Engineering Commons^™

The Behavior Of Pvc Pipe Under The Action Of Water Hammer Pressure Waves, Gary Z. Watters

Reports

Introduction: Hydraulic transients, commonly referred to as water hammer, occur in a hydraulic system whenver the velocity of flow in any one of the pipes in the system is caused to change. The magnitude of the pressure waves generated by a given change in velocity depends on the geometry of the pipe system, the magnitude of the velocity change and the elastic wave velocity in the system componenets. In turn, the elastic wave velocity depends on the modulus of elasticity of the fluid and the pipe material, the size and thickness of the pipe, the method by which the pipe …

Development Of A Procedure For Determining Spacial And Time Variations Of Precipitation In Venezuela, Luis E. Ramirez

Reports

An analysis of the influence of the length of the record in the reliability of mean values of precipitation was made for the Caracus-Cagigal Station in Venezuela. Ten series of values were obtained for 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35-year periods, extracted for sliding intervals for the overall record of 75 years. The reliability of mean values computer from Figure 3 was quite low for 10, 15, and 20- year periods. The long term record means had higher reliability, increasing with the number of years in the records, but the differences are not important in terms of accuracy. Precipitation …

Water Resources Planning And Social Goals: Conceptualization Toward A New Methodology, D. Peterson, H. Caulfield, R. D'Arge, D. Gordon, M Marts, T. Roefs, R. Roelofs

Reports

A modeling concept relating water resource use to

Inverse Solutions To Three-Dimensional Free Surface Potential Flows, Roland W. Jeppson

Reports

Methods are developed and defined for obtaining numerical solutions to three-dimensional, free surface, invisvid, incompressible fluid flows and three-dimensional free surface Darcian flow in porous media. Since those boundaries consisting of free surface are unknown a priori, a solution to the space boundary value problem resulting from a formulation in the physical space is very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. Consequently, the methods described herein are based on a formulation in a space defined by a potential function and two mutually orthogonal stream surfaces whose intersections define the streamlines of the flow. In this space the positions of free …

The Effect Of Carbon On Algal Growth--Its Relationship To Eutrophication, Joel C. Goldman, Donald B. Porcella, Joe E. Middlebrooks, Daniel F. Toerien

Reports

Introduction: Natural and cultural eutrophication (enrichment with nutrients) frequnetly results in excessive algal growths thereby reducing the beneficial uses of surface waters (Hasler, 1947; Thomas, 1955, Edmondson et al., 1956, Oswald and Golueke, 1966, Skulberg, 1967, Mackenthun et al., 1968, Goldman and Armstrong, 1969, McGauhey et al., 1968,1969, 1970a, 1970b). Recent reviews emphsize that the prevention of further reduction in the quality of water resources requires the implementation of effective control measures (Goldman, 1965, Steward and Rohlich, 1967, Middlebrooks et al., 1969, Rohlich, 1969). Effective control of cultural eutrophication must involve the manipulation of those factors which affect algal growth, …

Application Of Operations Research Techniques For Allocation Of Water Resources In Utah, Calvin G. Clyde

Reports

In this report a methodology is described for determining the optimal allocation of water supplies in the State of Utah to minimize the cost of meeting an assumed set of water requirements. A linear programming model was formulated to represent the ten interconnected hydrologic study areas of the state. The comprehensive model considers virtually all uses, areas, sources, transfers and costs of water. The model has 204 constraints and 3378 variables and was solved by the simplex method. Included in the results are the following: the optimal water allocation or the groundwater, surface water, and water transfers which minimize the …

Further Studies Of The Optimum Operation Of Desalting Plants As A Supplemental Source Of Firm Yield, Calvin G. Clyde, Wesley H. Blood

Reports

The Operating Rule Program was developed in an earlier study to furnish a means to determine optimum desalting plant size, optimal operating rule, and costs of operating in conjunction with existing water supply systems, under the present study, five further objectives were accomplished: (1) The program was applied to a New York City water supply system feasibility study in connection with a dual purpose nuclear power plant to develop costs for adding firm yield to the New York City water supply system in conjunctive operation with the desalting plant. (2) The program was modified to enable assessment of stage construction …

Development Of Cold Cloud Seeding Technology For Use In Precipitation Management, Charles F. Chappell, Joel E. Fletcher, George W. Reynolds, William N. Mcneill, Ronald Campbell

Reports

This is a report of the world accomplished and results obtained under a 2-year contract. The primary objective of the Wasatch Weather Modification Project is to assess the effectiveness of selected procedures for increasing the water supply in the Wasatch Mountains by cloud seeding. As part of this overall objective, an airborne seeding experiment has been conducted for two winter seasons. Preliminary results of this experiment indicate a positive seeding effect within and on the periphery of the designated target area. A summary of project designs, procedures, and problems encountered is also included. Data processing, editing, analysis and display procedures, …

The Detection Of Magnetic Fields Caused By Groundwater, Duane G. Chadwick, Larry Jensen

Reports

Perturbations on the earth’s magnetic field may coincide with the existence of groundwater. Theoretical calculations are made showing how and to what extent this effect may exist. The suggestion is also made that water dowsers may get a dowsing reaction as a result of entering a change in magnetic gradient. Tests were conducted to determine the statistical significance of dowsing reactions obtained by separate individuals dowsing in a common test area. Approximately 150 people participated in the experiment over a period of one year. Chi-square tests showed considerable statistical significance. Virtually all people tested experienced dowsing reactions though most of …

A Computerized Method Of Precipitation Data Quality Control, Ronald H. Campbell

Reports

A computerized data quality check and data edit program has been developed to aid in the processing of telemetered precipitation data. The logic considerations and program development are discussed and results are displayed. This effort has resulted in successful editing of large amounts of precipitation data gathered by automated remote data acquisition techniques. The application of this processing routine has resulted in reducing data editing costs to about three percent of that required to do the work manually.

Extending Utility Of Non-Urban Water Supplies, Jay M. Bagley

Reports

Extending the utility of an existing water supply in any river basin suggests a management-planning approach under three general guiding principles: (1) minimize depletions wherever possible (thereby maintaining a greater manageable quantity with subsequent potential to satisfy more uses); (2) generally preserve, protect, and improve water quality (thereby retaining its itility for use by a wider variety of potential users); and (3) make carefully considered allocations (thereby assuring multiples duty, more optimal sequencing, and shifts in use to conform to current and projected soil preferences). There are many technological and managerial techniques that can be employed to implement these principles. …

Hybrid Computer Simulation Of The Accumulation And Melt Processes In A Snowpack, Keith O. Eggleston, Eugene K. Israelsen, J. Paul Riley

Reports

This study represents the first phase of an investigation to develop an operational simulation model of the point snowmelt process based on a time increment of one day or less. Mathematical relationships for various phenomena involved in the snowmelt process were proposed and tested. These relationships were combined into a model which is applicable to any geographic locations by determining appropriate constants for certain relationships. The model was synthesized on a hybrid computer and calibrated using field data from the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory. It was then tested with data from other well instrumented locations. Sensitivity tests were also conducted …

A Computer Model Of The Quantity And Chemical Quality Of Return Flow, Jimmie L. Thomas, J. Paul Riley, Eugene K. Israelsen

Reports

A hybrid computer program is developed to predict the water and salt outflow from a river basin in which irrigation is the major water user. A chemical model which predicts the quality of water percolated through a soil profile is combined with a general hydrologic model into form the system simulation model. The chemical model considers the reactions that occur in the soil, including the exchange of calcium, magnesium, and sodium cations on the soil complex, and the dissolution and precipitation of gypsum and lime. The chemical composition of the outflow is a function of these chemical processes within the …

Detergent And Non-Detergent Phosphorus In Sewage, Donald B. Porcella, E. J. Middlebrooks

Reports

Introduction: Quantitative data on nutrient levels in sewage from homes which are using heavy-duty detergents and which have been restrcited from using such detergents is necessary before rational decisions on the removal of phosphorus from detergetn can be made. Furthermore, the effect of various standard sewage treatment schemes on phosphorus levels should be evaluated to determine the relative cost of such treatment. Then the cost (to society, the environment, and to the taxpayer) of phosphorus removal from detergent and/or from sewage effluents can be estimated and such data utilized to make the appropriate policy decisions. The report herein presented is …

Hydrologic Inventory Of The Great Salt Lake Desert Area, Gary L. Foote, Robert W. Hill, Daniel H. Hoggan

Reports

The Great Salt Lake Desert, located in the southwest corner of the State of Utah"is a very dry region with sparse population and relatively small scattered areas of development. Since only a meager amount of hydrologic data has been collected and compiled for this relatively undeveloped area, the inventory presented herein is but a general appraisal of hydrologic conditions. Because of the small amount of development that has taken place and the general lack of hydrologic data, a water budget analysis is included for the Tooele Valley only.

Instrumentation And Development Of Techniques To Measure And Evaluate Meteorological Parameters Important To Hydrology, Duane G. Chadwick

Reports

Hydro-meteorological instrumentation concepts are discussed. The necessity for an economic and reliable telemetering system is recognized and ways are shown how to achieve this objective. Particular discussion is given on total-precipitation and water-content-of-snow sensing. A method is also presented showing how to make isohyetal plots of telemetered precipitation information on an x-y plotter by use of a resistance paper method in conjunction with an analog computer.

Preliminary Indicators Of Income/Wealth Redistribution Associated With Bureau Of Reclamation Projects, Reed Willis, Allen Lebaron, Herbert Fullerton

Reports

Social well-being is an accepted subset of water investment feasibility criteria. Our attempt is to isolate income redistribution impacts conferred by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation projects. Four project sites have been utilized to yield both pre and post project estimates of farm income and wealth. Production functions of the Cobb-Douglas type were estimated to yield information about factor shares, and thus enable inferences to be made about distribution of total product. Lorenz curves were developed to show changes in distribution of wealth and net income in terms of family enterprise, per acre, and per irrigated acre. Listing of individual …

Hydrologic Inventory Of The Weber River Study Unit, Frank W. Haws, Roland W. Jeppson, A. Leon Huber

Reports

The 1963 Utah State Legislature authorized the Utah Water and Power Board (now the Utah Division of Water Resources) to develop a state water plan in order to give coordination and direction to the activities of all state and federal agencies concerned with Utah's water resources. To facilitate the development of this plan, a proposal was submitted through the State Planning Coordinator in the Governor's Office to the Urban Renewal Administration of the Housing and Home Finance Agency. Funding was approved effective May 19, 1966, under the Urban Planning Assistance Program authorized by Section 701 of the Housing Act of …

Electronic Analog Computer Hydrologic Simulation Of The Upper Bear River Basin, Mohammed A. Basha

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

OF the total precipitation falling on watersheds throughout the world, an average of approximately 85 percent returns directly to the atmosphere through evaporation and use by mountain vegetation. The remaining 15 percent moves from the watersheds as runoff and becomes available in the valleys to be used by man for irrigation, industry, recreation, and many other requirements in recent years has led to an increasing need for efficient management of available water resources, and in this regard computer modeling or simulation has proved to be a powerful tool.

The study described herein involves simulation of the hydrologic system of the …

A Study Of An Unintentional Shutdown (Scram) Problem In The Operation Of The High Flux Isotope Reactor, Cheng Ping Wu

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory experiences occasional operating difficulties caused by temporary low voltage conditions on its main power feeder line. The low voltage causes the shutdown of one or more of the three primary coolant pumps. When two of these pumps are shut down, the capacity of the cooling system is reduced to the point where the reactor is scrammed due to a high inlet coolant temperature.

This study was made to determine the cause of the high inlet temperature when operating with one primary coolant pump and to suggest possible changes …

A Study Of The Secant Law For Sporadic E, Ruey-Yuan Han

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The secant law is the relationship between the frequencies of a vertically incident wave and an obliquely incident wave that are reflected from the same level (i.e., density) of a stratified ionosphere. This thesis investigates the validity of the secant law applied to sporadic E.

Sporadic E data from two backscatter sounders and one vertical incidence ionosonde located in Japan were studied to test the validity of the secant law. The B-scan photos of the backscatter sounders were searched for E_s patches which were then compared with the sporadic E parameters defined for vertical incidence ionograms.

Finally, two theoretical …

Estimating The Rainfall-Runoff Characteristics Of Selected Small Utah Watersheds, Clive H. Walker

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Runoff and rainfall data have been taken from three high mountain Utah watersheds and subjected to runoff to rainfall comparisons. The resulting Q/P ratios have been compared to the average volumes of runoff curve numbers (CN) computed from this data for each watershed. Runoff curve numbers were also estimated on the basis of the soils and vegetation data available for the watersheds.

An attempt has been made to estimate the watershed lag characteristics by computing synthetic hydrographs for successively larger values of time to peak estimates until the best fit comparison was achieved between the snythetic and the actual hydrographs. …

A Study Of Flooded And Rain Infiltration Relations With Surface Ponding, Yehia Z. El-Shafei

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The non-linear partial differential equation (combination of Darcy's law and continuity equation) has been used in this investigation to predict the flooded infiltration through soils possessing appreciable amount of clay and initially drier than its field capacity. One of the most important assumptions made in solving the differential equation is that the capillary conductivity-moisture content relationship is unique for each initial moisture content computation due to the different reaction of clay minerals with different initial moisture contents.

Mathematical equations were also derived to predict:

1. The rate of the wetting front advance, prior to the occurrence of surface ponding, taking into …

Irrigation Water Management Potential In The Bear River Delta, Tom Al Austin

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the present irrigation efficiencies of the Bear River delta area of northern Utah and to propose a set of management proposals to improve the irrigation efficiency. In order to evaluate the present use, all pertinent data on the water resources of the Bear River delta had to be assembled and analyzed.

A hydrologic budget is a method used to account for all inflows, outflows, and changes in storage within a given area. In this study, all inflows and changes in storage were evaluated and the outflow was predicted. In this manner the …

Closed Conduit To Open Channel Usu Stilling Basin, Gordon H. Flammer, Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Chi-Yuan Wei, Hameed Rasheed

Reports

Criterion have been developed for designing a stilling basin to serve as a transition from closed conduit flow to open channel flow for a fully submerged pipe outlet. The unique feature of the stilling basin is the short-pipe energy dissipater so located and designed as to provide maximum energy dissipation for the basin configuration. The expanding characteristics of a submerged jet were used in establishing the length of the stilling basin. The unsteadiness of the water surface and the relative boil height in the model basin were used as the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the structure for energy …

Hydrologic Inventory Of The Uintah Study Unit, Lloyd H. Austin, Gaylord V. Skogerboe

Reports

The 1963 Utah State Legislature authorized the Utah Water and Power Board (now the Utah Division of Water Resources) to develop a state water plan in order to give coordination and direction to the activities of all state and federal agencies concerned with Utah's water resources. To facilitate the development of this plan, a proposal was submitted through the State Planning Coordinator in the Governor's Office to the Urban Renewal Administration of the Housing and Home Finance Agency. Funding was approved effective May 19, 1966, under the Urban Planning Assistance Program authorized by Section 701 of the Housing Act of …

Water Management Research In Arid And Sub-Humid Lands Of The Less Developed Countries: Second Annual Progress Report, Utah Water Research Laboratory

Reports

No abstract provided.

Subcritical Flow At Open Channel Structures Bridge Constructions, Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Lloyd H. Austin, Kuan-Tao Chang

Reports

The techniques previously employed by the writers for describing subcritical flow at open channel constrictions have been found valid for analyzing nonuniform flow in open channels. Combining the nonuniform flow analysis with the submerged flow ratings for various bridge geometrics has provided an analytical means for determining the backwater due to the bridge constrictions under “abnormal stage – discharge” conditions.

Computer Simulation Of Water Resource Systems At Utah State University, J. Paul Riley

Reports

Introduction: The problems of managing water-resource systems are basically those of decision making based upon a consideration of the physical, economic, and sociological processes involved. These processes are strongly interrelated and constitute a dynamic and continuous system. Any combination of these interrelated and numerous system variables yields a management solution. At Utah State University the problem of investigating system response to various possible management alternatives is being approached by hybrid computer simulation. The concept of simulation is fundamentally simple. Basically, it is a technique of analysis whereby a model is developed for investigating the behavior or performance of a dynamic …

Systems Analysis Of Hydrologic Problems, J. Paul Riley, Diana Averett

Reports

Introduction: Increasing national and international interest in water resources in recent years has stimulated much new activity and progress in hydrology. It is now generally recognized that the science of hydrology is basic to an understanding of water resources problems and to planning for water resources development. Accompanying this demand upon the science of hydrology is an urgent need for improved education at the university level. In resopnse to this need for improved education, the First International Seminar for Hydrology Professors was held at Urbana, Illinois, in July 1969. The Second International Seminar was held at Logan, Utah, during August …