Engineering Commons^™

Aqueous Extracts Of Zingiber Officinale Rhizomes And Hibiscus Sabdariffa Leaves Enhanced Plasmodium Berghei-Infected Mice's Hematological Parameters., Fatimah Aluko Abubakar, Raliat Abimbola Aladodo, Aremu Abubakar

Al-Bahir

Malaria remains a global health challenge, leading to severe hematological complications. Natural alternatives such as Zingiber officinale and Hibiscus sabdariffa, known for their antioxidant and bioactive properties, are being investigated for their therapeutic potential. This study examines the hematological benefits of Z. officinale and H. sabdariffa in mice infected with the common malaria research model, NK65 chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei. Forty-two albino mice, averaging 24.5 ± 1.23g, were randomly divided into six groups. Mice in group A were uninfected which served as the normal control group. Mice in groups B, C, D, E, and F were inoculated intraperitoneally with P. …

Exploring Credit Loss For Engineering Transfer Students, Amy J. Richardson, David B. Knight

Inquiry: The Journal of the Virginia Community Colleges

One of the issues at the heart of transfer is the mobility of credits across institutions—moving credits from one institution to another is a crucial process for the transfer pathway to be a viable option. Credit loss is a critical issue for transfer students enrolled in highly sequential degrees, such as engineering. A student could be set back a year or more if they miss one required prerequisite course at the time of transfer. Determining who experiences credit loss in engineering could help ease the transfer process, improve graduation rates, and broaden participation in engineering since the transfer pathway has …

Neutrosophic Automata And Its Algebraic Properties, Anil Kr. Ram, Anupam K. Singh

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

This research endeavors to elucidate the interrelationships among various classes of operators, including neutrosophic successor/neutrosophic source/neutrosophic core operators of neutrosophic automata based on neutrosophic resituated lattices. Furthermore, it delves into the characterization of algebraic properties such as neutrosophic subsystem, neutrosophic connectivity, and neutrosophic separability of a neutrosophic automaton using these operators. Finally, we study the concepts of neutrosophic primaries of the given neutrosophic automata using neutrosophic core operators.

An Approach For Hybridizing N-Subalgebra With Quantified Neutrosophic Set Using G-Algebra, Neha Andaleeb Khalid, Muhammad Saeed

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Neutrosophic sets are a generalized form of fuzzy sets as well as intuitionistic fuzzy sets, as they address the uncertainty factor as an independent component along with truthfulness and falsity. However, traditional neutrosophic approaches often struggle with effectively managing and quantifying indeterminate elements in complex algebraic structures. To address this limitation, this paper employs an expanded version of the neutrosophic set, incorporating a subalgebra. The proposed research is multifaceted: firstly, the new concept of N-Subalgebra (NSU) is proposed. This is the modified setting in the family of subalgebras whose proposed name is the representation of the author's initial name. Secondly, …

A Neutrosophic Micro Vague Correlation Measure: Application To Multi-Criteria Decision Making Problems, Vargees Vahini T, Trinita Pricilla M

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Statistical methods called correlation measures are employed to express the degree of association or relationship between two variables. The correlation coefficient which may be computed in a variety of ways is the most often used kind of correlation measure in many disciplines including biology, psychology, economics, and finance. Knowing the correlations between variables is essential for analysis and decision-making. This paper aims to commence a novel type of correlation measure called Neutrosophic Micro vague Correlation Measure and Neutrosophic Micro Vague Weighted Correlation Measure. Further demonstrates the implementation of the Neutrosophic Micro Vague correlation measure in the MCDM Problem. By adopting …

Improved Estimator For Population Mean Utilizing Known Medians Of Two Auxiliary Variables Under Neutrosophic Framework, Rajesh Singh, Shobh Nath Tiwari

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

In the context of classical statistics, the estimation of the population mean is done with determinate, precise, and crisp data when auxiliary information is available. However, there are instances where dealing with uncertain, indeterminate, and imprecise data in interval form is required. To overcome this issue, Florentin Smarandache introduced neutrosophic statistics as a novel approach. This paper introduces a neutrosophic modified ratio-cum-product log-type estimator for the estimation of the population mean using known medians of two auxiliary variables in the neutrosophic context. The bias and mean squared error (MSE) for the proposed estimators are computed to the first-order approximation. The …

Enhancing Smart City Management With Ai: Analyzing Key Criteria And Their Interrelationships Using Dematel Under Neutrosophic Numbers And Mabac For Optimal Development, Asmaa Elsayed, Mai Mohamed

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Purpose: This paper explores the transformative role of AI across various domains of smart cities, including urban mobility, energy management, public safety, healthcare, environmental monitoring, economic development, and data management. It aims to develop a novel decision-making framework that integrates AI technologies with a hybrid approach to analyze the interrelationships among smart city components.

Methodology: This paper employs a hybrid decision-making framework that combines the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method with single-valued trapezoidal neutrosophic numbers (STrNN). This approach is used to analyze the complex relationships among criteria and sub-criteria in smart city contexts, addressing uncertainty and incomplete information …

A Reconsideration Of Advanced Concepts In Neutrosophic Graphs: Smart, Zero Divisor, Layered, Weak, Semi, And Chemical Graphs, Takaaki Fujita, Florentin Smarandache

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

One of the most powerful tools in graph theory is the classification of graphs into distinct classes based on shared properties or structural features. Over time, many graph classes have been introduced, each aimed at capturing specific behaviors or characteristics of a graph. Neutrosophic Set Theory, a method for handling uncertainty, extends fuzzy logic by incorporating degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity. Building on this framework, Neutrosophic Graphs [9, 84, 135] have emerged as significant generalizations of fuzzy graphs. In this paper, we extend several classes of fuzzy graphs to Neutrosophic graphs and analyze their properties.

Mbj-Neutrosophic Structure Applied To Bp-Algebras: Bp-Subalgebras And Α-Ideals, Bavanari Satyanarayana, Shake Baji, Anjaneyulu Naik K.

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

In this article, we introduce the concepts of MBJ-neutrosophic BP-subalgebras and MBJ-neutrosophic α-ideals in BP-algebra by applying MBJ-neutrosophic logic to algebraic structure BP-algebra. We prove that the intersection of two MBJ-neutrosophic α-ideals and the inverse image of an MBJ-neutrosophic α-ideal are also MBJ-neutrosophic α-ideals. Furthermore, we prove an MBJ-neutrosophic set is an MBJ-neutrosophic BP-subalgebra if and only if its level sets are BP-subalgebras.

Einstein Aggregate Operators Under Q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Hypersoft Sets With Machine Learning, Muhammad Gulistan, Muhammad Abid

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Thailand with its impressive 15.5% global share of renewable energy production, has a small 1% share of bitcoin mining. At the same time, the country is dealing with the severe effects of climate change, which emphasizes the necessity of taking proactive steps to solve environmental issues. This research integrates machine learning techniques and Einstein Aggregate Operators under q-rung orthopair fuzzy hypersoft set (q-ROFHS)-based multi-criteria decision-making technique to present a new method for analyzing CO₂ impacts and mitigation solutions in Thailand. We evaluate the environmental impacts of bitcoin mining and the incorporation of renewable energy sources using an interdisciplinary framework, …

Some Graph Parameters For Superhypertree-Width And Neutrosophictree-Width, Takaaki Fujita, Florentin Smarandache

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Graph characteristics are often studied through various parameters, with ongoing research dedicated to exploring these aspects. Among these, graph width parameters—such as treewidth—are particularly important due to their practical applications in algorithms and real-world problems. A hypergraph generalizes traditional graph theory by abstracting and extending its concepts [77]. More recently, the concept of a SuperHyperGraph has been introduced as a further generalization of the hypergraph. Neutrosophic logic [133], a mathematical framework, extends classical and fuzzy logic by allowing the simultaneous consideration of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity within an interval. In this paper, we explore Superhypertree-width, Neutrosophic treewidth, and t-Neutrosophic tree-width.

Solving N-Players Continuous Differential Games Under Neutrosophic Environment, M. G. Brikaa

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Uncertainty plays a crucial role in decision-making problems, particularly in game theory. Various forms of uncertainty have been explored in the literature, including fuzzy, soft, rough, and interval-based approaches. Game theory has been extensively studied under these uncertainty models, with researchers addressing vagueness, and imprecision from multiple perspectives. More recently, neutrosophic sets have emerged as an alternative framework for handling uncertainty. Neutrosophic numbers effectively incorporate indeterminacy in decision-making by considering factors such as intuition, assumptions, judgment, behavior, evaluation, and preferences of decision-makers. This paper presents a novel approach to solving a new class of n-player continuous differential games within a …

A Neutrosophic Micro Vague Correlation Measure: Application To Multi-Criteria Decision Making Problems, Vargees Vahini T, Trinita Pricilla M

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Statistical methods called correlation measures are employed to express the degree of association or relationship between two variables. The correlation coefficient which may be computed in a variety of ways is the most often used kind of correlation measure in many disciplines including biology, psychology, economics, and finance. Knowing the correlations between variables is essential for analysis and decision-making. This paper aims to commence a novel type of correlation measure called Neutrosophic Micro vague Correlation Measure and Neutrosophic Micro Vague Weighted Correlation Measure. Further demonstrates the implementation of the Neutrosophic Micro Vague correlation measure in the MCDM Problem. By adopting …

Improved Estimator For Population Mean Utilizing Known Medians Of Two Auxiliary Variables Under Neutrosophic Framework, Rajesh Singh, Shobh Nath Tiwari

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

In the context of classical statistics, the estimation of the population mean is done with determinate, precise, and crisp data when auxiliary information is available. However, there are instances where dealing with uncertain, indeterminate, and imprecise data in interval form is required. To overcome this issue, Florentin Smarandache introduced neutrosophic statistics as a novel approach. This paper introduces a neutrosophic modified ratio-cum-product log-type estimator for the estimation of the population mean using known medians of two auxiliary variables in the neutrosophic context. The bias and mean squared error (MSE) for the proposed estimators are computed to the first-order approximation. The …

Some Graph Parameters For Superhypertree-Width And Neutrosophictree-Width, Takaaki Fujita, Florentin Smarandache

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Graph characteristics are often studied through various parameters, with ongoing research dedicated to exploring these aspects. Among these, graph width parameters—such as treewidth—are particularly important due to their practical applications in algorithms and real-world problems. A hypergraph generalizes traditional graph theory by abstracting and extending its concepts [77]. More recently, the concept of a SuperHyperGraph has been introduced as a further generalization of the hypergraph. Neutrosophic logic [133], a mathematical framework, extends classical and fuzzy logic by allowing the simultaneous consideration of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity within an interval. In this paper, we explore Superhypertree-width, Neutrosophic treewidth, and t-Neutrosophic tree-width.

Enhancing Smart City Management With Ai: Analyzing Key Criteria And Their Interrelationships Using Dematel Under Neutrosophic Numbers And Mabac For Optimal Development, Asmaa Elsayed, Mai Mohamed

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Purpose: This paper explores the transformative role of AI across various domains of smart cities, including urban mobility, energy management, public safety, healthcare, environmental monitoring, economic development, and data management. It aims to develop a novel decision-making framework that integrates AI technologies with a hybrid approach to analyze the interrelationships among smart city components.

Methodology: This paper employs a hybrid decision-making framework that combines the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method with single-valued trapezoidal neutrosophic numbers (STrNN). This approach is used to analyze the complex relationships among criteria and sub-criteria in smart city contexts, addressing uncertainty and incomplete information …

Mbj-Neutrosophic Structure Applied To Bp-Algebras: Bp-Subalgebras And Α-Ideals, Bavanari Satyanarayana, Shake Baji, Anjaneyulu Naik K.

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

In this article, we introduce the concepts of MBJ-neutrosophic BP-subalgebras and MBJ-neutrosophic α-ideals in BP-algebra by applying MBJ-neutrosophic logic to algebraic structure BP-algebra. We prove that the intersection of two MBJ-neutrosophic α-ideals and the inverse image of an MBJ-neutrosophic α-ideal are also MBJ-neutrosophic α-ideals. Furthermore, we prove an MBJ-neutrosophic set is an MBJ-neutrosophic BP-subalgebra if and only if its level sets are BP-subalgebras.

Solving N-Players Continuous Differential Games Under Neutrosophic Environment, M. G. Brikaa

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Uncertainty plays a crucial role in decision-making problems, particularly in game theory. Various forms of uncertainty have been explored in the literature, including fuzzy, soft, rough, and interval-based approaches. Game theory has been extensively studied under these uncertainty models, with researchers addressing vagueness, and imprecision from multiple perspectives. More recently, neutrosophic sets have emerged as an alternative framework for handling uncertainty. Neutrosophic numbers effectively incorporate indeterminacy in decision-making by considering factors such as intuition, assumptions, judgment, behavior, evaluation, and preferences of decision-makers. This paper presents a novel approach to solving a new class of n-player continuous differential games within a …

Einstein Aggregate Operators Under Q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Hypersoft Sets With Machine Learning, Muhammad Gulistan, Muhammad Abid

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Thailand with its impressive 15.5% global share of renewable energy production, has a small 1% share of bitcoin mining. At the same time, the country is dealing with the severe effects of climate change, which emphasizes the necessity of taking proactive steps to solve environmental issues. This research integrates machine learning techniques and Einstein Aggregate Operators under q-rung orthopair fuzzy hypersoft set (q-ROFHS)-based multi-criteria decision-making technique to present a new method for analyzing CO₂ impacts and mitigation solutions in Thailand. We evaluate the environmental impacts of bitcoin mining and the incorporation of renewable energy sources using an interdisciplinary framework, …

Neutrosophic Automata And Its Algebraic Properties, Anil Kr. Ram, Anupam K. Singh

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

This research endeavors to elucidate the interrelationships among various classes of operators, including neutrosophic successor/neutrosophic source/neutrosophic core operators of neutrosophic automata based on neutrosophic resituated lattices. Furthermore, it delves into the characterization of algebraic properties such as neutrosophic subsystem, neutrosophic connectivity, and neutrosophic separability of a neutrosophic automaton using these operators. Finally, we study the concepts of neutrosophic primaries of the given neutrosophic automata using neutrosophic core operators.

An Approach For Hybridizing N-Subalgebra With Quantified Neutrosophic Set Using G-Algebra, Neha Andaleeb Khalid, Muhammad Saeed

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Neutrosophic sets are a generalized form of fuzzy sets as well as intuitionistic fuzzy sets, as they address the uncertainty factor as an independent component along with truthfulness and falsity. However, traditional neutrosophic approaches often struggle with effectively managing and quantifying indeterminate elements in complex algebraic structures. To address this limitation, this paper employs an expanded version of the neutrosophic set, incorporating a subalgebra. The proposed research is multifaceted: firstly, the new concept of N-Subalgebra (NSU) is proposed. This is the modified setting in the family of subalgebras whose proposed name is the representation of the author's initial name. Secondly, …

A Reconsideration Of Advanced Concepts In Neutrosophic Graphs: Smart, Zero Divisor, Layered, Weak, Semi, And Chemical Graphs, Takaaki Fujita, Florentin Smarandache

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

One of the most powerful tools in graph theory is the classification of graphs into distinct classes based on shared properties or structural features. Over time, many graph classes have been introduced, each aimed at capturing specific behaviors or characteristics of a graph. Neutrosophic Set Theory, a method for handling uncertainty, extends fuzzy logic by incorporating degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity. Building on this framework, Neutrosophic Graphs [9, 84, 135] have emerged as significant generalizations of fuzzy graphs. In this paper, we extend several classes of fuzzy graphs to Neutrosophic graphs and analyze their properties.

L2 Certification Rocket Launch, Seungyou Cho

SACAD: Scholarly Activities

The LOC 835 high-power rocket with J275W-12 motor at Argonia, KS, for L2 certification, was auspiciously launched and returned. J means the motor can exert 640-1280 Ns of impulse, which makes a sizeable propelling sound. Even though four main hindrances occurred from the construction to the launch, the issues were revised correctly. The rail button and the tracker were severe issues, so I devised the method of drilling a hole for the rail button, but there was no way to replace a broken tracker. The wind speed on the launch day was so strong that the rocket flew 1-2 miles …

Driver Drowsiness Detection Master, Xiaochuan Cao, Anas Hourani

SACAD: Scholarly Activities

The Driver Drowsiness Detection master project is a computer vision project that works towards improving road safety. The project uses three factors (EAR, MAR, and head tilting) that recognize and alert drivers in real-time when they are drowsy. The overall purpose is to decrease road accidents by informing drivers of their fatigue.

Exploring Strategies And Innovations In Airline Profitability Assessment: The Role Of Artificial Intelligence, Elif Degirmenci

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The airline industry's profitability assessment remains a complex yet critical aspect of strategic decision-making, spanning from hub profitability to individual flight performance. This paper explores the diverse methodologies and challenges involved in evaluating both line and network profitability, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches in reconciling variable costs associated with aircraft types and route assignments. Traditional methods are juxtaposed with innovative concepts like the Blended Aircraft Cost model, offering insights into enhancing market route profitability. Additionally, advanced methodologies such as horizontal and vertical methods are discussed, alongside the role of artificial intelligence in revolutionizing real-time profitability analysis. Through a comprehensive …

Building Services Engineering March/April 2025

Building Services Engineering

No abstract provided.

Every Relevant Detail, Salomé Viljoen

Michigan Law Review

A review of The Ordinal Society. By Marion Fourcade and Kieran Healy.

Justification Of Permissible Discharges Of Water Users Into Water Bodies, Mariia S. Stroganova, Ivan V. Antonov, Andrey V. Epifanov

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The purpose of this work is developing an algorithm for ecological and technological rationing of the permissible load on water bodies using geoinformation systems. The algorithm takes into account the self-purification of aquatic ecosystems using a three-component model. Initially, the article provides an overview of methods for determining the permissible discharge masses of pollutants for developing new approaches to rationing. The algorithm of ecological and technological rationing of the load on water bodies and geoinformation systems for its implementation is proposed. The main models used to assess the ecological state of an aquatic ecosystem are considered. A three-component model of …

Separation Of Fatty Acids From Horse Fat And Their Analysis, Sherzod Y. Rakhmanov, Madina O. Khamidovа, Dilshod P. Rakhimov, Rashidah Sokur, Nuriddin T. Kenjaev

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

A distinctive feature of horse fat from other animal fats is the presence of amino acids and keratin in its composition, which are not found in other oils, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, microelements, vitamins A, E, PP, B. The aim of this work is to separate fatty acids from horse fat and analyze them. The process of separating fatty acids included the stages of saponification with sodium hydroxide, decomposition of the resulting soaps in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. The study of the composition of the separated fatty acids by the chromatograph mass spectrometric method of analysis established …

Synthesis, Crystal Structure And Some Physicochemical Properties Of Cerium Complexes Containing Beta-Diketonate Ligands, Feruza F. Fayzullayeva, Salmon M. Mukhammadiev, Gulbeka Yu. Mamatova, Shahlo Sh. Daminova

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The objective of this study is to synthesize and characterize novel Ce(III) coordination compounds utilizing the β-diketonate ligand (1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione). The structures of the resulting complexes were determined through single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). In these complexes, the oxygen atoms of the ligand form bidentate bonds with the metal ion. The geometry surrounding the cerium ion is described as distorted square antiprismatic, influenced by the flexibility and steric hindrance of the dibenzoylmethane (dbm) ligand. Additional characterization of the newly synthesized complex was performed using IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).