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Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Impact Of Material Models On Immersion Cooled Electronics Packages And Reliability Assessment For Chip-Package Interaction, Tushar Jashvantbhai Chauhan May 2021

Impact Of Material Models On Immersion Cooled Electronics Packages And Reliability Assessment For Chip-Package Interaction, Tushar Jashvantbhai Chauhan

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The immersion cooling for IT equipment has been around for decades. From thermal energy management perspective, immersion cooling is better than traditional cooling technology. However, there is need for more work in open literature when it comes to impact of immersion cooling on the reliability of IT equipment to make it commercially implemented. Detailed study of material compatibility of the various electronics packaging materials for immersion cooling is essential to understand their failure modes and reliability. The stiffness and thermal expansion are critical material properties for electronics mechanical design. This part of the study mainly focuses on two things. The …


Development Of A Test Method For Characterizing An Indirect Evaporative Cooling Module For Data Center Cooling Application, Abhijit Rajendra Bhosale May 2021

Development Of A Test Method For Characterizing An Indirect Evaporative Cooling Module For Data Center Cooling Application, Abhijit Rajendra Bhosale

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Evaporative cooling is a smarter way of maintaining optimum operating conditions in data centers. Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) provides the advantage of cooling without changing the humidity of the Data Center (DC) air. We analyze and develop a method of testing to help build IEC modules at larger scales with improved characterization that is intended to help DC engineers achieve stringent Power Utilization Efficiency (PUE) targets by expending minimum power. We study the design parameters pertinent to sizing an IEC module used in DC cooling and develop a test method while technically selecting the components involved. The module is planned …


Sensitivity Study Of Calibrated Data Center Models To Minimize Site Survey Time Using Cfd, Saurabh Singh May 2021

Sensitivity Study Of Calibrated Data Center Models To Minimize Site Survey Time Using Cfd, Saurabh Singh

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Data center (DC) consists of components like cooling pipes, data cables, power conduits, etc. To analyze the thermal behavior of DC using computational fluid dynamics, virtual model of DC is required. To build this virtual model, data is required regarding the different components like size, location and defining parameters. Site surveys are required to collect this data. Data collection is important to build an accurate model. There is lack of guidance with respect to which components are crucial to achieve level of accuracy in computational model. Sensitivity study can be used to determine accuracy achieved by introducing simplification in component …


Effectiveness Of Closed-Loop Inverse-Kinematic Landmark Navigation Method On Drifting And Heading Errors Of Imprecise Multi-Legged Robots, Thong Quang Nguyen May 2021

Effectiveness Of Closed-Loop Inverse-Kinematic Landmark Navigation Method On Drifting And Heading Errors Of Imprecise Multi-Legged Robots, Thong Quang Nguyen

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

This work addresses the effectiveness of a closed-loop inverse-kinematic control methodology on alleviating drifting and heading errors in the walking and turning of a hexapod robot. Most work in this area focuses on stability, hardware design, and control. This work is aimed at controlling imprecise hardware on unknown structured environments. The proposed controller uses a camera and an ultrasonic sensor as sensory feedback. It also uses the well-known tripod gait for locomotion, implemented with the closed-loop inverse-kinematic method. Experimental results show the effectiveness of this approach in walking and turning the hexapod on an unknown surface.


Thermal Design Analysis Of Server Chassis Manifolds For Liquid Cooled Servers Using Cfd, Kaustubh Kantilal Adsul May 2021

Thermal Design Analysis Of Server Chassis Manifolds For Liquid Cooled Servers Using Cfd, Kaustubh Kantilal Adsul

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Direct-to-chip liquid cooling is one of the most popular methods in data center thermal management when it comes to cooling high chip power densities. A cold plate-based liquid cooling system contains various components such as pumps, data center room, and rack-level manifolds, and server chassis-level manifold. Efficient coolant distribution to the heat-dissipating cold plates plays an important role in both the thermal and hydraulic performance of the server. It is, thus, very important to design and manufacture server chassis manifold geometry that can perform efficiently under the anticipated heat loads and coolant flow rates. In the present thesis, two such …


Design And Cfd Analysis Of A Tank Solution For Natural Convection Based Single-Phase Immersion Cooling Of Servers, Siddhesh Manohar Khanvilkar May 2021

Design And Cfd Analysis Of A Tank Solution For Natural Convection Based Single-Phase Immersion Cooling Of Servers, Siddhesh Manohar Khanvilkar

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

The issue of thermal management of data centers is becoming even more challenging with increasing chip power densities. This has been primarily driven by increasing demands in artificial intelligence and machine learning-based applications, increased usage of cloud-based services, and high-performance computing. The development of these applications has led to a corresponding increment in high performance and high power density CPUs and GPUs. Liquid cooling technologies are outperforming the traditional air cooling approach in dissipating high heat fluxes. Out of these technologies, single-phase immersion cooling offers advantages like substantially lower PUE values, simplified data center infrastructure, ease of deployment for edge …


Design, Development, And Characterization Of A Flow Control Device For Dynamic Cooling Liquid-Cooled Servers, Hardik Yashwant Hurnekar May 2021

Design, Development, And Characterization Of A Flow Control Device For Dynamic Cooling Liquid-Cooled Servers, Hardik Yashwant Hurnekar

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Since the early ’60s, based on Moore’s law, transistor density has been doubling every generation resulting in increased power density. Eventually, in the early ’90s, we moved from constant voltage to constant electric field and corresponding constant power for a given area during technology changes. Dennard’s model of voltage scaling and corresponding constant power ceased, ending improved performance gains in the early 2000s that again required techniques to mitigate increased power and corresponding temperature. The performance gain is being achieved by using multi-core processors, leading to non-uniform power distribution and localized high temperatures making cooling very challenging. Direct cold plate-based …


Study Of Electromigration Failure Mechanism In Micro Solder Joint, Hossein Madanipour May 2021

Study Of Electromigration Failure Mechanism In Micro Solder Joint, Hossein Madanipour

Material Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The miniaturizing trend for advanced electronic devices has motivated the microelectronic industries to pursue device integration and packaging technology based on the micro-bump solder joint. This type of the joint enables devices with far higher interconnect density and miniaturized form factors which are ideal for mobile applications. The focus of this research is to conduct comprehensive investigation on the electromigration (EM) reliability of micro solder joint. For that purpose, a series of EM tests on micro solder joints under direct current (DC) load was conducted with variation in the contributing factors to EM failure, including solder joint arrangement (change of …


Metal Nanodendrites And Their Applications As 3d Surface Enhanced Scattering (Sers) Substrates, Aseem Athavale May 2021

Metal Nanodendrites And Their Applications As 3d Surface Enhanced Scattering (Sers) Substrates, Aseem Athavale

Material Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Ultrasensitive detection of chemicals and biological analytes has been a focus of a lot of studies in the recent years. In this search for the versatile detection technique, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) has proved to be one powerful method. SERS is a powerful vibrational spectroscopy technique that allows for label free ultrasensitive detection. This method utilizes the Localized Surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of nanoparticles. LSPR effect is profound in noble metals such as silver (Ag) and gold (Au). We have developed a novel SERS substrate using Ag dendrites that can be applied as a ready-to-use device in a …


Biomechanical Studies Of Developing Zebrafish Heart In-Vivo, Nabid Salehin May 2021

Biomechanical Studies Of Developing Zebrafish Heart In-Vivo, Nabid Salehin

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

The heart is an electrically controlled mechanical pump that provides the cardiac output required by the body to function properly and flexibly adapts to changing demand and working conditions. In vertebrate embryos, the heart is the first organ that starts functioning and the function is initiated well before structural organogenesis is complete, with its early mechanical function affecting its own development. During development, the heart transforms from a valveless linear peristaltic tube into a multi-chambered pulsatile pump with blood flow regulating valves while continuing to serve the metabolic needs of the embryo. The zebrafish has emerged as a popular model …


Non-Invasive Profiling Of Molecular Markers In Brain Gliomas Using Deep Learning And Magnetic Resonance Images, Chandan Ganesh Bangalore Yogananda May 2021

Non-Invasive Profiling Of Molecular Markers In Brain Gliomas Using Deep Learning And Magnetic Resonance Images, Chandan Ganesh Bangalore Yogananda

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Gliomas account for the most common malignant primary brain tumors in both pediatric and adult populations. They arise from glial cells and are divided into low grade and high-grade gliomas with significant differences in patient survival. Patients with aggressive high-grade gliomas have life expectancies of less than 2 years. Glioblastoma (GBM) are aggressive brain tumors classified by the world health organization (WHO) as stage IV brain cancer. The overall survival for GBM patients is poor and is in the range of 12 to 15 months. These tumors are typically treated by surgery, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Gliomas often consist …


Vistas: Vocational Immersive Storytelling Training And Support Framework For Augmenting Work Performance, Sanika Doolani May 2021

Vistas: Vocational Immersive Storytelling Training And Support Framework For Augmenting Work Performance, Sanika Doolani

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Training and assessment of novice workers are the most vital part of any vocational industry. Innovations in science and technology have led to the creation of new industries and occupations, enhanced productivity and quality of work-life, and increased the potential for more people to participate in the workforce. However, these come at the risk and disadvantage of an increased cost of training and lack of proper training in industries, such as manufacturing. Recently, the use of Extended Reality (XR) systems has been on the rise to tackle various domains such as training, education, safety, etc. With the recent advances in …


Numerical Simulation Of Anchor Group Effects On Concrete Breakout Strength Within Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Harjasdeep Singh Chauhan May 2021

Numerical Simulation Of Anchor Group Effects On Concrete Breakout Strength Within Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Harjasdeep Singh Chauhan

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

This study aims to investigate numerically, the effect of anchor groups on concrete breakout strength using nonlinear finite element analysis. Steel headed studs were cast in place within concrete of different amounts of steel fibers. Different proportions of steel fibers (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) were utilized within steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) for the numerical simulation. The physical properties of SFRC were modelled with respect to its composite compressive and tensile strength obtained from the experiments. The analysis was conducted on the concrete breakout strength of anchor bolts within SFRC. A good agreement was achieved between the numerical and the …


Metabolic And Electrophysiological Effects Of Transcranial Photobiomodulation (Pbm) And Multi-Wavelength Pbm, Tyrell Byrom Pruitt May 2021

Metabolic And Electrophysiological Effects Of Transcranial Photobiomodulation (Pbm) And Multi-Wavelength Pbm, Tyrell Byrom Pruitt

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Photobiomodulation (PBM) with near infrared light may become a non-invasive, effective clinical tool after it is understood well for its mechanism of action. In my dissertation research, I have addressed three research questions as three aims to achieve. Aim 1 was to investigate and demonstrate the reproducibility of the effects of transcranial PBM (tPBM) with 1064-nm laser delivered on the right forehead of separate groups of healthy humans measured using different experiment setups in separate sites and years. In Chapter 2, I reported sham-controlled, tPBM-induced concentration increases in oxygenated hemoglobin (∆[HbO]) and oxidized cytochrome c oxidase (∆[oxi-CCO]) in both young …


An In Vitro Model To Study The Role Of Iol: Lens Capsule Interactions In Posterior Capsule Opacification, Arjun Jaitli May 2021

An In Vitro Model To Study The Role Of Iol: Lens Capsule Interactions In Posterior Capsule Opacification, Arjun Jaitli

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication associated with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Unfortunately, current in vitro models cannot be used to assess the potential of PCO due to their failure to simulate posterior curvature of the lens capsule (LC), contradicting observations, different testing conditions and inherent challenges associated with use of human capsular bag models, cells and other tissue substrates. To overcome such a challenge, a new system to study IOL: LC interaction and potentially predict PCO was developed in this effort. It is believed that the interactions between an IOL and the lens capsule (LC) may …


Effect Of Modified Moisture Barrier In Mitigating Pavement Distresses Due To Expansive Subgrade, Pratibha Pandey May 2021

Effect Of Modified Moisture Barrier In Mitigating Pavement Distresses Due To Expansive Subgrade, Pratibha Pandey

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Surficial distresses in roadways of Texas are very common due to presence of high plastic clayey soil in the subgrade. Increased sensitivity of high plastic clay towards seasonal moisture change results in repeated swelling and shrinkage, and ultimately the development of pavement cracks. Annual expenses of such distresses impose huge financial liability to maintenance authorities. Studies have indicated rainwater intrusion into underlying expansive subgrade soil coupled with inadequate drainage as the main cause of pavement damage in semi-arid regions. The inability of drainage layer to laterally drain the excess moisture may lead to moisture accumulation within the base layer which …


Evaluation And Retrofitting Of Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge With Excessive Vibration, Ikram Hasan Efaz May 2021

Evaluation And Retrofitting Of Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge With Excessive Vibration, Ikram Hasan Efaz

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Vibration of a highway bridges is a serviceability issue according to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Though vibration is one of the primary reasons of bridge deck cracking, AASHTO only has a deflection limit to counterpart vibration which is not adequate according to many researchers. For instance, SH-75 SB Bridge over Wilson Creek in McKinney, Texas was observed to have excessive vibration and cracking on the concrete deck. To evaluate the condition of the bridge, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Impact Echo (IE) were used on the deck as Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) methods. A diagnostic load …


Effect Of Sludge Content On Different Types Of Food Waste Degradation In Anaerobic Digester, Mumtahina Binte Latif May 2021

Effect Of Sludge Content On Different Types Of Food Waste Degradation In Anaerobic Digester, Mumtahina Binte Latif

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Food waste (FW) is the second-largest component in landfills which impacts environments adversely by generating excessive leachate and greenhouse gas. Generally, conventional anaerobic digester and composting can be used for FW disposal. However, the former is highly expensive while the latter is energy inefficient. In contrast, household or community level underground anaerobic digester offers a cost-efficient solution as well as retrieves valuable energy from FW. The addition of nutrients such as sludge to organic waste especially FW accelerates the production of energy by limiting volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation. The objective of the current study is to find out the …


An Analytical, Numerical, And Experimental Study Of Automated Damage Assessment For Concrete Structures, Sanggoo Kang May 2021

An Analytical, Numerical, And Experimental Study Of Automated Damage Assessment For Concrete Structures, Sanggoo Kang

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

This dissertation presents the automated damage assessment studies for concrete structure. Three major studies are performed to: 1) understand the theoretical wave scattering model to evaluate the internal vertical crack, 2) to validate the theoretical wave scattering model through FE simulations with experimental measurements, and 3) to advance practical automated crack evaluation (ACE) system for vertical crack and delamination detection. Firstly, singular integral solutions are studied to investigate scattering of Rayleigh waves by subsurface cracks. Defining a wave scattering model by objects, such as cracks, still can be quite a challenge. The model’s analytical solution uses five different numerical integration …


Characterization Of Msw And Plastic Waste Volume Estimation During Covid-19 Pandemic, Sehneela Sara Aurpa May 2021

Characterization Of Msw And Plastic Waste Volume Estimation During Covid-19 Pandemic, Sehneela Sara Aurpa

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

COVID-19 has appeared and shook all aspects of our life. Starting from panic buying prior lockdown to the availability of vaccine, the whole world has gone through a pandemic situation which bounded people to live a life that never seemed normal before. Lockdown and risk of spreading disease forced people to stay at home and generate more waste, especially plastic waste. The effect on municipal solid waste characteristics due to this shift in the way of living is assessed in this study. In this study, municipal solid waste was collected from the working face of Irving Hunter Ferrell landfill. Waste …


Feasibility Assessment Of Production Of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (Lof) From Food Waste For Sustainable Waste Management, Shadman Sakib May 2021

Feasibility Assessment Of Production Of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (Lof) From Food Waste For Sustainable Waste Management, Shadman Sakib

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The increasing volume of food waste is responsible for the generation of potent greenhouse gases and is resulting in the wastage of valuable resources. In all regions of the world, the percentage of food waste in municipal solid waste is greater. Due to the lack of waste segregation at collection points and modern waste disposal methods in developing countries, organic waste is piling up in the dumpsites and landfills. Besides due to poor harvest and post-harvest procedures and inefficient supply chain, almost 55% of the cultivated crops do not even reach the consumers and get wasted. On the other hand, …


A Comprehensive Framework To Mitigate Surficial Slope Failures, Burak Boluk May 2021

A Comprehensive Framework To Mitigate Surficial Slope Failures, Burak Boluk

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Each year, numerous highway and dam slopes that are built with high plasticity clays experience shallow slope failures. Besides the high maintenance and repair costs, these failures negatively impact the public life by interrupting the traffic flow and causing serious safety hazards. The development of desiccation cracks due to weathering cycles deteriorates hydro-mechanical properties of soil, increases water infiltration, and ultimately results in surficial slope failure. Several slope rehabilitation methods have been developed to stabilize clayey soil slope sections affected by surficial failures. Lime stabilization is an effective treatment method that generally reduces the swell-shrink potential of expansive soil and …


Nonlinear And Quantum Optics In Few-Mode-Fibers, Afshin Shamsshooli May 2021

Nonlinear And Quantum Optics In Few-Mode-Fibers, Afshin Shamsshooli

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

In the absence of quantum repeaters, fiber loss sets the hard limit on secure quantum communication rate. Single-photon source rate decays exponentially with the length of fiber. The only way to scale the rate up is by increasing the number of modes over which the single-photon or entangled states are transmitted, for subsequent use in. quantum communication, computing, or information processing. Entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom, e.g., in polarization, frequency, time-bin, and spatial modes has a potential for carrying larger amounts of quantum information. In this project, we explore spatial modes in the few-mode fiber for generation and processing …


Evaluating The Thermal Performance Of Topology Optimized Low-Cost 3d Printed Heat Sink Made Of Copper, Bilal Taha May 2021

Evaluating The Thermal Performance Of Topology Optimized Low-Cost 3d Printed Heat Sink Made Of Copper, Bilal Taha

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

The performance of a heat sink is highly dependent on the overall surface area available for heat transfer. Designing heat sinks with greater surface areas meant bigger size, weight, and volume of heat-exchanger thus making it unfeasible to produce. Design and manufacture of compact-sized heat sinks is a difficult task, as it would require the use of complex surface modeling and complex surface cutting. But with the advent of 3D printing technology, it has become easier to manufacture heat sinks having complex designs producing larger surface areas as they add material layer by layer rather than cutting it away. The …


Investigation On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Porous Structures Processed By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Samarth Ramachandra May 2021

Investigation On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Porous Structures Processed By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Samarth Ramachandra

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Inconel 718 (i.e., IN718) is a prominent nickel-based, precipitation-hardening superalloy which exhibits exceptionally stable mechanical and corrosion resistant properties, even at temperature range of 650ºC to 700ºC, making it suitable for a wide range of applications such as aerospace, nuclear reactors, tooling, turbines, oil and gas applications. The high toughness and work hardening offered by this superalloy, however, greatly limits the choice of machinability. The presence of low levels of aluminum permits good weldability which further allows the use of laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) to efficiently fabricate IN718 parts without the limitations associated with conventional manufacturing methods. Thanks to AM …


Investigation Of The Microstructural And Mechanical Properties Of Selectively Laser Melted In718 Overhangs Fabricated Without Support Structures, Manjunath Hanumantha May 2021

Investigation Of The Microstructural And Mechanical Properties Of Selectively Laser Melted In718 Overhangs Fabricated Without Support Structures, Manjunath Hanumantha

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Additive manufacturing is a new manufacturing technology that allows for extreme design freedom as well as the simultaneous production of many parts with high complexities. IN718 is a high-strength, corrosion-resistant super alloy of nickel and chromium. It is ideal for high-end applications such as rocket nozzles and turbines because it can handle exceptionally high pressure and heat. Because of its high stiffness qualities, conventional manufacturing of complex IN718 geometries is challenging. Various fabrication techniques have been developed, and this study focuses on selective laser melting (SLM) because of its potential to produce near-perfect parts at a low cost when working …


Structural Optimization And Reliability Assessment Of Heterogeneous 3d Ic Packages And Analysis Of Rheological Properties Of Particle Based Thermal Interface Materials, Mehzabeen Binte Kabir May 2021

Structural Optimization And Reliability Assessment Of Heterogeneous 3d Ic Packages And Analysis Of Rheological Properties Of Particle Based Thermal Interface Materials, Mehzabeen Binte Kabir

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

As computing and communication devices are converging with improved functionally, denser, and finer pitch which creates complexity of circuit interconnections for 2-D devices becomes a limitation for overall performance and drives up power dissipation [1]. Thus the ordinary 2-D structures of IC packages cannot address those demands where 3-D through-silicon via (TSV) is the key to 3-D IC integration and stacking of chips, is emerging now as a powerful tool to converge the needs of integrated circuit (IC) packages. In 3D TSV the chips are stacked on top of another so heat trapped in a small region which is difficult …


Pavement Temperature Response To Cold Fronts: A Model Column Study In A Freezer Box, Taryn Dilorenzo May 2021

Pavement Temperature Response To Cold Fronts: A Model Column Study In A Freezer Box, Taryn Dilorenzo

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The correlation of meteorological data and pavement conditions is crucial for winter pavement maintenance, this is the main reason that it is so important to understand in what ways pavement responds to cold fronts as well as when the formation of ice on a pavement surface can be expected. The pavement surface and its underlying subsurface layers combine to create a system with the behavior of the surface being influenced by both the air temperature above it, as well as the temperature and thermodynamic processes occurring in the sublayers below it. Both the pavement surface as well as the sublayers …


Flexural Strengthening Of Two-Way Slabs Using Cfrp External Laminates, Shams Abbas Naqvi May 2021

Flexural Strengthening Of Two-Way Slabs Using Cfrp External Laminates, Shams Abbas Naqvi

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Deterioration of reinforced concrete structures with time is a common phenomenon, which often leads to reduction in the load carrying capacity. To meet the coding requirements, strengthening of these structures is of utmost importance. Composite materials, such as Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP), have shown effective results in external strengthening of these structures. However, premature delamination of CFRPs can decrease their efficiency. Recently, pre-saturated CFRP (PS-CFRP), a new type of CFRP pre-impregnated with epoxy resin, was introduced. Previous research has shown that PS-CFRP has shown improved results as compared to regular CFRP (R-CFRP) for strengthening beams and columns. However, no …


Using Empirical Data To Design And Validate Hybrid Simulation Models Of Human Behavior In Service Operations, Mohammed Farhan May 2021

Using Empirical Data To Design And Validate Hybrid Simulation Models Of Human Behavior In Service Operations, Mohammed Farhan

Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The purpose of this research is to examine how a change in a team member's role, team dynamics, and organizational policies impact an individual's motivation to engage in helping behavior, as well as the impact of helping behavior on service system operational performance. To analyze these behavioral dynamics in a dynamic setting, this research integrates empirical human behavioral data into a hybrid discrete-event and agent-based simulation model of service operations in a restaurant. The model was then validated using Metamorphic Testing (MT), an approach that has previously been used for verification of software. Recent research shows that MT can be …