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Articles 24301 - 24330 of 27371

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Performance Of Aerobic Bioreactors During Treatment Of Tanning Industry Wastewater, Samwel V. Manyele Dec 2006

Performance Of Aerobic Bioreactors During Treatment Of Tanning Industry Wastewater, Samwel V. Manyele

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The performance of aerobic bioreactors loaded with novel biomass support (the KMT® support particles) during the treatment of tanning industry wastewater is presented in this paper. The wastewater samples were collected from TANWAT Company in Njombe, which extracts tannins from barks of the wattle tree. The wastewater generated from T ANWAT is very acidic with high loading of organic compounds, which are very complex and difficult to biodegrade using conventional methods. The paper introduces a new technology for treatment of heavily loaded industrial wastewater, like tannins, that is the Three-Phase Fluidized Bed Bioreactor (TPFBB) which utilizes the KM'f® support particles. …

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Determination Of Wind Loads Causing Flutter Effects, Ladislaus Lwambuka Dec 2006

Determination Of Wind Loads Causing Flutter Effects, Ladislaus Lwambuka

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

A new method on the determination Of wind forces by experimental means in a wind tunnel is discussed. The method reported herein is based on the identification methodology Of model parameters under time response (i.e. time domain identification). As a test model, a thin plate Of Cypress wood, elasticully suspended in three degrees Of freedom to represent the idealized form of a classical airfoil, for Which theoretical wind load parameters exist, has been employed. Wind load parameters, experimentally obtained on the test model under the new method, are compared With the theoretical values of classical airfoils. Advantages of the new …

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Geometric Programming As A General Method For Phase And Reaction Equilibrium Calculations, Godwill Mrema Dec 2006

Geometric Programming As A General Method For Phase And Reaction Equilibrium Calculations, Godwill Mrema

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Geometric programming has been used to calculate a large mtmber ofdifferent ideal and non-ideal equilibria, including, for reaction and For non-ideal Systems the primal program is solved a number Of times With the nan-ideal terms fixed each time. After each primal solution, the nan-ideal terms are "'hdated using the corresponding dun! solution. This iteration generally converges. We have included one counter-example, where the failure is caused by the equation Of state, which Cannot giu• correct roots.

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An Intervention Framework Based On A Complementary Theory Of Organizational Decline, George S. Mwaluko Dec 2006

An Intervention Framework Based On A Complementary Theory Of Organizational Decline, George S. Mwaluko

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This paper has developed an intervention framework based a complementary theory Of Organization decline. Any management intervention effort is normally based on a certain theory of organizational decline i.e. a theory that explains the causes for failure of organizations. Four major theories Of Organisational decline were identified in the literature, reviewed and integrated into one, presumably more superior, theory of organisational decline. They included the natural selection theory, the resourc+based theory, the theory Of misperception of feed!mck and the contingency theory. The new theory was then used to guide the design of an intervention framework. The framework utas then used …

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Dar Es Salaam Water Supply Problems And Possible Solutions: Reflections, D Mashauri Dec 2006

Dar Es Salaam Water Supply Problems And Possible Solutions: Reflections, D Mashauri

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

During the assessment of the manuscript, it was observed that the paper does not include an abstract. The document proceeds directry to the main content without providing a separate abstract that summarize the study's objectives, methodology, key findings and conclusions

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Masking Material As A Form Of Food Storage In Tiarinia Cornigera And Micippa Platipes (Brachyura, Majidae), J. Kyomo Dec 2006

Masking Material As A Form Of Food Storage In Tiarinia Cornigera And Micippa Platipes (Brachyura, Majidae), J. Kyomo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Masking or decorating, which means attaching materials to the body, was investigated in two spider crabs Tiarinia cornigera and Micippa platipesin the subtropical waters of Okinawa, Japan. This life strategy was compared between sites over a period of time. All crabs of different ages and sizes attached materials, in one combination or the other, on their bodies proportionate to their carapace sizes. Older or larger crabs had their carapaces more completely covered with the materials than young or smaller crabs. Similar materials were found at all sites and had equal selective precedences by crabs. Red algae, particularly Gelidiella sp, was …

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Investigation On Distribution Of Cast Properties On Aluminum Plates Poured By Side Gating Technique, Joseph Runyoro Dec 2006

Investigation On Distribution Of Cast Properties On Aluminum Plates Poured By Side Gating Technique, Joseph Runyoro

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Casting technologies wllich improve casting yield and intenzal sOllndness of thin wall cast components are of particular interest to industry especially for critical applications. The main aim of fOll1ldries is to achieve castings free from defects at low cost. It hils been thought that pouring casting by side ingate technique improve directional solidification as the metal stays hot for long time in the feeder cum ingate. Experiments were carried alit IIsing a side gating technique to cast a number of 300 mm x 300 mm LMO and LM 25 plates in furall and pepset sand moulds. The thickness used was …

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Geophysical Exploration For Groundwater Resources Potential Over Basement Formations At Kwandolwa And Mwisho Wa Shamba Villages, Korogwe District, Tanzania, Cuthbert Mhilu Dec 2006

Geophysical Exploration For Groundwater Resources Potential Over Basement Formations At Kwandolwa And Mwisho Wa Shamba Villages, Korogwe District, Tanzania, Cuthbert Mhilu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

In this paper results of geophysical exploration studies to identify potential areas with groundwater resources at Kwamndolwa and Mwisho wa Shamba Villages in Korogwe District have been presented. The resistivity curves of eight sites at the two study areas were obtained using field data measurements made based on the application of a vertical electrical sounding (VES) method. The resisivity values obtained for sites VES-K3 and VES-M2 were found to be 10.9 and 24.0 ohm-m respectively. The interpretation of the resisivity values made for the two sites gave also an indication of the presence of sedimentary rocks composed of sandstone materials …

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Sampling Procedure For Pavement Condition Evaluation Of Local Collectors And Access Roads, David Mfinanga Dec 2006

Sampling Procedure For Pavement Condition Evaluation Of Local Collectors And Access Roads, David Mfinanga

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Road surface condition evaluation involves the collection Of a lof Of data on different types of distresses. •lie exercise consumes a lot Of resources if the whole road section length is sureeyed and may be prone to errors as a result Of surveyors' fatigue. It is therefore important Io develop n reprevntative sample to be used When road condition manually. This study aimed nt determining sample size for condition evaluation of local collector access roads in urban areas in Tanzania. Two such roads namely l.ufungira and Kilimahewn roads respectively were selected for the study. It is recommended that a section …

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Properties Of Fired Bodies Made From Tanzanian Talc-Clay Mixes For Ceramic Applications., E. H. J. Lugwisha Dec 2006

Properties Of Fired Bodies Made From Tanzanian Talc-Clay Mixes For Ceramic Applications., E. H. J. Lugwisha

Tanzania Journal of Science

Fired properties of talc-clay mixed bodies of different compositions were investigated for ceramic applications. Clays from Pugu and Malangali and talcs from two different sites in Kikombo deposits in Dodoma Region were used. Chemical analyses, X-ray analysis and Differential Thermal analysis for clays and talcs were used for the characterisation. Moulded mixed samples of clay and talc dried at room temperature at 1100C for 24 hours were fired at 1200, 1250, 1300 and 13500C for 6 hours. Both clay deposits consist mainly of kaolin. Talc1 - T1 is of higher purity than Talc - T2. Furthermore, the percentage shrinkage of …

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Towards Effective Online Learning Implementation In Tanzanian Higher Learning Institutions: Obstacles, Challenges And Opportunities, M Victor Dec 2006

Towards Effective Online Learning Implementation In Tanzanian Higher Learning Institutions: Obstacles, Challenges And Opportunities, M Victor

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This paper identifies and discusses several influential factors as well as opportunities, associated with effective- online learning implementation in Tanzanian Higher Learning Institutions (THUs). Fourteen (14) THUs were surveyed, using face-to-face interviews in focus groups. The groups included Lecturers, Heads of ICT Departments, ICT Technical Personnel as well as Admi/:listrative Staff. Results indicate that mostly, problems with effective online implementation in THUs are centred on a severe scarcity of online resources and tools and that the main challenges lie in going beyond the process of integrating technology with their teaching curricular, so that training of both teaching and supporting staffs …

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Functional Model Of Cost And Time For Highway Construction Projects, Jin-Fang Shr, Wei-Tong Chen Dec 2006

Functional Model Of Cost And Time For Highway Construction Projects, Jin-Fang Shr, Wei-Tong Chen

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

It is commonly accepted that construction cost, time and quality performance has been regarded as the major success factors for a construction project. With the increasing use of innovative contracts in highway construction, the relationship between construction cost and time has become more crucial than ever. Improved control of time value has become necessary, for quantifying the functional relationship between construction cost and time. This study explores the functional relationship between highway construction cost and time. Data from projects of the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) in the US is utilized to develop and illustrate the quantifying model. The proposed …

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Emergence Of Attached Recirculating Eddy For Flow Around A Circular Cylinder Asymmetrically Placed In A Channel, Tsung-Chan Hsieh, Jiahn-Horng Chen Dec 2006

Emergence Of Attached Recirculating Eddy For Flow Around A Circular Cylinder Asymmetrically Placed In A Channel, Tsung-Chan Hsieh, Jiahn-Horng Chen

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This study discusses the emergence and development of cylinder-attached recirculating regions appearing in a fully developed flow past a circular cylinder asymmetrically confined between two infinite parallel plates. We employed a finite-volume method with the SIMPLE algorithm to compute the flow fields for various sizes and asymmetrical settings of circular cylinders. Two geometrical parameters, the blockage and asymmetry coefficients, are varied in computations. A series of computations show that the flow evolves a single asymmetrical recirculating region for the Reynolds number beyond some critical value. Its development in length bears a linear relation to the Reynolds number. Its growth rate …

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A Case Study Of Inter-Arrival Time Distributions Of Container Ships, Tu-Cheng Kuo, Wen-Chih Huang, Sheng-Chieh Wu, Pei-Lun Cheng Dec 2006

A Case Study Of Inter-Arrival Time Distributions Of Container Ships, Tu-Cheng Kuo, Wen-Chih Huang, Sheng-Chieh Wu, Pei-Lun Cheng

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Given the recent prevalence of periodical container liners, the applicability of related models of widely applied queuing theory is left in doubt. Since they focus on marine liners, the distribution pattern is always considered to be a deterministic distribution for periodical schedule. In order to investigate the distribution patterns of container liners, observation units are segmented into single shipping liners, single berths, single container terminals and entire ports. The evolution of the ship arrival distribution pattern and the goodness-of-fit test for observation are based on the ship dynamic data of international harbors in Taiwan. This study aims to implement tests …

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Web Services Of Mms Applications On Mobile Devices, Cheng-Chih Yang, Cheng-Min Lin Dec 2006

Web Services Of Mms Applications On Mobile Devices, Cheng-Chih Yang, Cheng-Min Lin

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This study develops the Web services that are applied in Multimedia Message Service (MMS) applications via the Internet and operated by mobile portable devices, such as Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and cellular phone. First, a MMS system environment and architecture is modeled. Next, the operations and interface of the MMS system is defined by the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) to represent the web services on MMS application system. Finally, two system prototypes are described in this study that includes distance video cam monitor system and GPRS cellular phone MMS sender.

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Particle Swarm Optimization For Global Optimization Problems, Hsin-Chuan Kuo, Jiang-Ren Chang, Ching-Hsiang Liu Dec 2006

Particle Swarm Optimization For Global Optimization Problems, Hsin-Chuan Kuo, Jiang-Ren Chang, Ching-Hsiang Liu

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO), originated as a simulation of a simplified social system with swarm intelligence and having exploring and exploiting characteristics of the particle swarm, is adopted to deal with the global optimization problems. To begin with, four non-linear two-dimensional functions are adopted as benchmark examples for determining the suitable ranges of parameters in the PSO. It is found that uses of the PSO can make the search quickly converge to the global optimum. Then, several benchmark functions below ten-dimensions are adopted especially for comparisons of search efficiency on the PSO and other algorithms. Results …

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Bs News Dec 2006

Bs News

Building Services Engineering

No abstract provided.

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Transparent Coating Materials Based On Inorganic/Organic Composites, K Srikulkit, N Rojtinnakorn, R Charoensak Dec 2006

Transparent Coating Materials Based On Inorganic/Organic Composites, K Srikulkit, N Rojtinnakorn, R Charoensak

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

A siloxyl group functionalized copolymer of low molecular weight was synthesized, aiming at preparing transparent inorganic/organic coating composites. Two types of coating systems were investigated: two-component system (based on functionalized copolymer-HMMM) a three-component system (based on functionalized copolymer-HMMM-TEOS). Their properties were investigated and compared. Coating films obtained from these systems exhibited good optical clarity, which was largely dependent on the content of indicated Materials. For instance, to prevent phase separation in the 3- component system, TEOS was "effectively" linked to pendent siloxyl groups on the organic moiety Hence, coating formulations containing a high degree of pendent siloxyl groups exhibited better …

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Ph Dependant Coating For Microfluidics Devices, L Limsavarn, C Panithipongwut, P Thongkorn, S T. Dubas Dec 2006

Ph Dependant Coating For Microfluidics Devices, L Limsavarn, C Panithipongwut, P Thongkorn, S T. Dubas

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

The layer-by-layer technique was used to coat the channels of PDMS microfluidics devices. The coating was based on the sequential deposition of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) with a copolymer of polystyrene sulfonate and maleic acid (CoPSS-Maleic) into polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM). The possible deposition of PEM coating on PDMS was confirm by contact angle which showed the clear transformation of the PDMS surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The later deposition of the PEM coating inside the micro-channels was confirmed by change in electroosmotic flow direction (EOF) and intensity as a function of the number of deposited layers. The EOF measurements revealed that …

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Reheat Treated Microstructures And Gamma Prime Particle Coarsening Behaviour At 900˚C Of Cast Nickel Based Superalloy In-738, S Polsilapa, P Sopon, N Panich, N Chuankrerkkul, A Thueploy Dec 2006

Reheat Treated Microstructures And Gamma Prime Particle Coarsening Behaviour At 900˚C Of Cast Nickel Based Superalloy In-738, S Polsilapa, P Sopon, N Panich, N Chuankrerkkul, A Thueploy

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Long-term isothermal exposure tests were conducted on IN-738 alloy to evaluate the variation of gamma prime particle coarsening behavior after different rejuvenated heat treatment conditions. The longterm thermal exposure tests (up to 2,500 hours) were conducted at 900˚C to assess gamma prime particle coarsening behavior. Metallographic work had been performed on isothermally aged samples to characterize gamma prime coarsening as a function of heating time. At all investigated heating times, the gamma prime particles in all tested specimens were coarser than the initial reheat treated ones. The gamma prime particles appeared to coarsen more into a round shape or agglomerated …

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The Influence Of The Strain Rate On The Material Properties Of The Zinc-Coated Sheet, Z Vadasová, M Mihaliková Dec 2006

The Influence Of The Strain Rate On The Material Properties Of The Zinc-Coated Sheet, Z Vadasová, M Mihaliková

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

In this paper the influence of the strain rate on the material properties of the zinc-coated sheet of the thickness (1; 1.5; 1.8) mm made from low-alloyed steel ZINKODUR 340 was analyzed. Increasing the strain rate is one of the possible ways to increase cold mechanical work in products. The tensile test is the most useful method for determining the material characteristic such as ductility. This contribution analyzes the influence of loading rate in range from 1 to 1000mm/min on material characteristics of tested steel during the tensile test. Strain rate is one of the most significant factors, which affected …

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Development Of Flame Retardant Polyphosphoric Acid Coating Based On The Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Technique, K Srikulkit, C Iamsamai, S T. Dubas Dec 2006

Development Of Flame Retardant Polyphosphoric Acid Coating Based On The Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Technique, K Srikulkit, C Iamsamai, S T. Dubas

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) thin films were deposited on silk by sequential deposition of Chitosan and polyphosphoric acid. This PEM composition takes advantage of synergetic effect of the phosphorus and the nitrogen to provide an efficient coating, which prevents fiber decomposition at high temperature. Prior to the PEM assembly on silk fibers, the growth of the film was initially monitored using an atomic force microscopy (AFM). Films formed on silicon wafer after 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 layers showed somewhat linear increase, which is consistent with the PEM technique. A total thickness ranging from 10 to 107 nm for the …

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Uv Radiation Energy Consumption In Curing Process Of Epoxidized Sunflower Oil-Organoclay Hybrid Coatings, N Jiratumnukul, R Intarat Dec 2006

Uv Radiation Energy Consumption In Curing Process Of Epoxidized Sunflower Oil-Organoclay Hybrid Coatings, N Jiratumnukul, R Intarat

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Epoxidized sunflower oil (ESO) can be cured with ultraviolet radiation using either cationic or hybrid initiation. The organoclay was prepared by the cationic exchange process, in which sodium ions were replaced by alkyl ammonium ions. Organoclay was incorporated into epoxidized sunflower oil UVcurable systems. The effects of diluents and types of photo initiators were studied. It was found that the formulations with a hybrid photoinitiator required less energy in the curing process than those with a cationic photoinitator. Moreover, the formulations without diluent can be cured with lower radiation energy than those with diluent.

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Electrochemical Oxidation Process For Mineralization Of Solvent, A Charoensri, F Kobayashi, A Kimura, J Ishii Dec 2006

Electrochemical Oxidation Process For Mineralization Of Solvent, A Charoensri, F Kobayashi, A Kimura, J Ishii

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

A silver mediated electrochemical oxidations is a promising technique for the destruction of organic compounds. The destruction of 30%tributyl phosphate in dodecane in a nitric acid medium containing electrogenerated Ag(II) to carbon dioxide was studied by using a laboratory scale electrochemical oxidation cell. The electrolyte used in this system was 0.5 M AgNO3 in the range of 3 - 7 M HNO3, at operating temperatures of 60ºC ± 5ºC, under ultrasonic agitation and the output of a DC power supply at constant the current was 60 A, respectively. Electrolysis was carried out for 5 hours. The results show that, in …

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The Effect Of Long-Term Thermal Exposure At Elevated Temperatures On Microstructures And Mechanical Properties In Centrifugally Casted Iron-Base Alloy, G Lothongkum, N Thaweepornkhasemsukh, P Wangyao Dec 2006

The Effect Of Long-Term Thermal Exposure At Elevated Temperatures On Microstructures And Mechanical Properties In Centrifugally Casted Iron-Base Alloy, G Lothongkum, N Thaweepornkhasemsukh, P Wangyao

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This work has an aim to study and investigate the relationship between high temperature exposure conditions on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties in the iron-based alloy, Fe-30.8 Ni - 26.6 Cr alloy, strengthened by carbide precipitation. Two exposure temperatures (900 and 1000°C) with various thermal exposure times are introduced to the as-received alloy. After short-term exposure, it was found that the secondary carbides precipitated early near the primary carbides, which were chromium and niobium/titanium carbide networks. The secondary carbide precipitations were also found in the dendrite cores. The amounts of needle-like carbides and secondary carbide films increased with time and …

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Effect Of Decarburization On Microstructure Of Dc-Plasma Nitrided H 13 Tool Steel, P Visuttipitukul, C Paa-Rai, K Hideyuki Dec 2006

Effect Of Decarburization On Microstructure Of Dc-Plasma Nitrided H 13 Tool Steel, P Visuttipitukul, C Paa-Rai, K Hideyuki

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Decarburization may occur during heat treatment of H13 steel resulting in carbon deficiency near the specimen surface. Microstructures and properties of H13 tool steel after surface treatment such as plasma nitriding can be affected by decarburization. This study is focused on the microstructure of plasma nitrided H13 steel. Decarburized and non-decarburized H13 steel was plasma nitrided for 36-72 ks at temperatures varying from 773 to 823 K. The microstructure of the plasma nitrided layer was analyzed by an optical microscope and Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA). The thickness of the nitriding layer is measured. The microstructures of the decarburized and …

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Techniques To Improve Coating Adhesion Of Superhard Coatings, N Panich, P Wangyao, N Vattanaprateep, S Yong Dec 2006

Techniques To Improve Coating Adhesion Of Superhard Coatings, N Panich, P Wangyao, N Vattanaprateep, S Yong

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This work addresses the development of different techniques in fabricating TiB2 coatings with increased adhesion to the substrate and with retained high hardness. Titanium diboride (TiB2) coatings were deposited on high-speed steel substrates by magnetron sputtering of a TiB2 target. Attempts to enhance the coating adhesion to the substrate of the TiB2 coatings by controlling the deposition conditions and parameters are presented, such as effect of substrate rotation; annealing temperature; using deposited Cr as an interlayer material and Ti/TiB2 multilayer system. The structure of the coatings was examined by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The …

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Synergistic Functions Of Trimethl Phosphate And Vinylene Carbonate As Additives For The Li-Ion Batteries, Zhi-Yuan Tang, Yan-Bing He, Quan-Sheng Song, Yu-Hong Chen, Yuan-Gang Liu, Qiang Liu Nov 2006

Synergistic Functions Of Trimethl Phosphate And Vinylene Carbonate As Additives For The Li-Ion Batteries, Zhi-Yuan Tang, Yan-Bing He, Quan-Sheng Song, Yu-Hong Chen, Yuan-Gang Liu, Qiang Liu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The cooperative effects of trimethl phosphate and vinylene carbonate as additives for Li-ion batteries are investigated by using the cyclic voltammetry,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electronic micro-photographs.The results show that the combination application of TMP and VC as additives for Li-ion batteries not only enhances safety of the batteries,but also improves their cycling performance.The reason may be ascribed to firstly VC being reduced and the reduction product polymerized to form excellent solid electrolyte interface(SEI) layer on the surface of graphite electrode during the first charge and discharge process,which prevents effectively the decomposition of TMP on the surface of the graphite …

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Facilitated Effect Of Ag To Oxygen Transportation In Pem Fuel Cell Air Cathodes, Hong-Feng Xu, Jian-Hua Dong, Xiang-Li Hou Nov 2006

Facilitated Effect Of Ag To Oxygen Transportation In Pem Fuel Cell Air Cathodes, Hong-Feng Xu, Jian-Hua Dong, Xiang-Li Hou

Journal of Electrochemistry

Silver(Ag) was deposited in the pores of Nafion membrane by ion exchange and succedent hydrogen reduction;the structures of Nafion-Ag membrane were measured by TEM and XRD,the diffusion coefficients of oxygen in Nafion-Ag was determined by electrochemical limited current method.The results showed that after deposited silver,the pores in the Nafion were enlarged by silver grains;the oxygen diffusion coefficient was increased about four times.By introducing silver in the thin Nafion film around the cathode catalyst,the performance of PEM fuel cell have a evident increasing in high current density, which shows the facilitated effects of silver to oxygen transportation in PEM fuel cell.

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Preparation And Electrochemical Property Of Bam Boo-Shaped Silicon Nanotubes, Zeng-Tao Liu, Yan-Peng Fu, Chen Li, Yong Yang Nov 2006

Preparation And Electrochemical Property Of Bam Boo-Shaped Silicon Nanotubes, Zeng-Tao Liu, Yan-Peng Fu, Chen Li, Yong Yang

Journal of Electrochemistry

A novel 1D bamboo-shaped silicon nanotubes was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition with Au catalyst and their electrochemical properties were primarily studied.The results showed that these silicon nanotubes were amorphous with the length about tens micrometer and the diameter about one hundred nanometer.Cyclic voltammetry studies showed that Li ions could intercalate into such silicon nanotubes at two location,i.e.,from the conjoint location and the wall of the hole.Meanwhile,the bamboo-shaped structure could help release the expansion of volume,which is usually serious in the lithium batteries.

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