiated Nanocomposites, Joshua D. Mcgary

Theses and Dissertations

Modernization in space systems requires employment of new light-weight, high performance composite materials that reduce bulk weight and increase structural integrity. This thesis explored the behavior of one such material prior to and following a 35-year simulated space radiation life-cycle. Select electrical properties of nickel nanostrandTM-carbon composites in seven configurations were characterized prior to electron irradiation via surface and bulk resistivity measurements and contact electrostatic discharge (ESD) measurements. Following irradiation at a fluence of 1016 e-/cm2 at an average energy of 500 keV, measurements were repeated and compared against pre-irradiation data. Configuration D is …


Extension Of Viscoplasticity Based On Overstress To Capture The Effects Of Prior Aging On The Time Dependent Deformation Behavior Of A High-Temperature Polymer: Experiments And Modeling, Amber J. W. Mcclung Oct 2008

Extension Of Viscoplasticity Based On Overstress To Capture The Effects Of Prior Aging On The Time Dependent Deformation Behavior Of A High-Temperature Polymer: Experiments And Modeling, Amber J. W. Mcclung

Theses and Dissertations

The inelastic deformation behavior of PMR-15 neat resin, a high-temperature thermoset polymer, was investigated at 288 degrees C. The experimental program was designed to explore the influence of strain rate on tensile loading, unloading, and strain recovery behaviors. In addition, the effect of the prior strain rate on the relaxation response of the material, as well as on the creep behavior following strain controlled loading were examined. The experimental data were modeled with the Viscoplasticity Based on Overstress (VBO) theory. A systematic procedure for determining model parameters was developed and the model was employed to predict the response of the …


Creep Behavior Of Oxide/Oxide Composites With Monazite Fiber Coating At 1100°C In Air And In Steam Environments, Tufan Yeleser Sep 2008

Creep Behavior Of Oxide/Oxide Composites With Monazite Fiber Coating At 1100°C In Air And In Steam Environments, Tufan Yeleser

Theses and Dissertations

The creep behavior of six oxide-oxide ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) was investigated at 1100 °C in laboratory air and in steam environments. The six CMC systems had an alumina ( Al2O3 ) matrix reinforced with NextelTM610 fibers. The CMC systems C1, C2 and C3 were reinforced with 10 uni-directional fiber layers in a symmetric cross-ply (0°/90°/0°/90°/0°)s orientation. In the case of composites C2 and C3, monazite (LaPO4) fiber coating was applied to the fibers. Composite C1 contained no fiber coating. In the case of composites C1 and C2, alumina matrix was infiltrated with monazite. The CMC systems …


Creep-Rupture And Fatigue Behavior Of A Notched Oxide/Oxide Ceramic Matrix Composite At Elevated Temperature, Barth H. Boyer Jun 2008

Creep-Rupture And Fatigue Behavior Of A Notched Oxide/Oxide Ceramic Matrix Composite At Elevated Temperature, Barth H. Boyer

Theses and Dissertations

The inherent resistance to oxidation of oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composites makes them ideal for aerospace applications that require high temperature and long life under corrosive environments. The ceramic matrix composite (CMC) of interest in the study is the Nextel™720/Alumina (N720/A) which is comprised of an 8-harness satin weave of Nextel™ fibers embedded in an alumina matrix. One of the top applications for N720/A is in the combustion section of a turbine engine. This will require mounting and shaping the material with rivets and possibly sharp edges thereby introducing geometry based stress concentration factors. Sullivan’s research concentrated on the effects of …


Structural Optimization Of A Distributed Actuation System In A Flexible In-Plane Morphing Wing, James T. Westfall Jun 2007

Structural Optimization Of A Distributed Actuation System In A Flexible In-Plane Morphing Wing, James T. Westfall

Theses and Dissertations

Structural weight and efficiency are hurdles for morphing aircraft being realizable on the full-scale level. The optimal distribution and orientation of actuators throughout an in-plane flexible morphing wing structure is investigated. The drive to minimize structural weight causes a wing to be more flexible and the location and orientation of the actuators become more critical as the structure becomes more flexible. NextGen's N-MAS morphing wing is used as a case study. The wing is modeled as a number of unit cells assembled in a scissor-like structure, each comprised of four linkages pinned together and an actuator. The flexible skin of …


Three Dimensional Analysis Of A Composite Repair And The Effect Of Overply Shape Variation On Structural Efficiency, David A. Sutter Mar 2007

Three Dimensional Analysis Of A Composite Repair And The Effect Of Overply Shape Variation On Structural Efficiency, David A. Sutter

Theses and Dissertations

This research characterizes, in the elastic range, a scarf joint with overply using digital image correlation photogrammetry and finite element modeling. Additionally, the effect of varying the overply's geometric profile is examined. Specimens are constructed from AS4/3501-6 prepreg with a [0±45/90]2S layup. A fixture is used to achieve a consistent scarfed hole in each panel. The patch and adhesive (FM 300) are co-cured to the panels using positive pressure, which minimizes repair porosity. Three variations in the overply geometry are used: circular, rooftop-end, and tooth-end. The full strain field in each uni-axially loaded specimen is captured using digital image …


Effects Of Prior Aging At Elevated Temperature In Air And In Argon Environments On Creep Response Of Pmr-15 Neat Resin, Joseph L. Broeckert Mar 2007

Effects Of Prior Aging At Elevated Temperature In Air And In Argon Environments On Creep Response Of Pmr-15 Neat Resin, Joseph L. Broeckert

Theses and Dissertations

Creep behavior of PMR-15 neat resin, a polyimide thermoset polymer, aged in air or argon gaseous environments at 288 °C for up to 1000 h was evaluated. Creep tests were performed at 288 C at creep stress levels of 20 and 10 MPa. Creep periods of at least 25 h in duration were followed by recovery at zero stress. Weight loss and growth of the oxidation layer were also monitored and correlated with aging time. The aging time in both air and argon environments had a strong influence on the creep and recovery response of PMR-15 neat resin. Samples aged …


Laser Covariance Vibrometry For Unsymmetrical Mode Detection, Michael C. Kobold Sep 2006

Laser Covariance Vibrometry For Unsymmetrical Mode Detection, Michael C. Kobold

Theses and Dissertations

Simulated cross - spectral covariance (CSC) from optical return from simulated surface vibration indicates CW phase modulation may be an appropriate phenomenology for adequate classification of vehicles by structural mode. The nonlinear structural to optical relationship is close to unity, avoiding nulls and high values; optical return contains sufficient spectral ID information necessary for data clustering. The FE model has contact between the homogeneous rolled armor and vehicle hull, a simple multi - layer skin model typical of most vehicles. Most of the high frequency energy moved to lower frequencies. This nonlinearity segments contact vibration modes into two classes: symmetrical …


Structural Analysis Of The Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment, Anna E. Gunn-Golkin Sep 2006

Structural Analysis Of The Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment, Anna E. Gunn-Golkin

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this research was to validate the structural integrity of the Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment (RIGEX) and make appropriate improvements to the design, motivated by static and dynamic analysis results. RIGEX is designed to advance the use of rigidizable inflatable structures in the space environment by providing three sets of on-orbit test data on the structural characteristics of three thermoplastic composite tubes. This thesis discusses the RIGEX structural analysis. The term structural analysis refers to the development of a detailed finite element model and the tests for which the model was used. The finite element model provided an …


Structural Design Of Wing Twist For Pitch Control Of Joined Wing Sensor Craft, Fred A. Kimler Iii Mar 2006

Structural Design Of Wing Twist For Pitch Control Of Joined Wing Sensor Craft, Fred A. Kimler Iii

Theses and Dissertations

This research investigated two aspects of the aft wing structure of a joined wing SensorCraft. First, the efficacy of a novel approach for incorporating wing twist for pitch control was analyzed. This design involved adding a spanwise sliding joint into the wing structure at the lower aft spar of the vehicle's aft wing. Second, the joint section where the forward and aft wings connect and form the outboard wing was redesigned and analyzed to improve the load transmission between the wing spars. Using MSC.NASTRAN, linear and non-linear static analyses were performed to examine the efficiency of the wing twist sliding …


Detailed Design Of The Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment, Jeremy S. Goodwin Mar 2006

Detailed Design Of The Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment, Jeremy S. Goodwin

Theses and Dissertations

The Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment is a Space Shuttle experiment that will study the effects of the zero-gravity space environment on the deployment and modal analysis of three inflatable and rigidizable tubes using a sub-Tg rigidization technique. In 2004, RIGEX was transitioned from the Space Shuttle's Get-Away-Special (GAS) canister to its Canister for All Payload Ejections (CAPE), requiring several modifications to the design. The results of these modifications, along with further refinements made to previous efforts, combine to form the detailed design of the experiment. In addition to the design modifications, analyses were conducted to determine the containment capabilities of …


Development And Testing Of An Inflatable, Rigidizable Space Structure Experiment, Sarah K. Helms Mar 2006

Development And Testing Of An Inflatable, Rigidizable Space Structure Experiment, Sarah K. Helms

Theses and Dissertations

Many recent space technology concepts require large space structures such as solar arrays and large aperture antennas; however, tight constraints on payload mass and volume often preclude their launch. Employing inflatable, rigidizable structures can reduce mass and volume while providing sufficient packing flexibility and structural stiffness. AFIT has developed RIGEX to flight-test this type of structure. RIGEX will test the deployment and structural characteristics of three thermoplastic composite Sub-Tg tubes. Once launched on the Space Shuttle in 2007, the spaceflight results will be compared to lab data to validate on-orbit reliability and ground test methods. This paper documents three main …


Characterization Of Functionally Graded Materials, Benjamin D. Chapman Mar 2006

Characterization Of Functionally Graded Materials, Benjamin D. Chapman

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to characterize the behavior of a functionally graded material through experimentation and analytical modeling. Functionally graded materials are a ceramic metal composite which transitions from metal on one face to ceramic on the opposite face. Creating reliable models required verifying the material properties. This was accomplished through the use of a static modulus of elasticity test as well as a dynamic ping test. The natural frequencies from the dynamic test were compared with finite element models to determine which material properties most accurately represented the functionally graded material. It was found that the material …


Simulation Of A Moving Elastic Beam Using Hamilton's Weak Principle, Elliott J. Leigh Mar 2006

Simulation Of A Moving Elastic Beam Using Hamilton's Weak Principle, Elliott J. Leigh

Theses and Dissertations

Hamilton's Law is derived in weak form for slender beams with closed cross sections. The result is discretized with mixed space-time finite elements to yield a system of nonlinear, algebraic equations. An algorithm is proposed for solving these equations using unconstrained optimization techniques, obtaining steady-state and time accurate solutions for problems of structural dynamics. This technique provides accurate solutions for nonlinear static and steady-state problems including the cantilevered elastica and flatwise rotation of beams. Modal analysis of beams and rods is investigated to accurately determine fundamental frequencies of vibration, and the simulation of simple maneuvers is demonstrated.


Design And Ground-Testing Of An Inflatable-Rigidizable Structure Experiment In Preparation For Space Flight, Chad R. Moeller Jun 2005

Design And Ground-Testing Of An Inflatable-Rigidizable Structure Experiment In Preparation For Space Flight, Chad R. Moeller

Theses and Dissertations

As the demand for larger space structures increases, complications arise including physical dimensions, weight, and launch costs. These constraints have forced the space industry to look for smaller, more lightweight, and cost-effective solutions. Future antennas, solar sails, sun shields, and other structures have the potential to be exponentially larger than their launch envelopes. Current research in this area is focused on the use of inflatable, rigidizable structures to reduce payload size and mass, ultimately reducing launch costs. These structures can be used as booms, trusses, wings, or can be configured to almost any simple shape. More complex shapes can be …


Structural Design And Analysis Of A Rigidizable Space Shuttle Experiment, Raymond G. Holstein Iii Mar 2004

Structural Design And Analysis Of A Rigidizable Space Shuttle Experiment, Raymond G. Holstein Iii

Theses and Dissertations

AFIT is in the process of designing a Space Shuttle experiment designated as the Rigidized Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment (RIGEX) to study the effects of microgravity on the deployment of rigidizable composite structures. Once in space, the experiment will inflate and rigidize three composite structures and perform a vibration analysis on each by exciting the tubes using piezoelectric patches and collecting data via an accelerometer. This paper presents the structural and vibration analysis of the RIGEX assembly and inflatable composite tubes using ABAQUS Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software. Comparison of the analysis has been carried out with Eigenvalue/Eigenvector experimentation by means …


Experimental And Computational Analysis Of Modes In A Partially Constrained Plate, Robert M. Vandawaker Mar 2004

Experimental And Computational Analysis Of Modes In A Partially Constrained Plate, Robert M. Vandawaker

Theses and Dissertations

The field of structural health monitoring (SHM) attempts to reduce labor and cost by allowing technicians to monitor selected properties of an aircraft's structure to detect impending failure. This research examines methods to detect damage to a thermal protection system (TPS) tile using representative 2024-T3 aluminum plates. Plates are subjected to modal analysis in single and joined conditions in an attempt to provide the capability of sensing damage to a tile on the surface of a vehicle while the sensors remain on the superstructure of the airframe. Jointly, the development of a means to model the system using finite element …


Effect Of A Variable Contact Load On Fretting Fatigue Behavior Of Ti-6al-4v, Andrew J. Jutte Mar 2004

Effect Of A Variable Contact Load On Fretting Fatigue Behavior Of Ti-6al-4v, Andrew J. Jutte

Theses and Dissertations

Effects of a variable contact load on the high cycle fretting fatigue behavior of Ti-6AL-4V were investigated. Experimental tests were performed using a new test setup capable of applying a contact load varying in amplitude, frequency, and phase and independently measuring shear forces on opposite sides of a specimen. Finite element analysis (FEA) of experimental and idealized loading conditions was performed and local mechanistic parameters and the Modified Shear Stress Range (MSSR) fatigue parameter were determined. Correlations between contact width, slip amplitude, fatigue life and a variable contact load were established with variable contact loading shown to have a damaging …