Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Engineering Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Journal

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
File Type

Articles 24781 - 24810 of 27367

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Single And Multiple Surface Scatterings From Rough Surfaces, Chin-Yuan Hsieh, Shun-Hsyung Chang Aug 2004

Single And Multiple Surface Scatterings From Rough Surfaces, Chin-Yuan Hsieh, Shun-Hsyung Chang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

The objective of this paper is to study the contributions of multiple scattering and compare it with those of the single scattering from randomly rough surfaces. The existing Kirchhoff, small perturbation and IEM scattering model cannot be used to predict the multiple scattering along the azimuth angle. In this paper we modify the IEM model by adding the phase terms in Green’s function and its derivative for multiple scattering. The function of phase term is significant to investigate the contribution of multiple scattering in the upward and downward directions. The contribution by multiple scattering is mainly based on the normalized …

Go to article

Nonlinear Rolling Motion Of Ship In Random Beam Seas, Jia-Yang Gu Aug 2004

Nonlinear Rolling Motion Of Ship In Random Beam Seas, Jia-Yang Gu

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

The highly nonlinear roll and capsizing motion of ships in random seas are analyzed in this paper by utilizing the Melnikov function and phase space flux. Influence factors on the phase space flux, such as significant wave height, significant wave frequency, nonlinear righting arm and damping characteristic, have taken into consideration. As an example, when a fishing vessel of 30.7 m long and 6.9 m wide is considered to sail in the seas of ISSC wave spectrum, the Melnikov function in time domain is computed. Also, the relation between the phase space flux and the Melnikov function has attained and …

Go to article

The Marine Single Assignment Nonstrict Hub Location Problem: Formulations And Experimental Examples, Shang-Hsing Hsieh, Hsien-Lun Wong Aug 2004

The Marine Single Assignment Nonstrict Hub Location Problem: Formulations And Experimental Examples, Shang-Hsing Hsieh, Hsien-Lun Wong

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Marine hub-and-spoke networks have been applied to routing containerships for over two decades, but few papers have devoted their attention to these networks. The marine network problems are known as single assignment nonstrict hub location problems (SNHLPs), which deal with the optimal location of hubs and allocation of spokes to hubs in a network, allowing direct routes between some spokes. In this paper we present a satisfactory approach for solving SHNLPs. The quadratic integer profit programming consists of two-stage computational algorithms: a hub location model and a spoke allocation model. We apply a heuristic scheme based on the shortest distance …

Go to article

Vibration Of Simply Supported Compound Beams To Moving Loads, Jong-Dar Yau Aug 2004

Vibration Of Simply Supported Compound Beams To Moving Loads, Jong-Dar Yau

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This paper is aimed at investigating the dynamic response of a compound beam subjected to moving loads at high speeds. The compound beam structure is composed of a simple beam and a twomember truss connected by a set of rigid bars at the midpoint of the beam. Based on the nonlinear elastic theory of a symmetric twomember truss under the action of a vertical tip load, and the incremental-iterative solution procedures for solving a nonlinear dynamic system, the dynamic response of the compound beam structure under the excitation of moving loads is studied. According to the numerical results, the nonlinear …

Go to article

Turbulent Film Condensation On A Horizontal Elliptical Tube With Variable Wall Temperature, Yan-Ting Lin, Sheng-An Yang Aug 2004

Turbulent Film Condensation On A Horizontal Elliptical Tube With Variable Wall Temperature, Yan-Ting Lin, Sheng-An Yang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

An analytical model has been developed for the study of turbulent film condensation from downward flowing vapors onto a horizontal elliptical tube with variable wall temperature. The interfacial shear at the vapor condensate film is evaluated with the help of Colburn analogy. The condensate film flow and local/or mean heat transfer characteristics from a horizontal elliptical tube with nonuniform temperature variation under the effect of Froude number, sub-cooling parameter and system pressure parameter has been conducted. Although the non-uniform wall temperature variation has an appreciable influence on the local film flow and heat transfer; however, the dependence of mean heat …

Go to article

A Hybrid Algorithm Of Evolution And Simplex Methods Applied To Global Optimization, Hsin-Chuan Kuo, Jiang-Ren Chang, Kai-Shun Shyu Aug 2004

A Hybrid Algorithm Of Evolution And Simplex Methods Applied To Global Optimization, Hsin-Chuan Kuo, Jiang-Ren Chang, Kai-Shun Shyu

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In this paper, a hybrid method combining the evolution and simplex algorithms is proposed to deal with the global optimization problems of two-dimensional multi-minimum functions. Basically, the simplex method offers a search scheme without the gradient information and thus, it owns the merit of a better search speed for a local optimization problem and results in the deficiency of searching ability for the global one. In contrast, the evolution method has the better searching ability for the global problem but needs much more time. Therefore, the proposed hybrid method adopts the search technique of the simplex method and the concept …

Go to article

Numerical Modeling For Atomization Of Coaxial Liquid/Gas Jets, Stephen Gen-Ken Chuech, Andrzej J. Przekwas, Chih-Yuan Wang Aug 2004

Numerical Modeling For Atomization Of Coaxial Liquid/Gas Jets, Stephen Gen-Ken Chuech, Andrzej J. Przekwas, Chih-Yuan Wang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In the present study, the atomization of a coaxial injector in the liquid/gas engine combustor was numerically investigated. Based on the wave instability analysis of the interface between liquid and gas, an atomization model for the high-speed liquid jets was established by coupling with the jet flow solutions. First, the wave instability was analyzed to predict the growth rates along the liquid jet surface by numerically solving the wave dispersion equation, while the governing equations of the liquid flow were solved for the formation of the liquid jet core and the variation of the liquid flow structure. Then, these two …

Go to article

Evaluation Of Development Strategies For Kaohsiung Port Using A Goals Achievement Method, Wen-Chih Huang Aug 2004

Evaluation Of Development Strategies For Kaohsiung Port Using A Goals Achievement Method, Wen-Chih Huang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

The Port of Kaohsiung was the third largest container port in the world before 1999, although it dragged to sixth place by 2003. In order to increase the port’s competitiveness, this research outlines six goals and twenty-seven strategies from the viewpoint of international logistics. This research uses the goals achievement measurement for strategic planning effectiveness, and it was undertaken to develop the Goals Achievement Evaluation Model (GAEM) to cope with the problems of a large number of strategies and ambiguity in strategic definition. The GAEM uses a two-stage Delphi questionnaire by simplifying the quantity of responses on the survey. The …

Go to article

Wavelenght-Dispersive X-Ray Flourescence Accuration, H. Widyatmoko Aug 2004

Wavelenght-Dispersive X-Ray Flourescence Accuration, H. Widyatmoko

Makara Journal of Technology

Wavelenght–Dispersive X-Ray Flourescence Accuration. X-Fuorescence spectrometry is a method, which is increasingly applied in the geochemical analysis. X-Fuorescence spectrometry is classified under two categories – WDXRF (wavelenght – dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) and EDXRF (energy-dispersive X – ray fluorescence spectrometer). WDXRF can be configured as a sequential spectrometer , a simultaneous spectrometer or a hibrid instrument, which combines the advantages of the simultaneous and sequential spectrometers into one instrument. Each instrument is different in some characteristics, and each has applications for which it is specifically suited. In this investigation sequential spectrometer PW 1450 was used to analyze the major, minor …

Go to article

Secondary Flow Experimental Study For Axial Compressor Cascade Strong Stagger With And Without Tip- Clearance: Static Pressure Distribution On Blade Surface, Syamsuri Syamsuri Aug 2004

Secondary Flow Experimental Study For Axial Compressor Cascade Strong Stagger With And Without Tip- Clearance: Static Pressure Distribution On Blade Surface, Syamsuri Syamsuri

Makara Journal of Technology

Secondary Flow Experimental Study for Axial Compressor Cascade Strong Stagger With and Without Tip- Clearance: Static Pressure Distribution on Blade Surface. The performance of blade cascade is influenced by the growth and boundary layer’s separation along blade surface and endwall (casing and hub). The secondary flow which happens near hub and casing compressors is three dimentional flow separation phenomenon comes from interaction blade boundary layer with casing and hub boundary layers in the compressor. The secondary flow causes secondary losses, blockage effect, and turning angle (deflection) distribution along blade span. The result of the research shows that the increase of …

Go to article

Effect Of Photoperiodicity On Co2 Fixation By Chlorella Vulgaris Buitenzorg In Bubble Column Photobioreactor For Food Supplement Production, Anondho Wijanarko, Dianursanti Dianursanti, Arief Budi Witarto, Roekmijati Widaningroem Soemantojo Aug 2004

Effect Of Photoperiodicity On Co2 Fixation By Chlorella Vulgaris Buitenzorg In Bubble Column Photobioreactor For Food Supplement Production, Anondho Wijanarko, Dianursanti Dianursanti, Arief Budi Witarto, Roekmijati Widaningroem Soemantojo

Makara Journal of Technology

To reduce the level of CO2 content in air, effort on converting CO2 to useful products is required. One of the alternatives includes CO2 fixation to produce biomass using Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is applied for production of food supplement. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is also easy to handle due to its superior adaptation. Currently, Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg has been analyzed by some experts for its cellular composition, its ability to produce high quality biomass and the content of essential nutrition. A series of experiments was conducted by culturing Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg using Beneck medium in bubbling column photobioreactor. …

Go to article

Synthesize Of Emulsion Polymer Latex For Sub-Grade Cbr Improvement In The Road Construction, Keba Moto, V. Julian, Syamsudin Syamsudin, T. A. Wiradi, S. R. Wijaya Aug 2004

Synthesize Of Emulsion Polymer Latex For Sub-Grade Cbr Improvement In The Road Construction, Keba Moto, V. Julian, Syamsudin Syamsudin, T. A. Wiradi, S. R. Wijaya

Makara Journal of Technology

Synthesize of emulsion polymer latex for sub-grade CBR improvement in the road construction. Latex polymer for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) enhancement in sub-grade soil of road building has been prepared by emulsion polymerizations technique. The prepared polymer then characterize by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). For application purpose, CBR test was done to the compacted polymer added-soil. The CBR test is done also for both soaked and unsoaked samples. It is found that our latex polymer is better then other imported latex polymer. For the latex polymer, which is design to have Temperatur glass (Tg) around 9.8-19.6o, indicating the formation of …

Go to article

46th Rocky Mountain Conference On Analytical Chemistry Aug 2004

46th Rocky Mountain Conference On Analytical Chemistry

Rocky Mountain Conference on Magnetic Resonance

Final program, abstracts, and information about the 46th annual meeting of the Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry, co-endorsed by the Colorado Section of the American Chemical Society and the Rocky Mountain Section of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy. Held in Denver, Colorado, August 1-5, 2004.

Go to article

Bs News Aug 2004

Bs News

Building Services Engineering

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Review Of The Product Development Process And Information Flow In The Manufacturing Industry: Problems And A Possible Wav Forward, E Opiyo Jun 2004

Review Of The Product Development Process And Information Flow In The Manufacturing Industry: Problems And A Possible Wav Forward, E Opiyo

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Derivation And Analysis Of Maximum And Conditional Work Of An Electromagnet In Relays With Small Gaps And Constant Armature Load, Dominic Chambega Jun 2004

Derivation And Analysis Of Maximum And Conditional Work Of An Electromagnet In Relays With Small Gaps And Constant Armature Load, Dominic Chambega

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Mathematical Simulation Of The Influence Of Volatile Ma•Rrer Cloud On Heterogeneous Ignition Of Single Coal Particles, Hassan Ratal Ambula Jun 2004

Mathematical Simulation Of The Influence Of Volatile Ma•Rrer Cloud On Heterogeneous Ignition Of Single Coal Particles, Hassan Ratal Ambula

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Asimple model has been developed to predict the heterogeneous ignition temperature for single coal particles under conditions of negligible, natural and forced convections. These conditions cause different sizes Of volatile matter cloud that surround the coal particle. The model is based on the ignition Of a single coal particle heated by irradiation from spot heaters in a cold (ambient) surrounding. Energy from the particle surface oxidation, volatile matter combustion and physical heating from the spot heaters are all included in rhe particle energv balance. General ignüion criterion is used to determine the ignition point. The agreement between the experimental and …

Go to article

Field Evaluation Of Soil Physical, Chemical And Hydraulic Property Changes Caused By Surface Water Application: A Case Study Of Ruaha-Mbuyuni Irrigation Scheme, Iringa, Tanzania, A Tarimo Jun 2004

Field Evaluation Of Soil Physical, Chemical And Hydraulic Property Changes Caused By Surface Water Application: A Case Study Of Ruaha-Mbuyuni Irrigation Scheme, Iringa, Tanzania, A Tarimo

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The conventional metering. pyepa.vmen,' and estimates have been used in power utilities industries. The svslen,'s hare experienced many problems such as power tampering, bill tampering, ./åiluve ro receive invoices by poner unlity customers and so on. Different technologies have been investigated To overcome the problems and recently it has been realized that remote 'nonitoring sysle•ns through powerline channel is a solution offhese problems in Tanami". However. 'he powerline network has been used for electrical power IO use i,' for implementation of remote monitoring: network must be setup and has to be modeled to accommodate communications. The contribution has analyzed 'he …

Go to article

Introduction Of Seismic Resistance Features In The Construction Of Buildings In Tanzania, I Rubaratuka Jun 2004

Introduction Of Seismic Resistance Features In The Construction Of Buildings In Tanzania, I Rubaratuka

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Available dara indicates that a greater part of Tanzania lies within a seismic region. to date most Of the buildings in the country have been designed and constructed without considering seismic loads. In addition no design codes have been developed to guide the seismic design for buildings and other related structures in Tanzania. This paper outlines the basic design concepts, which are useful during the design of seismic resistant buildings before the seismic design code is developed and adopted in Tanzania.

Go to article

Service And Network Modeling For Implementation Of Powerline Remote Monitoring Of Electrical Power Metering In Tanzania, J Anatory Jun 2004

Service And Network Modeling For Implementation Of Powerline Remote Monitoring Of Electrical Power Metering In Tanzania, J Anatory

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The conventional metering. pyepa.vmen,' and estimates have been used in power utilities industries. The svslen,'s hare experienced many problems such as power tampering, bill tampering, ./åiluve ro receive invoices by poner unlity customers and so on. Different technologies have been investigated To overcome the problems and recently it has been realized that remote 'nonitoring sysle•ns through powerline channel is a solution offhese problems in Tanami". However. 'he powerline network has been used for electrical power IO use i,' for implementation of remote monitoring: network must be setup and has to be modeled to accommodate communications. The contribution has analyzed 'he …

Go to article

Probabilistic Load Flow For Mv Radial Distribution Networks Supplying Statistical Loads, B Kundy Jun 2004

Probabilistic Load Flow For Mv Radial Distribution Networks Supplying Statistical Loads, B Kundy

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Aecurate load models are required Jör 'he computation OJ' load on Medium Voltage (MV) distribution net•.vovk.s_ Modern microprocessors in recent times have enabled researchers stunple and log domestic loads. The findings show that domestic loads are stochastic in nonwe and are best described bv u beta probability distribution [Herman et al. 1999]. The statistical evaluafion lhe consumer voltages requires description load currents al rhe lime e/ lhe system maximum demand. In this paper. an analytical 1001 computing voltage vegulation on MV distribution net-norks fi•eding statistical louds is presenled. To deal beta- distributed currents on MV distribution networks, new scaling factors …

Go to article

Importance Of Structural Fire Protection In Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Case Study Of Ex-Nasaco Building In Dar Es Salaam, I Rubaratuka Jun 2004

Importance Of Structural Fire Protection In Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Case Study Of Ex-Nasaco Building In Dar Es Salaam, I Rubaratuka

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Reinforced concrete is concrete that is internally reinforced with steel bars or mesh. This gives rhe malerial the compressive strength of concrete along wilh the tensile strength Of steel. Reinforced concrete does not perform well under fire conditions as it spalls and loses strength. Heating Causes a failure Of the bond between concrele and sleels bars and this results in reduction of strength of concrele. Strength of concrete decreases With increase in temperature and increase With time. In order to provide fire resistance to structural components/elements in buildings, it is important Io consider the type of aggregates to be used. …

Go to article

Evaluation Of Long-Shore Sediment Transport On The Kunduchi Beach Tidal Flat, Dar Es Salaam, Alfonse Dubi Jun 2004

Evaluation Of Long-Shore Sediment Transport On The Kunduchi Beach Tidal Flat, Dar Es Salaam, Alfonse Dubi

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Kunduchi Beach is located approximately IO kilometres north Of Dar es Salaam City on the coasl of Mainland Tanzania. Currents and sediment concentrations were measured using a multi-sensor self-recording current meter. Waves Were measured using pressure gauges. Some physical features were visually measured. The general orientation of the shoreline is 330 degrees and the tidal flat is characterised by ripples. A1 aboul 150 m from the shoreline, ripples are 7-9 cm high and their wavelength is about 40 cm. Closer to the beach, ripple orientation is 350 degrees: ripple height is 5 cm and ripple wave length is 5 cm. …

Go to article

A Case Study Of S-Curve Regression Method To Project Control Of Construction Management Via T-S Fuzzy Model, Ting-Ya Hsieh, Morris Hsiao-Lung Wang, Cheng-Wu Chen Jun 2004

A Case Study Of S-Curve Regression Method To Project Control Of Construction Management Via T-S Fuzzy Model, Ting-Ya Hsieh, Morris Hsiao-Lung Wang, Cheng-Wu Chen

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In the contractual business, construction firms are generally more concerned with short-term financial strategies than the longterm ones. Working capital management is the central issue of all short-term financial concerns. Thus, it's urgent to study the cash portion of working capital management to rationalize the amount of cash and current assets possessed in certain time. The S-curve is quite suitable to represent the relationship between project duration and complete progress in practical usage of construction management. Based on the technique of Takagi-Sugeno (T−S) fuzzy model, the fuzzy regression model is constructed for curve fitting problems. According to the cash flow …

Go to article

3-D Liquefaction Potential Analysis Of Seabed At Nearshore Area, Chih-Hsin Chang, Lien-Kwei Chien, Yao-Hsien Chang Jun 2004

3-D Liquefaction Potential Analysis Of Seabed At Nearshore Area, Chih-Hsin Chang, Lien-Kwei Chien, Yao-Hsien Chang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In this research, we discussed about the wave induced seabed liquefaction at nearshore based on the viewpoint of marine geotechnical engineering. The behaviors of seabed sand under wave loading were evaluated by experiments carried out in the Chien’s cyclic triaxial testing system (type II). Different loading periods, effective confining pressure and relative densities affected the liquefaction resistance of seabed sand that we sampled at northeastern coast in Taiwan. Furthermore, this study proposed the 3-D evaluation method of seabed liquefaction at Yi-Lan nearshore in case that combined the liquefaction resistance of seabed sand and Nearshore Spectral Windwave (NSW) model. The new …

Go to article

Application Of Genetic Algorithm To The Shape Optimization Of A Constrained Double-Chamber Muffler With Extended Tubes, Long-Jyi Yeh, Ying-Chun Chang, Min-Chie Chiu Jun 2004

Application Of Genetic Algorithm To The Shape Optimization Of A Constrained Double-Chamber Muffler With Extended Tubes, Long-Jyi Yeh, Ying-Chun Chang, Min-Chie Chiu

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

As the compact design of a muffler system within a constrained environment of a existing machine room becomes obligatory, it also becomes essential to maximize the acoustic performance of mufflers under space constraints. In this paper, the shape optimization of a double-chamber muffler with an extended tube is presented. The main characteristic of the solution methodology is the use of genetic algorithm (GA) as the optimizer. In the paper, the acoustic performance of sound transmission loss (STL) derived by transfer matrix is conjugated with the techniques of GA searching. A numerical case of noise elimination in full band noise is …

Go to article

Lump Circuit Modeling And Matching Consideration On Acoustical Transmitters For Underwater Application, Yeong-Chin Chen, Sean Wu, Cheng-Che Tsai Jun 2004

Lump Circuit Modeling And Matching Consideration On Acoustical Transmitters For Underwater Application, Yeong-Chin Chen, Sean Wu, Cheng-Che Tsai

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In underwater environment the acoustical wave can transmit a long ranges away from the transmitter than the electromagnetic wave does. So far, the piezoelectric ceramic is still the best candidate as acoustical telemetry transmitters in underwater applications. The impedance matching on the interface between electro-acoustical transducer and electrical transmitter has been the most important subject to confirm the high transmitting efficiency. In this research, a lumped equivalent circuit of electro-acoustic transducer is proposed. Then, the network theorem is implemented to design a high power transformer for impedance matching, and to improve the electro-acoustic efficiency of the transducer. In the developing …

Go to article

The Study On The Convex And Lmi Conditions For Static Output Feedback Stabilization, Pang-Chia Chen, Koan-Yuh Chang, Yaug-Fea Jeng, Wen-Jer Chang Jun 2004

The Study On The Convex And Lmi Conditions For Static Output Feedback Stabilization, Pang-Chia Chen, Koan-Yuh Chang, Yaug-Fea Jeng, Wen-Jer Chang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In this paper, the problem of static output feedback stabilization is considered. By congruence and state-coordinate transformations, a convex condition for static output feedback stabilization is given in terms of a matrix linear inequality while subject to an equality constraint. To facilitate stabilization design via LMI conditions, the equality constraint is satisfied by imposing a structure constraint on matrix variable. Moreover, a numerical construction algorithm and a sufficient condition for the presented convex condition are given as well. Finally, numerical examples demonstrated the utility of the proposed approach for static output feedback stabilization.

Go to article

A Selection Model For In-Terminal Container Handling Systems, Wen-Chih Huang, Chin-Yuan Chu Jun 2004

A Selection Model For In-Terminal Container Handling Systems, Wen-Chih Huang, Chin-Yuan Chu

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This paper describes the main characteristics of in-terminal container handling systems and analyzes the factors affect the total cost of these handling technologies. A cost model is developed for decision making. It includes land cost, equipment procurement cost, maintenance cost, handling efficiency, labor cost, etc. A handling cost comparison indicator Ri/j is also proposed to make the pair comparisons between handling systems and thus to determine the most economical handling technology in the container yard. The results show that for yard cranes to be more economically operation only when procurement cost, yard size, interest rate, number of handlings per container …

Go to article

A Two-Stage Optimization Of Piece Arrangement For The Cutting Problem In Shipbuilding, Tso-Chung Sung, Wei-Chu Weng, Chien-Tung Yang Jun 2004

A Two-Stage Optimization Of Piece Arrangement For The Cutting Problem In Shipbuilding, Tso-Chung Sung, Wei-Chu Weng, Chien-Tung Yang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In this paper a two-stage optimization of piece arrangement for the cutting problem in shipbuilding is proposed. The two-stage optimization consists of a new technique, which is named as preselection and elimination technique (PSET), at the first stage and tabu search method at the second stage. Applying the new technique PSET, certain longer orders, which are chosen by a control factor, will be matched with some other shorter ones to fit the stock of shaped steel. Once these orders are selected, they will be eliminated from the whole orders. After the first stage, a tabu search approach is applied to …

Go to article

First Prev Next Last