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Articles 1 - 30 of 32
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
New Methods In Wavelet Analysis For Applications Of The Wavelet Transform, Jeffrey D. Williams
New Methods In Wavelet Analysis For Applications Of The Wavelet Transform, Jeffrey D. Williams
Theses and Dissertations
A commonality in the many applications and domains where signal processing (SP)is applied is the detection of events. Detection in SP requires the identification of the occurrence of an event, within a signal, and distinguishing the occurrence from no event. In a classical application of SP, seismologists seek to detect abnormalities in an electromagnetic (EM) signal to detect or not detect the occurrence of an earthquake, represented as an anomalous EM pulse. Since many signals are noisy, such as those produced by a seismograph, it can be challenging to distinguish a significant EM pulse from incident noise. In SP, smoothing …
Improving Regional And Teleseismic Detection For Single-Trace Waveforms Using A Deep Temporal Convolutional Neural Network Trained With An Array-Beam Catalog, Joshua T. Dickey, Brett J. Borghetti, William Junek
Improving Regional And Teleseismic Detection For Single-Trace Waveforms Using A Deep Temporal Convolutional Neural Network Trained With An Array-Beam Catalog, Joshua T. Dickey, Brett J. Borghetti, William Junek
Faculty Publications
The detection of seismic events at regional and teleseismic distances is critical to Nuclear Treaty Monitoring. Traditionally, detecting regional and teleseismic events has required the use of an expensive multi-instrument seismic array; however in this work, we present DeepPick, a novel seismic detection algorithm capable of array-like detection performance from a single-trace. We achieve this performance through three novel steps: First, a high-fidelity dataset is constructed by pairing array-beam catalog arrival-times with single-trace waveforms from the reference instrument of the array. Second, an idealized characteristic function is created, with exponential peaks aligned to the cataloged arrival times. Third, a deep …
Leveraging External Sensor Data For Enhanced Space Situational Awareness, Charlie T. Bellows
Leveraging External Sensor Data For Enhanced Space Situational Awareness, Charlie T. Bellows
Theses and Dissertations
Reliable Space Situational Awareness (SSA) is a recognized requirement in the current congested, contested, and competitive environment of space operations. A shortage of available sensors and reliable data sources are some current limiting factors for maintaining SSA. Unfortunately, cost constraints prohibit drastically increasing the sensor inventory. Alternative methods are sought to enhance current SSA, including utilizing non-traditional data sources (external sensors) to perform basic SSA catalog maintenance functions. Astronomical data, for example, routinely collects serendipitous satellite streaks in the course of observing deep space; but tactics, techniques, and procedures designed to glean useful information from those collects have yet to …
An Inquiry: Effectiveness Of The Complex Empirical Mode Decomposition Method, The Hilbert-Huang Transform, And The Fast-Fourier Transform For Analysis Of Dynamic Objects, Kristen L. Wallis
An Inquiry: Effectiveness Of The Complex Empirical Mode Decomposition Method, The Hilbert-Huang Transform, And The Fast-Fourier Transform For Analysis Of Dynamic Objects, Kristen L. Wallis
Theses and Dissertations
A review of current signal analysis tools show that new techniques are required for an enhanced fidelity or data integrity. Recently, the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) and its inherent property, the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) technique, have been formerly investigated. The technique of Complex EMD (CEMD) was also explored. The scope of this work was to assess the CEMD technique as an innovative analysis tool. Subsequent to this, comparisons between applications of the Hilbert transform (HT) and the Fast-Fourier transform (FFT) were analyzed. MATLAB was implemented to model signal decomposition and the execution of mathematical transforms for generating results. The CEMD …
Fusion Of Inertial Sensors And Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (Ofdm) Signals Of Opportunity For Unassisted Navigation, Jason G. Crosby
Fusion Of Inertial Sensors And Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (Ofdm) Signals Of Opportunity For Unassisted Navigation, Jason G. Crosby
Theses and Dissertations
The advent of the global positioning system (GPS) has provided worldwide high-accuracy position measurements. However, GPS may be rendered unavailable by jamming, disruption of satellites, or simply by signal shadowing in urban environments. Thus, this thesis considers fusion of Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) signals of opportunity (SOOP) for navigation. Typical signal of opportunity navigation involves the use of a reference receiver and uses time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements. However, by exploiting the block structure of OFDM communication signals, the need for the reference receiver is reduced or possibly removed entirely. This research uses …
Applying Frequency-Domain Equalization To Code-Division Multiple Access And Transform-Domain Communications Systems, Alfred A. Tamayo Iii
Applying Frequency-Domain Equalization To Code-Division Multiple Access And Transform-Domain Communications Systems, Alfred A. Tamayo Iii
Theses and Dissertations
This research examined the theory and application of using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), or discrete multi-tone (DMT), frequency domain equalization (FEQ) with two communications systems that inherently possess unused carrier frequencies, or null-tones, in their respective transmission frequencies. The fundamental DMT-FEQ property relies on null-tones to equalize a non-ideal channel and mitigate the effects of interchannel interference (ICI), intersymbol interference (ISI), and noise. The two communications systems investigated were a Hadamard encoded code division multiple access (CDMA) communications system with up to 32 synchronous users and a transform domain communications system (TDCS) with only one user. Both communications systems …
Joint Image And Pupil Plane Reconstruction Algorithm Based On Bayesian Techniques, James D. Phillips
Joint Image And Pupil Plane Reconstruction Algorithm Based On Bayesian Techniques, James D. Phillips
Theses and Dissertations
The focus of this research was to develop an joint pupil and focal plane image recovery algorithm for use with coherent LADAR systems. The benefits of such a system would include increased resolution with little or no increase in system weight and volume as well as allowing for operation in the absence of natural light since the target of interest would be actively illuminated. Since a pupil plane collection aperture can be conformal, such a system would also potentially allow for the formation of large synthetic apertures. The system is demonstrated to be robust and in all but extreme cases …
Laser Covariance Vibrometry For Unsymmetrical Mode Detection, Michael C. Kobold
Laser Covariance Vibrometry For Unsymmetrical Mode Detection, Michael C. Kobold
Theses and Dissertations
Simulated cross - spectral covariance (CSC) from optical return from simulated surface vibration indicates CW phase modulation may be an appropriate phenomenology for adequate classification of vehicles by structural mode. The nonlinear structural to optical relationship is close to unity, avoiding nulls and high values; optical return contains sufficient spectral ID information necessary for data clustering. The FE model has contact between the homogeneous rolled armor and vehicle hull, a simple multi - layer skin model typical of most vehicles. Most of the high frequency energy moved to lower frequencies. This nonlinearity segments contact vibration modes into two classes: symmetrical …
A General Framework For Analyzing, Characterizing, And Implementing Spectrally Modulated, Spectrally Encoded Signals, Marcus L. Roberts
A General Framework For Analyzing, Characterizing, And Implementing Spectrally Modulated, Spectrally Encoded Signals, Marcus L. Roberts
Theses and Dissertations
Fourth generation (4G) communications will support many capabilities while providing universal, high speed access. One potential enabler for these capabilities is software defined radio (SDR). When controlled by cognitive radio (CR) principles, the required waveform diversity is achieved via a synergistic union called CR-based SDR. Research is rapidly progressing in SDR hardware and software venues, but current CR-based SDR research lacks the theoretical foundation and analytic framework to permit efficient implementation. This limitation is addressed here by introducing a general framework for analyzing, characterizing, and implementing spectrally modulated, spectrally encoded (SMSE) signals within CR-based SDR architectures. Given orthogonal frequency division …
Blind Deconvolution Of Anisoplanatic Images Collected By A Partially Coherent Imaging System, Adam Macdonald
Blind Deconvolution Of Anisoplanatic Images Collected By A Partially Coherent Imaging System, Adam Macdonald
Theses and Dissertations
Coherent imaging systems offer unique benefits to system operators in terms of resolving power, range gating, selective illumination and utility for applications where passively illuminated targets have limited emissivity or reflectivity. This research proposes a novel blind deconvolution algorithm that is based on a maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimator constructed upon a physically based statistical model for the intensity of the partially coherent light at the imaging detector. The estimator is initially constructed using a shift-invariant system model, and is later extended to the case of a shift-variant optical system by the addition of a transfer function term that quantifies …
Development Of A Wireless Model Incorporating Large-Scale Fading In A Rural, Urban And Suburban Environment, Roger A. Illari
Development Of A Wireless Model Incorporating Large-Scale Fading In A Rural, Urban And Suburban Environment, Roger A. Illari
Theses and Dissertations
The goal of this research is to develop a more realistic estimate of received signal strength level as calculated by OPNET. The goal is accomplished by replacing the existing free-space pathloss model used by OPNET with the Hata and COST-231 pathloss models. The calculated received signal strength using the new models behaves similarly to the measured values, with a 0.245 dB difference for 880 MHz and a 1.365 dB difference for 1922 MHz between the pathloss slopes. There is an 11.3 dBm difference between the initial starting signal strength from the calculated values and the measured values. An important aspect …
Wideband Signal Detection Using A Down-Converting Channelized Receiver, Willie H. Mims
Wideband Signal Detection Using A Down-Converting Channelized Receiver, Willie H. Mims
Theses and Dissertations
Ultra wideband (UWB) signals typically occupy a very large spectral bandwidth resulting from extremely short duration pulses. Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals typically occupy a large spectral bandwidth resulting from spreading methods. Both signals can be difficult to detect without having prior knowledge of their structure and/or existence. This research develops and evaluates techniques for the non-cooperative (non-matched filter) detection of such signals. Impulse-like UWB and DSSS signals are received in an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and are assessed using a bandpass filtered, down-converting (BPF-D/C) channelized receiver architecture. Modeling and simulation are conducted to characterize BPF-D/C channelized …
Passive Ranging Using Atmospheric Oxygen Absorption Spectra, Michael R. Hawks
Passive Ranging Using Atmospheric Oxygen Absorption Spectra, Michael R. Hawks
Theses and Dissertations
The depth of absorption bands in observed spectra of distant, bright sources can be used to estimate range to the source. A novel approach is presented and demonstrated using observations of the oxygen absorption band near 762 nm. Range is estimated by comparing observed values of band-average absorption against curves derived from either historical data or model predictions. Curves are based on fitting a random band model to the data, which reduces average range error by 67% compared to the Beer's Law model used in previous work. A new modification to existing band models for long, inhomogeneous paths is presented …
Comparison Of Computational Electromagnetic Codes For Prediction Of Low-Frequency Radar Cross Section, Paul C. Lash
Comparison Of Computational Electromagnetic Codes For Prediction Of Low-Frequency Radar Cross Section, Paul C. Lash
Theses and Dissertations
Radar cross section (RCS) prediction of full-scale aircraft is of interest to military planners for a variety of applications. Several computational electromagnetic codes for RCS prediction are available with differing features and capabilities. The goal of this research is to compare the capabilities of three computational electromagnetic codes for use in production of RCS signature assessments at low frequencies in terms of performance, accuracy, and features: Fast Illinois Solver Code (FISC), Code for Analysis of Radiators on Lossy Surfaces (CARLOS-3D), and Science Applications International Corporation Full-wave solver (SAF). The comparison is accomplished through analysis of predicted and measured RCS of …
Non-Cooperative Detection Of Frequency-Hopped Gmsk Signals, Clint R. Sikes
Non-Cooperative Detection Of Frequency-Hopped Gmsk Signals, Clint R. Sikes
Theses and Dissertations
Many current and emerging communication signals use Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyed (GMSK), Frequency-Hopped (FH) waveforms to reduce adjacent-channel interference while maintaining Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) characteristics. These waveforms appear in both military (Tactical Targeting Networking Technology, or TTNT) and civilian (Bluetooth) applications. This research develops wideband and channelized radiometer intercept receiver models to detect a GMSK-FH signal under a variety of conditions in a tactical communications environment. The signal of interest (SOI) and receivers have both fixed and variable parameters. Jamming is also introduced into the system to serve as an environmental parameter. These parameters are adjusted to examine …
Characterization And Design Of High-Level Vhdl I/Q Frequency Downconverter Via Special Sampling Scheme, Jesse P. Somann
Characterization And Design Of High-Level Vhdl I/Q Frequency Downconverter Via Special Sampling Scheme, Jesse P. Somann
Theses and Dissertations
This study explores the characterization and implementation of a Special Sampling Scheme (SSS) for In-Phase and Quad-Phase (I/Q) down conversion utilizing top-level, portable design strategies. The SSS is an under-developed signal sampling methodology that can be used with military and industry receiver systems, specifically, United States Air Force (USAF) video receiver systems. The SSS processes a digital input signal-stream sampled at a specified sampling frequency, and down converts it into In-Phase (I) and Quad-Phase (Q) output signal-streams. Using the theory and application of the SSS, there are three main objectives that will be accomplished: characterization of the effects of input, …
The Navigation Potential Of Signals Of Opportunity-Based Time Difference Of Arrival Measurements, Kenneth A. Fisher
The Navigation Potential Of Signals Of Opportunity-Based Time Difference Of Arrival Measurements, Kenneth A. Fisher
Theses and Dissertations
This research introduces the concept of navigation potential, NP, to quantify the intrinsic ability to navigate using a given signal. NP theory is a new, information theory-like concept that provides a theoretical performance limit on estimating navigation parameters from a received signal that is modeled through a stochastic mapping of the transmitted signal and measurement noise. NP theory is applied to SOP-based TDOA systems in general as well as for the Gaussian case. Furthermore, the NP is found for a received signal consisting of the transmitted signal, multiple delayed and attenuated replicas of the transmitted signal, and measurement noise. Multipath-based …
An Investigation Of The Effects Of Correlation And Autocorrelation In Classifier Fusion With Non-Declarations, Frank M. Mindrup
An Investigation Of The Effects Of Correlation And Autocorrelation In Classifier Fusion With Non-Declarations, Frank M. Mindrup
Theses and Dissertations
Air Force doctrine requires reliable and accurate information when striking targets. Further, this doctrine states that fusion should be utilized whenever possible to ensure the best possible information is conveyed; there is no specific guidance as to how to fuse this information. This thesis extends the research found in Leap, Bauer, and Oxley (2004) to include a non-declared class. The Identification system operating characteristic (ISOC) was adapted to allow for non-declarations both at the individual sensor level as well as the fused output level. A probabilistic neural network (PNN) was also used as a fusion technique. A cost function was …
A Linear Subspace Approach To Burst Communication Signal Processing, Daniel E. Gisselquist
A Linear Subspace Approach To Burst Communication Signal Processing, Daniel E. Gisselquist
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation focuses on the topic of burst signal communications in a high interference environment. It derives new signal processing algorithms from a mathematical linear subspace approach instead of the common stationary or cyclostationary approach. The research developed new algorithms that have well-known optimality criteria associated with them. The investigation demonstrated a unique class of multisensor filters having a lower mean square error than all other known filters, a maximum likelihood time difference of arrival estimator that outperformed previously optimal estimators, and a signal presence detector having a selectivity unparalleled in burst interference environments. It was further shown that these …
Wavelet Domain Communication System (Wdcs): Packet-Based Wavelet Spectral Estimation And M-Ary Signaling, Marion Jay F. Lee
Wavelet Domain Communication System (Wdcs): Packet-Based Wavelet Spectral Estimation And M-Ary Signaling, Marion Jay F. Lee
Theses and Dissertations
A recently proposed Wavelet Domain Communication System (WDCS) using transform domain processing demonstrated excellent interference avoidance capability under adverse environmental conditions. This work extends previous results by: 1) incorporating a wavelet packet decomposition technique, 2) demonstrating M-Ary signaling capability, and 3) providing increased adaptivity over a larger class of interference signals. The newly proposed packet-based WDCS is modeled and its performance characterized using MATLAB®. In addition, the WDCS response to two scenarios simulating Doppler effects and physical separation of transceivers are obtained. The fundamental metric for analysis and performance evaluation is bit error rate (Pb). Relative to …
Characterization And Validation Of The Gp-3 Experimental Radar System, Benjamin L. Crossley
Characterization And Validation Of The Gp-3 Experimental Radar System, Benjamin L. Crossley
Theses and Dissertations
The experimental GP-3 radar system was originally designed and built under contract for the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). AFRL sought AFIT's support in characterizing the as delivered' performance of the GP-3. This research effort focused exclusively on software modifications and hardware validations related to the GP-3 post-processing mode. As modified, tested, and validated, the GP-3's post-processing mode is now fully operational. The GP-3 is capable of transmitting and receiving bandlimited (3.5 MHz) waveforms at X-Band frequencies. System characterization tests included, noise performance and frequency response. System noise performance characterization permitted establishment of the receiver 'noise floor' and enabled determination …
Utility Of Experimental Design In Automatic Target Recognition Performance Evaluation, James M. Higdon
Utility Of Experimental Design In Automatic Target Recognition Performance Evaluation, James M. Higdon
Theses and Dissertations
This research investigates current practices in test and evaluation of classification algorithms, and recommends improvements. We scrutinize the evaluation of automatic target recognition algorithms and rationalize the potential for improvements in the accepted methodology. We propose improvements through the use of an experimental design approach to testing. We demonstrate the benefits of improvements by simulating algorithm performance data and using both methodologies to generate evaluation results. The simulated data is varied to test the sensitivity of the benefits to a broad set of outcomes. The opportunities for improvement are threefold. First, the current practice of 'one-at-a-time factor variation (only one …
Non Co-Operative Detection Of Lpi/Lpd Signals Via Cyclic Spectral Analysis, Andrew M. Gillman
Non Co-Operative Detection Of Lpi/Lpd Signals Via Cyclic Spectral Analysis, Andrew M. Gillman
Theses and Dissertations
This research proposes and evaluates a novel technique for detecting LPI/LPD communication signals using a digital receiver primarily designed to detect radar signals, such as a Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) or an Electronic Support Measures (ESM) receiver. The proposed Cyclic Spectrum Analysis (CSA) receiver is a robust detector that takes advantage of the spectral correlation properties of second-order cyclostationary signals. A computationally efficient algorithm is used to estimate the Spectral Correlation Function (SCF). Using state-of-the-art FFT processing, it is expected that the proposed CSA receiver architecture could estimate the entire cyclic spectrum m approximately 0.6 ms. The estimate is then …
Ultra-Wideband Tem Horns, Transient Arrays And Exponential Curves: A Fdtd Look, Troy S. Utton
Ultra-Wideband Tem Horns, Transient Arrays And Exponential Curves: A Fdtd Look, Troy S. Utton
Theses and Dissertations
This research investigates the possibility of applying exponentially curved conducting plates to single-element Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) horns and their transient arrays to enhance the UWB characteristics already experienced by these radiators. The first part of this study demonstrates the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method's ability to duplicate experimental data, and establishes the baseline models used throughout the remainder of the research. The baseline models consist of the typical flat-triangle shaped conducting plates. The exponential taper models incorporate the exponential curves in the height, the width, and both the height and width directions. One, two- and four-element baseline configurations are compared to …
Representations, Approximations, And Algorithms For Mathematical Speech Processing, Laura R. Suzuki
Representations, Approximations, And Algorithms For Mathematical Speech Processing, Laura R. Suzuki
Theses and Dissertations
Representing speech signals such that specific characteristics of speech are included is essential in many Air Force and DoD signal processing applications. A mathematical construct called a frame is presented which captures the important time-varying characteristic of speech. Roughly speaking, frames generalize the idea of an orthogonal basis in a Hilbert space, Specific spaces applicable to speech are L2(R) and the Hardy spaces Hp(D) for p> 1 where D is the unit disk in the complex plane. Results are given for representations in the Hardy spaces involving Carleson's inequalities (and its extensions), …
An Evaluation Of Frequency Domain Ensemble Averaging To Improve Aircraft Stability Derivative Estimation, Lawrence M. Hoffman
An Evaluation Of Frequency Domain Ensemble Averaging To Improve Aircraft Stability Derivative Estimation, Lawrence M. Hoffman
Theses and Dissertations
This research evaluated a process to improve aircraft stability derivative estimation results. The Have Derivatives process used overlap ensemble averaging in the frequency domain to minimize noise on the original time domain signals. The process estimated average complex frequency response functions that were then transformed back into the time domain as a set of discrete pulse responses with far less noise than the original signals. These clean signals were used in a parameter estimation program to estimate better stability derivatives than were estimated with the original noisy signals. Both simulation and flight test data were used to study the effects …
Channel-Mismatch Compensation In Speaker Identification Feature Selection And Adaptation With Artificial Neural Networks, Edmund A. Fitzgerald
Channel-Mismatch Compensation In Speaker Identification Feature Selection And Adaptation With Artificial Neural Networks, Edmund A. Fitzgerald
Theses and Dissertations
We develop and present results of an artificial neural network (ANN) based compensation technique for mismatched classifier training and testing conditions in speaker identification (SID). One ANN per feature per speaker is trained to perform a mapping of that feature from a corrupted condition to an undistorted condition. Therefore, a classifier trained under one condition may be used to classify data collected under a different condition. Speech utterances from 168 speakers, collected in a studio, and also re-recorded after transmission over telephone networks, are used for developing and testing the method. Peak formant resonant frequencies, their bandwidths, and pitch are …
Secondary Data Support And Non-Homogeneities In Space-Time Adaptive Processing, Todd B. Hale
Secondary Data Support And Non-Homogeneities In Space-Time Adaptive Processing, Todd B. Hale
Theses and Dissertations
One of the primary problems with the application of Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) techniques is secondary data support for the interference plus noise covariance matrix estimate. Reed has shown the required secondary data support to achieve performance within 3 dB of optimal SINR is approximately equal to twice the degrees of freedom (DOF) used in the algorithm. Reed proved this rule for Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) techniques. A concern arises when applying this rule to a newer class of reduced dimension STAP algorithms that do not fall under the SMI umbrella. This thesis focuses on the Cross Spectral Metric (CSM) …
Atmospheric Induced Errors In Space-Time Adaptive Processing, Vinod D. Naga
Atmospheric Induced Errors In Space-Time Adaptive Processing, Vinod D. Naga
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines the effects of atmospheric turbulence-induced phase perturbations on the performance of ground-based Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) systems. Both Fully Adaptive Joint Domain Optimum and Partially Adaptive Factored-Time Space processing methods are examined. This thesis concentrates on the turbulence effects on STAP applied to ground-based arrays. This thesis further focuses on the capability of STAP to resolve targets at low elevation angles in the presence of turbulence. Only clutter interference and receiver noise are considered. Turbulence effects on the EM phase-front are calculated for turbulence strength Cn(2) values ranging from 5.0 x 10(exp -14) m-2/3 to 5.0 x …
A Comparative Analysis Of Networks Of Workstations And Massively Parallel Processors For Signal Processing, David C. Gindhart
A Comparative Analysis Of Networks Of Workstations And Massively Parallel Processors For Signal Processing, David C. Gindhart
Theses and Dissertations
The traditional approach to parallel processing has been to use Massively Parallel Processors (MPPs). An alternative design is commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) workstations connected to high-speed networks. These networks of workstations (NOWs) typically have faster processors, heterogeneous environments, and most importantly, offer a lower per node cost. This thesis compares the performance of MPPs and NOWs for the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2-D FFT). Three original, high-performance, portable 2-D FFTs have been implemented: the vector-radix, row-column and pipeline. The performance of these algorithms was measured on the Intel Paragon, IBM SP2 and the AFIT NOW, which consists of 6 Sun Ultra workstations …