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Articles 571 - 600 of 3180
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Causes Of Driver Distraction And Incidents At Signalized Intersections, Zannatulferdous Labony
Causes Of Driver Distraction And Incidents At Signalized Intersections, Zannatulferdous Labony
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Driver distraction causes a major portion of motor vehicle crashes because distractions turn the driver’s attention away from driving the driving task, Intersections represent high risk environments because many conflict points within the intersection exist. At intersections with signalized traffic control, drivers may be more likely to become distracted than at other intersections. While distraction during the red indication may not seem to be a significant concern, this study investigates the role distraction plays in crashes at signalized intersections. Using the SHRP2 naturalistic driving study data, this study focuses on investigating the frequency and types of driver distraction, the causes …
Development Of Non-Prestressed Uhp-Frc Girders For Long-Span Bridges With Dcsr Design Concept And Collapse Assessment Of Smfs With Calibrated Rc And Uhp-Frc Columns Based On Full-Scale Experiments, Seyed Missagh Shamshiri Guilvayi
Development Of Non-Prestressed Uhp-Frc Girders For Long-Span Bridges With Dcsr Design Concept And Collapse Assessment Of Smfs With Calibrated Rc And Uhp-Frc Columns Based On Full-Scale Experiments, Seyed Missagh Shamshiri Guilvayi
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The work presented here is divided in two parts. This summary includes two paragraphs, each summarizing the topics presented in this dissertation. Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) is an emerging material and revolutionarily utilize its mechanical properties can offer a new way to design conventional precast prestressed concrete girders. Its ultra-high compressive strength (> 20 ksi) accompanying by exceptional compressive ductility with a maximum useable compressive strain of 0.015–0.03 allow designers to use higher amount of reinforcement. Current design codes (ACI 318 Building Code and AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications), limits the maximum useable compressive strain, εcu, to 0.003 for conventional …
Rotor Performance Model (Rpm), Chadwick Scott Balfantz
Rotor Performance Model (Rpm), Chadwick Scott Balfantz
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Rotorcraft performance modeling is of high interest with multiple industry codes in existence, many of which are high-fidelity and are comprehensive in the analyses that are achievable. Along with the high-fidelity and the comprehensive nature of the industry codes comes an equally high level of complexity in the inputs required to extract meaningful results. The ever-increasing fidelity in the existing codes creates a need for an analysis code that is built to be highly flexible, designed from the top down and implemented from the bottom up in a structured format. The Rotor Performance Model (RPM) was developed to provide high-fidelity …
Machine Learning Framework For Nonlinear And Interaction Relationships Involving Categorical And Numerical Features, Shirish Mohan Rao
Machine Learning Framework For Nonlinear And Interaction Relationships Involving Categorical And Numerical Features, Shirish Mohan Rao
Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Traditionally, physical scientific experiments have been conducted extensively to study and understand the behavior of a process or a system. With the advancement of computing technology in recent years, computer codes and algorithms are used as simulators to replicate behavior of a complex system. Such use of computers to study a system is termed as ‘computer experiments.’ The process involves selecting specific points or runs in the design space in order to maximize information about the system in minimal runs. These computer models are high dimensional and can take a long time to simulate. Metamodels (or surrogate models) built using …
Multi-Player H1 Differential Game Using On-Policy And Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning, Peiliang An
Multi-Player H1 Differential Game Using On-Policy And Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning, Peiliang An
Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive
This work studies a multi-player H-infinity differential game for systems of general linear dynamics. In this game, multiple players design their control inputs to minimize their cost functions in the presence of worst-case disturbances. We first derive the optimal control and disturbance policies using the solutions to Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) equations. We then prove that the derived optimal policies stabilize the system and constitute a Nash equilibrium solution. Two integral reinforcement learning (IRL) -based algorithms, including the policy iteration IRL and o -policy IRL, are developed to solve the differential game online. We show that the off-policy IRL can solve the …
Wi-Fi-Based Indoor Localization Using Model-Based And Data-Driven Approaches, Ayoub Idelhaj
Wi-Fi-Based Indoor Localization Using Model-Based And Data-Driven Approaches, Ayoub Idelhaj
Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive
This thesis investigates model-based and data-driven approaches for indoor localization using the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of Wi-Fi signals. We study multiple model-based indoor localization approaches, including the free space path loss model, the log-distance path loss model, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) model, and a nonlinear regression model. We examine their indoor localization accuracy using raw RSSI values, and filter RSSI values passed through a Moving Average filter and a Kalman filter. For data driven approaches, we employ a family of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) algorithms including Basic-ELM, Online Sequential-ELM (OS-ELM), Hierarchical-ELM (H-ELM), and Kernel-ELM (K-ELM), to find …
Development Of A Model To Prioritize Inspection And Condition Assessment Of Gravity Sanitary Sewer Systems, Karthikeyan Loganathan
Development Of A Model To Prioritize Inspection And Condition Assessment Of Gravity Sanitary Sewer Systems, Karthikeyan Loganathan
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Underground utilities and wastewater collection systems deteriorate over time demanding utility owners to involve in continuous revisions and development of their asset management frameworks to maintain the functionality of their assets. In any asset management framework, inspection of an asset and respective condition assessment plays a vital role in successful operation and maintenance of systems. In the United States, closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the commonly used device for inspecting the inner environment of sewer pipes, which considering the large length of pipe inventory in a city, is a relatively expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore, inspection of every individual sanitary sewer …
Structural Performance Of Distressed Cast-In-Place Concrete Bridge Retaining Wall, Karzan Ms Habeeb
Structural Performance Of Distressed Cast-In-Place Concrete Bridge Retaining Wall, Karzan Ms Habeeb
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Cast-In-Place (CIP) concrete retaining walls have been used in the United States widely in the 20th century. CIP concrete walls have additionally proven to be structurally rigid and cost-effective for low backfill height. This type of wall is also sustainable with design service life of 75 years (TxDOT 2014). However, during service, the wall undergoes distressed movements, structural deficiency, and stability related problems. CIP cantilever concrete retaining walls often do not perform as expected, and the walls are affected by construction and/or structural deficiency, which sometimes leads to failure. The current study was inspired by distressed CIP walls located on …
Modeling Of Hydrogen Sulfide Generation And Rates Of Microbial Induced Concrete Corrosion In Manhole Shafts, Sunakshi Hada
Modeling Of Hydrogen Sulfide Generation And Rates Of Microbial Induced Concrete Corrosion In Manhole Shafts, Sunakshi Hada
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Manhole shafts can undergo infrastructure failure due to microbially induced concrete corrosion (MICC). Deterioration of the sewer systems by MICC process occurs due to the volatilization of hydrogen sulfide into the gas phase. The volatized hydrogen sulfide gas reacts with oxygen to form sulfuric acid, resulting in concrete corrosion. If optimum conditions are present, 24 mm of concrete loss can occur in 31 months, and the cost of fixing can range from $10-$30 per square foot. Also, if the manholes are not properly maintained, they can cause serious safety hazards, such as manhole lids falling through the structure, streets giving …
Effectiveness Of Recycled Plastic Pin For Improving Bearing Capacity Of Embankment Over Soft Soil, Md Azijul Islam
Effectiveness Of Recycled Plastic Pin For Improving Bearing Capacity Of Embankment Over Soft Soil, Md Azijul Islam
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Construction of embankment over soft foundation soils is incredibly a challenging task due to the risk of bearing failure and excessive settlement of foundation soil. Most of the available conventional methods for addressing these problems are either expensive or time-consuming or both. Therefore, research has been striving to develop a sustainable alternative to the current conventional methods. A noble approach to improve the soft foundation soil could be the use of Recycled Plastic Pins (RPP) in combination with geosynthetics. The load transfer efficiency of a geosynthetic-reinforced and RPP supported embankment is influenced by interactions among embankment fill, geosynthetics, and foundation …
Development And Comparison Of Prediction Models For Sanitary Sewer Pipes Condition Assessment Using Multinomial Logistic Regression And Artificial Neural Network., Daniel Ogaro Atambo
Development And Comparison Of Prediction Models For Sanitary Sewer Pipes Condition Assessment Using Multinomial Logistic Regression And Artificial Neural Network., Daniel Ogaro Atambo
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Sanitary sewer pipes infrastructure system in good condition is essential in providing safe conveyance of the wastewater from homes, businesses, and industries to the wastewater treatment plants. For sanitary sewer pipes to deliver the wastewater to the treatment plants, they must be in good condition. Most of the water utilities have aged sanitary sewer pipes. Water utilities inspect sewer pipes to decide which segments of the sanitary sewer pipes need rehabilitation or replacement. The process of inspecting the sewer pipes is described as condition assessment. This condition assessment process is costly and necessitates developing a model that predicts the condition …
Performance Of Recycled Plastic Pins For Increasing Bearing Capacity Of Foundation Soil, Faria Fahim Badhon
Performance Of Recycled Plastic Pins For Increasing Bearing Capacity Of Foundation Soil, Faria Fahim Badhon
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls constructed on unsuitable foundation soil are prone to large deformation and bearing capacity failure. A variety of techniques can be applied to address this issue, such as removal and replacement of existing soil with competent soil, staged construction, dynamic compaction, stone columns, geosynthetic reinforcement. One common traditional approach followed by Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) for the improvement of unsuitable foundation soil is removal of the in-situ soil and replacement with suitable fill material. However, this method can be time-consuming and expensive. A pile-supported system in combination with geosynthetic reinforcement can provide a sustainable solution …
Agent-Based Model Simulation For Police Deployment Decision-Making In Patrol Operations, Yasaman Ghasemi
Agent-Based Model Simulation For Police Deployment Decision-Making In Patrol Operations, Yasaman Ghasemi
Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Police patrolling plays a key role in responding to 911 calls and reducing crimes. The effectiveness of patrol operations heavily depends on the deployment of police officers – e.g., the number of officers assigned to specific policing districts or beats. The complex nature of the policing system – dynamic and stochastic criminal behavior, compounded with limited policing resources, render current (traditional) police operations, which are often managed in a reactive and stationary manner – often makes it very challenging to manage and control. This study develops an agent-based simulation framework to address the dynamically changing environment in police operations and …
Adaptive Activations And Shift Invariance In Shallow Convolutional Neural Networks, Chinmay Appa Rane
Adaptive Activations And Shift Invariance In Shallow Convolutional Neural Networks, Chinmay Appa Rane
Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Deep learning training training algorithms are a huge success in recent years in many fields including speech, text,image video etc. Deeper and deeper layers are proposed with huge success with resnet structures having around 152 layers. Shallow convolution neural networks(CNN's) are still an active research, where some phenomena are still unexplanined. CNN's are assumed to be invariant to shift due to its architecture, but recent studies have shown other wise. Apart from shift invariance, activation functions used in the network are of utmost importance, as they provide non linearity to the networks. Relu's are the most commonly used activation function. …
The Development Of Micro-Gas Chromatography System With Integrated Photonic Crystal Sensors, Priyanka Biswas
The Development Of Micro-Gas Chromatography System With Integrated Photonic Crystal Sensors, Priyanka Biswas
Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Miniaturization of gas chromatography (GC) systems have made it possible to utilize the analytical technique in on-site applications without having to compromise data reliability offered by the conventional benchtop GC. Various types of miniaturized microsensors and nanosensors have been developed for a micro-gas chromatography (µGC) system. However, integration of an appropriate detector in µGC systems still face significant challenge. We present a solution to the problem through integration of µGC with photonic crystal slab (PCS) sensors using transfer printing technology. This integration offers an opportunity to utilize the advantages of optical sensors such as high sensitivity, immunity to electromagnetic interference, …
Object Classication, Detection And State Estimation Using Yolo V3 Deep Neural Network And Sensor Fusion Of Stereo Camera And Lidar, Kamalkumar Bharatkumar Mehta
Object Classication, Detection And State Estimation Using Yolo V3 Deep Neural Network And Sensor Fusion Of Stereo Camera And Lidar, Kamalkumar Bharatkumar Mehta
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Real-time object classification, localization, and detection with region-based convolution neural network (R-CNN) require high computational power, or it consumes a tremendous amount of time with the use of the available onboard computer system. Therefore, either of those ways is not practical in real-time object detection. In contrast, the YOLO-v3 network, which stands for you only look once, that uses the YOLO algorithm seems to be practical in live object classification, localization, and detection, since the YOLO algorithm seems to work faster than the sliding window algorithm used by R-CNN. Sensor fusion in this context requires estimation and association of information …
Modeling Capacity: Multiple Weaving Areas, Sheida Khademi
Modeling Capacity: Multiple Weaving Areas, Sheida Khademi
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Traffic congestion on freeway systems is one significant concern in urban areas throughout the U.S.A. In this era, building new freeways to reduce congestion is less feasible due to the high capital and social costs. Thus, the effective management and operation of existing freeway facilities has become a preferred approach to reduce traffic congestion. A weaving section is a common design on major highway facilities that always has been an interest to researchers. Weaving areas are characterized by frequent lane changes, …
Mechanical Response Of Chemically Treated Sulfate-Rich Clay Under Multiple Triaxial Stress Path, Azadeh Asghariastaneh
Mechanical Response Of Chemically Treated Sulfate-Rich Clay Under Multiple Triaxial Stress Path, Azadeh Asghariastaneh
Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Expansive clayey soils, which are abundant in arid and semi-arid areas, including the state of Texas, can lead to excessive distress in pavements, foundations, embankments, earth retaining systems and other civil infrastructure that is either made of or supported by this type of soils. Calcium-based stabilizers, such as lime, cement and fly ash, have become popular soil stabilizers due to their ready availability and relatively low cost; however, myriad cases of failures of pavements and foundation built over sulfate-rich treated clay have led researchers to search for more efficient substitutes for calcium-based stabilizers. A very limited number of studies, however, …
Shape-Based Time Series Mining For Process Monitoring And Anomaly Detection, Li Zhang
Shape-Based Time Series Mining For Process Monitoring And Anomaly Detection, Li Zhang
Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Due to the rapid development of computing and sensing technology, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled monitoring plays a crucial role for people suffering from cardiac problems. It is important to detect the abnormal ECG cycles during the cardiac monitoring for the early treatment. However, most existing methods focused on the full reading of time series, for the cycle-based time series, it is wasting time to read the whole time series while we can find the characteristic patterns instead. Characteristic patterns named shapelets are time series subsequences, which are explainable and discriminative features that can best classify time series. Shapelet-based classification that …
The Effect Of Room-Temperature Aging On Enthalpy And Dielectric Property Of Carbon-Fiber/Epoxy Composite Prepreg And The Mechanical Property Of Manufactured Composite, Monjur Morshed Rabby, Minhazur Rahman, Partha Pratim Das, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian, Relebohile George Qhobosheane, Vamsee Vadlamudi
The Effect Of Room-Temperature Aging On Enthalpy And Dielectric Property Of Carbon-Fiber/Epoxy Composite Prepreg And The Mechanical Property Of Manufactured Composite, Monjur Morshed Rabby, Minhazur Rahman, Partha Pratim Das, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian, Relebohile George Qhobosheane, Vamsee Vadlamudi
Institute of Predictive Performance Methodologies (IPPM-UTARI)-Archive
Fiber-based reinforced plastics are widely used materials in different industries - e.g., Automotive, Aerospace, Defense- because of their various advantages. The most reliable raw materials for manufacturing fiber-based composites are pre-impregnated reinforcing fiber (prepreg). However, the limitation of using prepreg lies in its instability at room temperature. Prepregs have a specific out-life which sometimes makes the manufacturing process difficult. The objective of this study is to find out a way to investigate the room temperature aging effect on prepreg by analyzing the enthalpy and dielectric properties. In this study, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to measure the reaction enthalpy …
Artificial Intelligence In Real-Time Diagnostics And Prognostics Of Composite Materials And Its Uncertainties – A Review, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian, Vamsee Vadlamudi, Rassel Raihan, Kenneth Reifsnider, Erick Reifsnider
Artificial Intelligence In Real-Time Diagnostics And Prognostics Of Composite Materials And Its Uncertainties – A Review, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian, Vamsee Vadlamudi, Rassel Raihan, Kenneth Reifsnider, Erick Reifsnider
UTARI Researcher Publications-Archive
In the era of the 4th industrial revolution of big data, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is widely used in each and every field of composite materials which includes design and analysis, material storage, manufacturing, non-destructive testing (NDT), Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and Prognostics of its Remaining Useful Life (RUL), Material State (MS) and damage modes. While these AI models are rapidly developed and integrated into the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to keep track of the health of a composite material from its birth to death, these integrations remain uncertain for prognostics without the certainty of its previous material state. This …
Replication Data For: Study Of Methane Migration In The Shallow Subsurface From A Gas Pipe Leak, Kathleen Smits
Replication Data For: Study Of Methane Migration In The Shallow Subsurface From A Gas Pipe Leak, Kathleen Smits
Earth & Environmental Sciences Datasets - Archive
With the increased use of natural gas, safety and environmental concerns from underground leaking natural gas pipelines are becoming more widespread. What is not well understood in leakage incidents is how the soil conditions affect gas migration behavior, making it difficult to estimate the gas distribution. To shed light on these concerns, an increased understanding of subsurface methane migration after gas release is required to support efficient leak response and effective use of available technologies. In this study, three field-scale experiments were performed at the Methane Emission Technology Evaluation Center in Colorado State University to investigate the effect of soil …
Automatic System Restoration For Industrial Power Systems, Anusha Papasani
Automatic System Restoration For Industrial Power Systems, Anusha Papasani
Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The power system industry often operates close to its limits to accommodate the increased demand posing a high risk of blackouts. Power system restoration techniques are utilized post breakout with the focus on load pickup and speedy recovery. In traditional heuristic methods, the load is considered to be constant after it is picked. However, from a system operation point of view, the load varies once picked. This is commonly observed in industrial loads. In Industrial systems, loads, which involve many induction motors, are started in sequence. The high starting currents of the induction motors leads to voltage sags that may …
Resource Allocation And Capacity In Wireless Communications And Networks, Zikai Wang
Resource Allocation And Capacity In Wireless Communications And Networks, Zikai Wang
Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive
How to allocate resources in the era of Big Data in telecommunications becomes a new issue. Smartphone data could be a function of personality, as the smartphone supports interpersonal interaction, and the data collected from the smartphone usage often contains rich customer opinion and behavioral information. A bandwidth allocation method based on smartphone users' personality traits and channel condition is studied in a unified mathematical framework in this dissertation. Personalizing bandwidth allocation could be done by analyzing smartphone users' personality traits, resulting in business intelligence, a smarter and more efficient usage of the limited bandwidth, while taking channel fading conditions …
Dynamic Equivalent Wind Farm Models For Planning, Operation, And Post-Fault Analyses, Yuhao Zhou
Dynamic Equivalent Wind Farm Models For Planning, Operation, And Post-Fault Analyses, Yuhao Zhou
Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive
With high penetration level of the wind power energy in the power grid, it is necessary to develop robust dynamic wind farm models for stability analysis under different scenarios. However, one single wind generator (WG) contains many parameter and control loops, it’s impractical to apply such detailed high-order model of individual wind turbine for dynamic stability analysis due to its computational burden and availability of the data. Therefore, there’s a need for deriving the dynamic equivalent model (DEM) for the wind farm. In the real world, a wind farm may contain different types of WGs coming from different manufactures/vendors with …
Beamforming Using Quasi Optical Approach For 5g Backhaul, Pratik Ghate
Beamforming Using Quasi Optical Approach For 5g Backhaul, Pratik Ghate
Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive
A new method is proposed for quasi optical beamforming that will enhance performance of emerging systems such as broad deployment of 5G backhaul communications, Internet of Things (IOT), vehicular networking systems, and unmanned aerial navigation systems. It is a promising approach at higher frequencies to reduce the size, cost and improve efficiency of the beamforming operation. In this investigation candidate lens type structures are designed, studied, and analyzed using different configurations of dielectric wedges, plano-concave lens and dielectric slabs. These structures have cost, power consumption, size, weight, and bandwidth advantages, and are expected to be able to operate to higher …
A 3d Sers Device For Highly Sensitive Detection Of Organic Chemicals In Liquid, Sankgeeth Vennila Sigamani
A 3d Sers Device For Highly Sensitive Detection Of Organic Chemicals In Liquid, Sankgeeth Vennila Sigamani
Material Science and Engineering Theses - Archive
Detection of organic chemicals in liquid medium have been gaining utmost attention in recent times. Real time detection and monitoring of a variety of environmental pollutants, explosive materials, chemical agents, and pharmaceutical drugs in liquid medium are of great need in today’s technological advancements. While there are several scattering, emission and spectroscopy techniques in use, Raman spectroscopy is attractive because of its molecular specificity i.e., each molecule has a Raman fingerprint. Raman spectroscopy utilizes the inelastic portion of the scattered wave for detection. But since intensity of inelastic scattering (Raman scattering) is very low, compared to the elastic scattering, low …
Characterization Of Asphalt/Recycled Plastic Blends Modified By Exfoliated Clay Nanoplatelets, Kate A. Nguyen
Characterization Of Asphalt/Recycled Plastic Blends Modified By Exfoliated Clay Nanoplatelets, Kate A. Nguyen
Material Science and Engineering Theses - Archive
There is a renewed interest from federal and state transportation agencies as well as the asphalt industry in developing successful utilization of recycled plastics in asphalt pavements. By incorporating a third material into the asphalt/plastic blend, a stimulation of enhanced compatibility between the waste plastics and asphalt can be observed. In this thesis, the need for increased stability and improved mechanical performance of asphalt blends, at low and high temperatures, are addressed through the use of dispersed/exfoliated organic montmorillonite nanoplatelets a.k.a. nanoclay (NC). Previous studies with non-dispersed NC as a modifier in asphalt (AS) and polyethylene (PE) blends reported the …
Real-Time Material State Assessment Of Composites Using Artificial Intelligence And Its Challenges, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian
Real-Time Material State Assessment Of Composites Using Artificial Intelligence And Its Challenges, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Over several decades of careful experimental investigation and exhaustive development of discrete damage analysis methods including integrated computational mechanics methods, our community knows a great deal about how discrete defects such as matrix cracks and defect growth (e.g. delamination) can be predicted in structural composites. For many practical situations controlled by laminated multiaxial composite structures, the loss of performance and “sudden death” end of life is controlled by defect coupling which becomes a precursor to fracture plane development. These interaction sequences are highly dependent on local details of manufacture, design configurations, and loading for a given application material and influenced …
Cooling Efficiency Improvement Of A Data Center Using Optimized Cabinet Design And Hybrid Cooling With High Inlet Conditions Of Single-Phase Coolant And Air, Uschas Chowdhury
Cooling Efficiency Improvement Of A Data Center Using Optimized Cabinet Design And Hybrid Cooling With High Inlet Conditions Of Single-Phase Coolant And Air, Uschas Chowdhury
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The objective of this study is to improve and optimize the cooling efficiency of liquid and air cooling from server to room level while applying best practices in the industry. The effect of increased air and coolant temperature has been explored through a literature survey and studies are conducted from device level to room level for air and liquid cooling. Three major aspects are considered. A closed-form air cooling solution is proposed for high-powered racks in a modular data center equipped with in-row coolers. Direct-to-chip liquid cooling technology is extensively studied at the server level for raised air and coolant …