Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Aerospace Engineering (1664)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (1332)
- Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (1238)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (1164)
- Operational Research (605)
-
- Signal Processing (455)
- Computer Sciences (443)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (421)
- Computer Engineering (414)
- Aviation (353)
- Electrical and Electronics (350)
- Physics (350)
- Materials Science and Engineering (329)
- Business (297)
- Navigation, Guidance, Control and Dynamics (250)
- Other Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (232)
- Systems Engineering (228)
- Electromagnetics and Photonics (190)
- Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics (188)
- Environmental Engineering (185)
- Engineering Science and Materials (176)
- Nuclear Engineering (176)
- Mechanical Engineering (169)
- Digital Communications and Networking (166)
- Space Vehicles (159)
- Optics (147)
- Management and Operations (144)
- Operations and Supply Chain Management (135)
- Semiconductor and Optical Materials (126)
- Keyword
-
- #antcenter (324)
- #csra (125)
- Global Positioning System (63)
- Image processing (61)
- #afcec (60)
-
- Optimization (54)
- Additive manufacturing (51)
- Decision making (51)
- Kalman filtering (51)
- Flight control (48)
- Machine learning (48)
- Target acquisition (47)
- Drone aircraft (46)
- Algorithms (45)
- Microelectromechanical systems (44)
- Composite materials (41)
- Artificial satellites (38)
- Synthetic aperture radar (38)
- Computer vision (37)
- Neural networks (Computer science) (37)
- Computer networks--Security measures (35)
- Signal processing (35)
- Finite element method (33)
- Scheduling (32)
- Simulation (31)
- Decision support systems (30)
- Neural networks (30)
- Remote sensing (28)
- Wireless communication systems (28)
- Silicon carbide (26)
- Publication Year
- Publication
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 1261 - 1290 of 5699
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Confidence Inference In Defensive Cyber Operator Decision Making, Graig S. Ganitano
Confidence Inference In Defensive Cyber Operator Decision Making, Graig S. Ganitano
Theses and Dissertations
Cyber defense analysts face the challenge of validating machine generated alerts regarding network-based security threats. Operations tempo and systematic manpower issues have increased the importance of these individual analyst decisions, since they typically are not reviewed or changed. Analysts may not always be confident in their decisions. If confidence can be accurately assessed, then analyst decisions made under low confidence can be independently reviewed and analysts can be offered decision assistance or additional training. This work investigates the utility of using neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of decision confidence to train machine learning models to infer confidence in analyst decisions. Electroencephalography …
Preserving Privacy In Automotive Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems, Kenneth L. Hacker
Preserving Privacy In Automotive Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems, Kenneth L. Hacker
Theses and Dissertations
The automotive industry is moving towards a more connected ecosystem, with connectivity achieved through multiple wireless systems. However, in the pursuit of these technological advances and to quickly satisfy requirements imposed on manufacturers, the security of these systems is often an afterthought. It has been shown that systems in a standard new automobile that one would not expect to be vulnerable can be exploited for a variety of harmful effects. This thesis considers a seemingly benign, but government mandated, safety feature of modern vehicles; the Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS). Typical implementations have no security-oriented features, leaking data that can …
Autonomous Association Of Geo Rso Observations Using Deep Neural Networks, Ian W. Mcquaid
Autonomous Association Of Geo Rso Observations Using Deep Neural Networks, Ian W. Mcquaid
Theses and Dissertations
Ground-based non-resolved optical observations of resident space objects (RSOs) in geosynchronous orbit (GEO) represent the majority of the space surveillance network’s (SSN’s) deep-space tracking. Reliable and accurate tracking necessitates temporal separation of the observations. This requires that subsequent observations be associated with prior observations of a given RSO before they can be used to create or refine that RSO’s ephemeris. The use of astrometric data (e.g. topocentric angular position) alone for this association task is complicated by RSO maneuvers between observations, and by RSOs operating in close proximity. Accurately associating an observation with an RSO thus motivates the use of …
Side Channel Anomaly Detection In Industrial Control Systems Using Physical Characteristics Of End Devices, Ryan D. Harris
Side Channel Anomaly Detection In Industrial Control Systems Using Physical Characteristics Of End Devices, Ryan D. Harris
Theses and Dissertations
Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are described by the Department of Homeland Security as systems that are so \vital to the United States that their incapacity or destruction would have a debilitating impact on our physical or economic security." Attacks like Stuxnet show that these systems are vulnerable. The end goal for Stuxnet was to spin centrifuges at a frequency rate outside of normal operation and hide its activity from the ICS operator. This research aims to provide a proof of concept for an anomaly detection system that would be able to detect an attack like Stuxnet by measuring the physical …
Active Control Of A Morphing Wing Aircraft And Failure Analysis For System Reliability, Madison J. Montgomery
Active Control Of A Morphing Wing Aircraft And Failure Analysis For System Reliability, Madison J. Montgomery
Theses and Dissertations
A morphing wing aircraft has the ability to increase the efficiency of an aircraft by better optimizing lift and drag characteristics during a flight. A morphing wing UAV was designed and constructed by AFRL/RQVS and required a means of control and method of characterizing the performance of the aircraft through flight testing. This research presents the design and construction of a control system capable of adjusting the morphing wing shape based on pilot commands and current flight status. The control system was tested and improved following a flight test crash utilizing failure mode analysis.
A Multi-Vehicle Cooperative Localization Approach For An Autonomy Framework, Edwin A. Mora
A Multi-Vehicle Cooperative Localization Approach For An Autonomy Framework, Edwin A. Mora
Theses and Dissertations
Offensive techniques produced by technological advancement present opportunities for adversaries to threaten the operational advantages of our joint and allied forces. Combating these new methodologies requires continuous and rapid development towards our own set of \game-changing" technologies. Through focused development of unmanned systems and autonomy, the Air Force can strive to maintain its technological superiority. Furthermore, creating a robust framework capable of testing and evaluating the principles that define autonomy allows for the exploration of future capabilities. This research presents development towards a hybrid reactive/deliberative architecture that will allow for the testing of the principles of task, cognitive, and peer …
Analysis Of Satellite Timing And Navigation Receiver Pseudorange Biases Due To Spreading Code Puncturing And Phase Optimized Constant Envelope Transmission, Nathaniel J. Raquet
Analysis Of Satellite Timing And Navigation Receiver Pseudorange Biases Due To Spreading Code Puncturing And Phase Optimized Constant Envelope Transmission, Nathaniel J. Raquet
Theses and Dissertations
There is a desire for future GPS satellites to be software-defined to enable greater operational flexibility and adapt to a variety of current and future threats. This includes implementing new modulation techniques such as phase optimized constant envelope transmission (POCET) and asymmetric signal authentication methods such as chips message robust authentication (Chimera). Any new GPS signal transmitted must be backwards compatible with the millions of receivers already in use. This thesis shows a variety of tests performed to demonstrate the effects of Chimera and POCET-enabled signals. It is shown through actual radio frequency signal generation, testing the response of current-generation …
A Framework For Cyber Vulnerability Assessments Of Infiniband Networks, Daryl W. Schmitt
A Framework For Cyber Vulnerability Assessments Of Infiniband Networks, Daryl W. Schmitt
Theses and Dissertations
InfiniBand is a popular Input/Output interconnect technology used in High Performance Computing clusters. It is employed in over a quarter of the world’s 500 fastest computer systems. Although it was created to provide extremely low network latency with a high Quality of Service, the cybersecurity aspects of InfiniBand have yet to be thoroughly investigated. The InfiniBand Architecture was designed as a data center technology, logically separated from the Internet, so defensive mechanisms such as packet encryption were not implemented. Cyber communities do not appear to have taken an interest in InfiniBand, but that is likely to change as attackers branch …
Unresolved Object Detection Using Synthetic Data Generation And Artificial Neural Networks, Yong U. Sinn
Unresolved Object Detection Using Synthetic Data Generation And Artificial Neural Networks, Yong U. Sinn
Theses and Dissertations
This research presents and solves constrained real-world problems of using synthetic data to train artificial neural networks (ANNs) to detect unresolved moving objects in wide field of view (WFOV) electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) satellite motion imagery. Objectives include demonstrating the use of the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) Sensor and Scene Emulation Tool (ASSET) as an effective tool for generating EO/IR motion imagery representative of real WFOV sensors and describing the ANN architectures, training, and testing results obtained. Deep learning using a 3-D convolutional neural network (3D ConvNet), long short term memory (LSTM) network, and U-Net are used to solve the …
3-D Multifunctional Sensors Fabricated On Fiber Tips Using A Two-Photon Polymerization Process, Jonathan W. Smith
3-D Multifunctional Sensors Fabricated On Fiber Tips Using A Two-Photon Polymerization Process, Jonathan W. Smith
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis conducts research involving designing, fabricating, and testing optical fiber tip refractive index sensors. The fabrication process used for these sensors is a two-photon polymerization process utilizing a photo sensitive polymer. Unlike planar lithography, this fabrication process allows the creation of arbitrary shapes with a great degree of freedom. Three different fiber tip sensors were fabricated and tested. The first is a flat surfaced single cavity Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI) device, the second is a flat surfaced double cavity FPI device, and the final is a confocal surfaced double cavity FPI device. These sensors are tested for thermal radiation and …
Examining Effectiveness Of Web-Based Internet Of Things Honeypots, Lukas A. Stafira
Examining Effectiveness Of Web-Based Internet Of Things Honeypots, Lukas A. Stafira
Theses and Dissertations
The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing at an alarming rate. It is estimated that there will be over 25 billion IoT devices by 2020. The simplicity of their function usually means that IoT devices have low processing power, which prevent them from having intricate security features, leading to vulnerabilities. This makes IoT devices the prime target of attackers in the coming years. Honeypots are intentionally vulnerable machines that run programs which appear as a vulnerable device to a would-be attacker. They are placed on a network to entice and trap an attacker and then gather information on them, including …
Plasma Treatment Method For Ohmic Contacts On Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors, Blaine Z. Underwood
Plasma Treatment Method For Ohmic Contacts On Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors, Blaine Z. Underwood
Theses and Dissertations
This research utilizes plasma treatments as a method to decrease the contact resistance on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film transistors (TFT). In recent years, researchers have achieved gigahertz RF switch cutoff frequency with ZnO TFTs. To further increase the cutoff frequency, the total resistance of this device must be minimized. Modern ZnO TFTs are fabricated with submicron channel lengths, which contains minimal resistance due to the TFT channel, making contact resistance significant to the total resistance of the device. This research developed a method to integrate plasma treatments into the fabrication of ZnO TFT to decrease the contact resistance, thus …
Motivating Airmen To Engage With Technical Education: Experimentation And Analysis Using Modern Gamification Techniques, Landon G.M. Tomcho
Motivating Airmen To Engage With Technical Education: Experimentation And Analysis Using Modern Gamification Techniques, Landon G.M. Tomcho
Theses and Dissertations
The development and integration of computer systems into today’s society and the subsequent growth of cyber as a warfighting domain has led to changes in military and civilian conflict. Several traits unique to cyber, including disruption and fast pace of change, has led to issues never before seen in the military environment, especially with educating and training. A new approach that leverages crowd-sourced content has been proposed. This approach relies on motivating military members to voluntarily engage with technical (cyber) education. The application of gamification, a design practice aimed at increasing user engagement by targeting core motivators in humans, in …
Confirmation Bias Estimation From Electroencephalography With Machine Learning, Micah Villarreal
Confirmation Bias Estimation From Electroencephalography With Machine Learning, Micah Villarreal
Theses and Dissertations
Cognitive biases are known to plague human decision making and can have disastrous effects in the fast-paced environments of military operators. Traditionally, behavioral methods are employed to measure the level of bias in a decision. However, these measures can be hindered by a multitude of subjective factors and cannot be collected in real-time. This work investigates enhancing the current measures of estimating confirmation bias with additional behavior patterns and physiological variables to explore the viability of real-time bias detection. Confirmation bias in decisions is estimated by modeling the relationship between Electroencephalography (EEG) signals and behavioral data using machine learning methods.
Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Between Radio Tomographic Imaging And Noise Radar, Christopher Vergara
Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Between Radio Tomographic Imaging And Noise Radar, Christopher Vergara
Theses and Dissertations
The lack of situational awareness within an operational environment is a problem that carries high risk and expensive consequences. Radio Tomographic Imaging (RTI) and noise radar are two proven technologies capable of through-wall imaging and foliage penetration. The intent of this thesis is to provide a proof of concept for the fusion of data from RTI and noise radar. The output of this thesis will consist of a performance comparison between the two technologies followed by the derivation of a fusion technique to produce a single image. Proposals have been made for the integration of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with …
Hyper-Parameter Optimization Of A Convolutional Neural Network, Steven H. Chon
Hyper-Parameter Optimization Of A Convolutional Neural Network, Steven H. Chon
Theses and Dissertations
In the world of machine learning, neural networks have become a powerful pattern recognition technique that gives a user the ability to interpret high-dimensional data whereas conventional methods, such as logistic regression, would fail. There exists many different types of neural networks, each containing its own set of hyper-parameters that are dependent on the type of analysis required, but the focus of this paper will be on the hyper-parameters of convolutional neural networks. Convolutional neural networks are commonly used for classifications of visual imagery. For example, if you were to build a network for the purpose of predicting a specific …
The Impacts Of Using Augmented Reality To Support Aircraft Maintenance, Terry R. Hebert Jr.
The Impacts Of Using Augmented Reality To Support Aircraft Maintenance, Terry R. Hebert Jr.
Theses and Dissertations
The United States Air Force (USAF) expends significant resources to address the rise in aviation mishaps derived from an overworked, understaffed maintenance community, and high operational environment. Currently, paper-based technical orders (T.O.) are utilized by maintainers to accomplish aircraft inspections, servicing, and maintenance tasks. As technology advances, many civilian agencies have begun to leverage augmented reality (AR) to improve organizational proficiency. This research seeks to identify if the inclusion of AR within aircraft maintenance will positively or negatively affect maintenance task accuracy and completion time. A single variable randomized complete block design (RCBD), within-subject design of experiment (DOE) asses the …
Exploratory Analysis Of The Potential Use Of Augmented Reality In Aircraft Maintenance, Richard B. Keesling
Exploratory Analysis Of The Potential Use Of Augmented Reality In Aircraft Maintenance, Richard B. Keesling
Theses and Dissertations
During the last decade manpower constraints and an aging fleet, along with sustained war time operating tempo, have combined to place a significant strain on the Air Force maintenance community. Recent technological advances have enabled Immersive Technology to be applied to industrial applications in the commercial sector. This has sparked interest within the Air Force and generated various initiatives seeking to enhance readiness through the application of Immersive Technology. This research explores how Immersive Technology can be applied within the maintenance community. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to determine where the maintenance community shortfalls exist, if the available technology has the …
A Stochastic Game Theoretical Model For Cyber Security, Michael T. Larkin
A Stochastic Game Theoretical Model For Cyber Security, Michael T. Larkin
Theses and Dissertations
The resiliency of systems integrated through cyber networks is of utmost importance due to the reliance on these systems for critical services such as industrial control systems, nuclear production, and military weapons systems. Current research in cyber resiliency remains largely limited to methodologies utilizing a singular technique that is predominantly theoretical with limited examples given. This research uses notional data in presenting a novel approach to cyber system analysis and network resource allocation by leveraging multiple techniques including game theory, stochastic processes, and mathematical programming. An operational network security problem consisting of 20 tactical normal form games provides an assessment …
Verification Of Autonomous Systems: Developmental Test And Evaluation Of An Autonomous Uas Swarming Algorithm Combining Simulation, Formulation And Live Flight, Corey A. Combs
Theses and Dissertations
This research was driven by the increase of autonomous systems in the current millennium and the challenging nature of testing and evaluating their performance. A review of the current literature revealed proposed methods for verifying autonomous systems, but few implementations. It exposed several gaps in the current verification and validation methods and suggested goals for filling them. Through the use of modeling, software in the loop (SITL), and flight test, this research verified an autonomous swarming algorithm for unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and validated an exemplar of a testing framework. Thirteen sets of three-vehicle swarm data produced over two days …
Evaluation Of Guar Gum As A Novel Adsorbent, Philicia Geiser
Evaluation Of Guar Gum As A Novel Adsorbent, Philicia Geiser
Theses and Dissertations
Guar gum (GG) is a promising product increasingly used in a variety of industries. It is nontoxic, inexpensive, and biodegradable. This research evaluated novel approaches using GG as an adsorbent for aromatic organic water contaminants. The application of GG demonstrated some effectiveness against all contaminants tested. Two brands of GG were tested using 5 different GG treatment strategies. Various experiments demonstrated nearly complete removal of Allura Red dye, Brilliant Blue dye, Erythrosine B dye, Methylene Blue dye, Tartrazine dye, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene; additionally, 78% adsorption was observed for Fast Green dye. GG typically removed less than 10% of toluene, which rapidly …
Electrochemical Modification Of Granular Activated Carbon And Carbon Nanofibers To Determine Effect On Adsorption, Jose E. Martinez Sanchez
Electrochemical Modification Of Granular Activated Carbon And Carbon Nanofibers To Determine Effect On Adsorption, Jose E. Martinez Sanchez
Theses and Dissertations
Granular activated carbon and carbon nanofiber samples were tested as is and electrochemically modified to determine the effect on adsorption. An electrochemical cell was used to modify the carbon samples. The samples were then used in bench bottle tests with 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), brilliant blue (BB) dye, and methylene blue (MB) dye solutions and sampled over time intervals. An ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer was used to analyze the results of the bottle bench tests. The results indicated that electrochemically modified coal-based carbons’ adsorption were improved 25% over the adsorption of the as is carbon samples prior to modification. The electrochemical modification increased adsorption …
Analysis Of The Effect Of Corrosion On The Surface Chemistry Of Mild Steel Exposed To Biofuel, Timothy D. Plourde
Analysis Of The Effect Of Corrosion On The Surface Chemistry Of Mild Steel Exposed To Biofuel, Timothy D. Plourde
Theses and Dissertations
The use of biofuels in society is steadily becoming more prevalent. Through this proliferation a concern regarding the role of the fungus Byssochlamys nivea in microbially induced corrosion has surfaced. Through the use of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) technology, this thesis focused on attempting to determine what effect, if any, Byssochlamys nivea has on the corrosion of mild steel. For this analysis, samples were placed in environments that simulated the conditions of fuel tanks containing the biofuel B20, water, and spores of Byssochlamys nivea for varying lengths of time. However, due to a variety of …
Product Development Process For Small Unmanned Aerial Systems, Jonathan D. Poole
Product Development Process For Small Unmanned Aerial Systems, Jonathan D. Poole
Theses and Dissertations
The DoD has recognized the need for persistent Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) over the last two decades. Recent developments with commercial drones have changed the market structure; there is now a thriving and extensive market base for drone based remote sensing. This research provides system engineering methods to support the DoD use of this burgeoning market to meet operational ISR needs. The three contributions of this research are: a process to support Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (SUAS) design, tools to support the design process, and tools to support risk assessment and reduction for both design and operations. The process …
United States Air Force Applications Of Unmanned Aerial Systems (Uas): A Delphi Study To Examine Current And Future Uas Autonomous Mission Capabilities, Alberto Sigala
Theses and Dissertations
As UAS technology continues to grow and enable increased autonomous capabilities, acquisition and operational decision makers must determine paths to pursue for existing and emerging mission areas. The DoD has published a number of 25-year unmanned systems integration roadmaps (USIR) to describe future capabilities and challenges. However, these roadmaps have lacked distinguishable stakeholder perspectives. Following the USIRs concept, this research focused on UAS autonomy through the lens of UAS subject matter experts (SMEs). We used the Delphi method with SMEs from USAF communities performing day-to-day operations, acquisitions, and research in UAS domains to forecast mission capabilities over the next 20 …
Analysis And Design Of Modular Overhead Protection System Utilizing Readily Available Materials, Zachary J. Spranger
Analysis And Design Of Modular Overhead Protection System Utilizing Readily Available Materials, Zachary J. Spranger
Theses and Dissertations
This research investigated passive overhead protective measures for existing facilities in an urban environment that are vulnerable to enemy munitions fire. A new modular structural system was designed utilizing commercially available construction material consisting of structural tubing, scaffolding clamps, base plates, and simple roofing components. Structural analysis software was used to model nine modular structures to understand the relationship between the load bearing capacity of the structural members and overall dimensions of the system. Environmental variables for the models were set to the Parwan Province in Afghanistan; this region presents worst-case scenarios both for environmental factors and threat of enemy …
Development Of A Mixed-Radiation Directional Rotating Scatter Mask Detection System, Bryan V. Egner
Development Of A Mixed-Radiation Directional Rotating Scatter Mask Detection System, Bryan V. Egner
Theses and Dissertations
Previous work demonstrated gamma-ray directional detection through the integration of a radiation detection system and an additively manufactured rotating scatter mask (RSM). This work advances the RSM directional detection system through improvements in the system's design, validation of a new scatter mask, and the novel ability to directionally detect both neutrons and gamma rays, a desirable feature for many nuclear safeguard and counterproliferation applications. The mixed-radiation RSM system developed for this research utilized the Spartan I mask design coupled with a 1" EJ-309 liquid scintillator. A GEome-try ANd Tracking (Geant4) model is developed and quantitatively compared to experimental measurements for …
Search And Rescue Operations Forecasting And Optimization, Zachary T. Hornberger
Search And Rescue Operations Forecasting And Optimization, Zachary T. Hornberger
Theses and Dissertations
United States Coast Guard District 14 is responsible for the execution of eleven statutory missions across the Pacific region. Despite having the largest geographic area of responsibility (AOR), District 14 has command of among the fewest resources to accomplish these missions. When search and rescue (SAR) emergencies occur, these events take immediate priority because the ability to rapidly coordinate available assets can be the difference between saving or losing a life. Using historic records of SAR incidents for District 14, we leverage an approach called the stochastic zonal distribution model to evaluate spatiotemporal trends in emergency rates and response strategies …
Direct Numerical Simulation Of Roughness Induced Hypersonic Boundary Layer Transition On A 7° Half-Angle Cone, Tara E. Crouch
Direct Numerical Simulation Of Roughness Induced Hypersonic Boundary Layer Transition On A 7° Half-Angle Cone, Tara E. Crouch
Theses and Dissertations
Direct numerical simulation (DNS) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) calculations were performed on a 30° slice of 7° half-angle cones with increasing nose radii bluntness at Mach 10 while simulating a distributed roughness pattern on the cone surface. These DNS computations were designed to determine if the non-modal transition behavior observed in testing performed at the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel 9 was induced via distributed surface roughness. When boundary layer transition is dominated by second mode instabilities, an increase in nose radius delays the transition location downstream. However, blunt nose experiments indicated that as the nose radius …
Multi-Path Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System For Performance Limited Aircraft With Flight Tests: Project Have Medusa, Kenneth C. Gahan
Multi-Path Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System For Performance Limited Aircraft With Flight Tests: Project Have Medusa, Kenneth C. Gahan
Theses and Dissertations
A multi-path automatic ground collision avoidance system (Auto-GCAS) for performance limited aircraft was further developed and improved to prevent controlled flight into terrain. This research includes flight test results from the United States Test Pilot School's Test Management Project (TMP) titled Have Multi-Path Escape Decisions Using Sophisticated Algorithms (MEDUSA). Currently, the bomber and mobility air- craft communities lack an Auto-GCAS. The F-16 Auto-GCAS was proven successful for fighter-type aircraft with seven aircraft and eight lives saved from 2014 to 2018. The newly developed and tested Rapidly Selectable Escape Trajectory (RSET) sys- tem included a 5-path implementation which continuously updated at …