Engineering Commons^™

Sensitivity And Uncertainty Quantification Of Continuum And Stochastic Bond Dissociation Kinetics Based Cohesive Laws, Rishabh Awasthi

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Polymeric adhesives are being extensively used to develop light weight and durable Composite Materials which are have been employed in automotive, aeronautical, medical industry. Polymeric adhesives undergo failure due to relative opening sliding of bonded interfaces which requires a need to characterize the fracture mechanism. Numerous experiments are conducted to predict the fracture response for Mode-I, II,III and numerical simulations are employed to inversely calibrate the material parameters governing the constitutive laws. Cohesive zone models are largely employed in fracture mechanics to predict failure of interfaces undergoing large plastic deformations. The objective of this report is to employ the cohesive …

Effect Of Cobalt In Thin Wall Ductile Iron And Solid Solution Strengthened Ferritic Ductile Iron, Alejandra I. Almanza

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Ductile Iron is a material that is constantly evolving. Consequently, the ferrous industry is not only focusing on lightweighting but also on improving the impact strength and fracture toughness of typical ferritic-pearlitic ductile iron grades and solid solution strengthened ferritic ductile irons. Recently, the demand for thin-wall ductile iron and solid solution strengthened ferritic ductile iron grades has increased. The challenges behind the fabrication of these two ductile iron materials are the presence of carbides and the embrittlement of ferrite. In response, research has been focused on looking at alternative methods that can mitigate carbide formation in thin sections and …

Multiscale Modeling Of Carbon Fibers/Graphene Nanoplatelets/Epoxy Hybrid Composites For Aerospace Applications, Hashim Al Mahmud

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Significant research effort has been dedicated for decades to improve the mechanical properties of aerospace polymer-based composite materials. Lightweight epoxy-based composite materials have increasingly replaced the comparatively heavy and expensive metal alloys used in aeronautical and aerospace structural components. In particular, carbon fibers (CF)/graphene nanoplatelets (GNP)/epoxy hybrid composites can be used for this purpose owing to their high specific stiffness and strength. Therefore, this work has been completed to design, predict, and optimize the effective mechanical properties of CF/GNP/epoxy composite materials at different length scales using a multiscale modeling approach. The work-flow of modeling involves a first step of using …

Increasing Access To Pv Technology Through Sustainable Racking: A Review Of Existing Literature And Ground Mounted Fixed Tilt Designs, And What Can Be Done Next, Parijata Prabhakara

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

There is a lack of literature on the structural balance of systems (BOS), also called racking, for ground mount, fixed-tilt solar PV systems. Literature that exists discusses mostly rooftop racking and installations, additional wind loading, and weight considerations imposed on roofs, and little guidance is provided in building codes. The lack of peer-reviewed guidance on design requirements for domestic and large-scale application solar PV racking systems leaves most consumers relying on expensive, patented, off-the-shelf hardware. As PV cell technology and module costs have improved, we can start to focus on PV BOS improvements (particularly racking) and move towards sustainable designs …

Virus Purification Framework And Enhancement In Aqueous Two-Phase System, Pratik Umesh Joshi

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Viral infections regularly pose detrimental health risks to humans. Preventing viral infections through global immunization requires the production of large doses of vaccines. The increasing demand for vaccines, especially during pandemics such as COVID-19, has challenged current manufacturing strategy to develop advanced unit operations with high throughput capability. Over the decade, the upstream processing responsible for synthesizing viral products in cell cultures has shown significant success in yielding high titers of viruses and virus-like particles. The progress in the upstream stage has now shifted the bottleneck to the downstream processing (DSP). Overlooked for decades, the DSP responsible for viral product …

Effect Of Cerium And Magnesium Additions On The Strength And Morphology Of The Intermetallic Compound Layers In Aluminum-Steel Dissimilar Castings, Matt Thomas

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Dissimilar castings are under investigation due to their light-weighting opportunities within the automotive industry. In this case, dissimilar castings consist of a solid steel core and a poured aluminum component. The strength and integrity of the casting relies on the coherency of the bond between the two components; by optimizing the metallurgical component of the bonding phenomena, the weight and complexity of the insert can be reduced, further increasing the light-weighting opportunities. An interface comprised of intermetallics, generally Fe₄Al₁₃ and Fe₂Al₅, forms between the two components with the latter forming nearest the steel. …

Effects Of Oxygen Modification On The Structural And Magnetic Properties Of Highly Epitaxial La0.7sr0.3mno3 (Lsmo) Thin Films, Shalini Kumari, Navid Mottaghi, Chih-Yeh Huang, Robbyn Trappen, Ghadendra Bhandari, Saeed Yousefi, Guerau Cabrera, Mohindar S. Seehra, Mikel B. Holcomb

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, a strong semi-metallic ferromagnet having robust spin polarization and magnetic transition temperature (TC) well above 300 K, has attracted significant attention as a possible candidate for a wide range of memory, spintronic, and multifunctional devices. Since varying the oxygen partial pressure during growth is likely to change the structural and other physical functionalities of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) films, here we report detailed investigations on structure, along with magnetic behavior of LSMO films with same thickness (~30 nm) but synthesized at various oxygen partial pressures: 10, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mTorr. The observation of only ( …

การสังเคราะห์โบรอนคาร์ไบด์จากรังไหมและกรดบอริก, กานต์ชนก ภูผาทอง

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

โบรอนคาร์ไบด์เป็นวัสดุที่ได้รับความสนใจอย่างแพร่หลาย เนื่องจากมีความแข็งสูงประกอบกับมีสมบัติเชิงกลและทางกายภาพที่เป็นเลิศ จึงถูกนำไปใช้งานที่ต้องการความทนทานในสภาวะพิเศษหลากหลายด้าน ในงานวิจัยนี้ ผู้วิจัยได้มีความพยายามที่จะสังเคราะห์โบรอนคาร์ไบด์ที่อุณหภูมิต่ำ จากรังไหมและกรดบอริก เนื่องจากรังไหมมีหมู่ฟังก์ชันไฮดรอกซิลภายในโครงสร้าง สามารถสร้างพันธะ B-O-C ระหว่างกระบวนการเตรียมสารผสมตั้งต้นร่วมกับกรดบอริก รังไหมจะถูกจุ่มแช่ในสารละลายกรดบอริก จากนั้นนำไปสังเคราะห์โดยผ่านหรือไม่ผ่านขั้นตอนแคลไซน์ ผลิตภัณฑ์จากการสังเคราะห์ได้ถูกนำมาตรวจสอบองค์ประกอบเฟสด้วยเทคนิคการเลี้ยวเบนของรังสีเอ็กซ์ จากการทดลองปรับเปลี่ยนตัวแปรต่างๆในกระบวนการ พบว่า การจุ่มแช่รังไหม 1 กรัม ในสารละลายที่เตรียมกรดบอริก 2 และ 4 กรัม ในน้ำปราศจากไอออน 150 มิลลิลิตร เป็นเวลา 4 ชั่วโมง ณ อุณหภูมิห้อง เมื่อผ่านการอบและสังเคราะห์ที่อุณหภูมิ 1450 องศาเซลเซียส เป็นเวลา 5 ชั่วโมง ในบรรยากาศก๊าซอาร์กอน องค์ประกอบเฟสของผลิตภัณฑ์ประกอบด้วยโบรอนคาร์ไบด์ โดยมีคาร์บอนปรากฏเป็นเฟสหลักอยู่ในระบบ เมื่อลดอุณหภูมิการสังเคราะห์เป็น 1350 องศาเซลเซียส ไม่พบโบรอนคาร์ไบด์ในองค์ประกอบเฟสของผลิตภัณฑ์ นอกจากนี้ เมื่อนำกระบวนการไฮโดรเทอร์มัลที่ 180 องศาเซลเซียส 4 ชั่วโมง มาใช้ร่วมในการสังเคราะห์ พบว่าไม่สามารถพัฒนาการเกิดเฟสโบรอนคาร์ไบด์ให้เพิ่มขึ้น อย่างไรก็ตาม งานวิจัยในส่วนนี้ยังคงต้องการการศึกษาทดลองเพิ่มเติมเพื่อยืนยันผล

การสังเคราะห์โบรอนคาร์ไบด์จากไตรเมทิลบอเรตและแบคทีเรียเซลลูโลส, รณภูมิ ไชยตระการกิจ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

โบรอนคาร์ไบด์เป็นวัสดุเซรามิกที่มีความแข็งสูงมาก และมีสมบัติเชิงกลยอดเยี่ยมที่อุณหภูมิสูง งานวิจัยนี้มีความพยายามที่จะสังเคราะห์โบรอนคาร์ไบด์ที่อุณหภูมิต่ำด้วยวิธีการคาร์โบเทอร์มิกรีดันชัน โดยใช้สารตั้งต้นได้แก่ ไตรเมทิลบอเรตเป็นแหล่งโบรอนและแบคทีเรียเซลลูโลสเป็นแหล่งคาร์บอน จากการตรวจสอบหมู่ฟังก์ชันของสารผสมตั้งต้น พบพันธะ B-O-C ซึ่งเอื้อต่อการเกิดเฟสโบรอนคาร์ไบด์ในผลิตภัณฑ์ จากการตรวจสอบองค์ประกอบเฟสในผลิตภัณฑ์ที่เตรียมสารผสมตั้งต้นโดยใช้น้ำปราศจากไอออนเป็นตัวทำละลายผ่านการสังเคราะห์ที่อุณหภูมิ 1450 องศาเซลเซียส เป็นเวลา 5 ชั่วโมง ในบรรยากาศก๊าซอาร์กอน โดยไม่ผ่านขั้นตอนการเผาแคลไซน์ พบว่ามีโบรอนคาร์ไบด์เป็นเฟสหลัก และยังคงพบคาร์บอนเป็นมลทินในผลิตภัณฑ์ โครงสร้างจุลภาคของผลิตภัณฑ์ที่สังเคราะห์ได้ประกอบด้วยผลึกโบรอนคาร์ไบด์รูปร่างหลายเหลี่ยมขนาด 1-5 ไมครอน เป็นส่วนใหญ่ โดยมีอนุภาครูปร่างคล้ายแบคทีเรียเซลลูโลสที่ยังไม่ได้ทำปฏิกิริยากระจายในโครงสร้าง

Behavior Of Sandwich Core Under Extreme Temperature Conditions, Mikayla L. Aowad

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Sandwich materials are growing in popularity as more research and data is collected. I am studying the inner foam of the sandwich composites. I am testing the bending strength of the material by performing a three point bend test on foam specimens of varying density and material. The specimens will be tested at room temperature as well as extreme low temperature. I am studying how the mechanical properties of the material change as the material’s surroundings change. Cell wall thickness and cell size will be analyzed to see if there is a correlation between those parameters and the strength of …

Chloride Effect In Fly Ash Geopolymer Cement, Evan Dimmick

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The production of ordinary portland cement (OPC) poses a significant impact on the world's carbon dioxide emissions through the wide global use of concrete. Geopolymer cements (GPC) made from alkali activated fly ash can serve as a replacement to OPCs, reducing the carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 80%. GPCs exhibit adequate or superior mechanical performance to OPCs. The corrosion of carbon steel rebar in concrete occurs largely from chloride ion attack. The focus of this project will be to experimentally determine the coefficient of diffusion for chloride ions in GPCs and OPCs and compare to the corrosion performance …

Jominy Hardenability Tester With In-Situ Heating, Luke Allen

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

This project centers on building a Jominy Hardenability tester with In-Situ heating for the manufacturing lab at the University of Akron. A new process and setup will be designed using engineering concepts in order to make the testing more efficient and safer for the teaching and testing of metal hardness. The current Jominy testing setup has efficiency issues within the transfer of specimen from induction heater to testing rig. Our design will simplify the design by creating a test rig that removes the traveling aspect of the specimen which will limit the amount of premature cooling done and will be …

The Corrosion Behavior Of Aisi 304l Stainless Steel In Simulated Concrete Pore Solution. And A New Marketing Plan For Stainless Steel Rebars., Kenny Aronson

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The purpose of this project is to study the corrosion behavior of AISI 304L stainless steel, and to present the results for a new marketing strategy for a steel rebar manufacturer. This experiment involved the usage of cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests to investigate the effect of chlorides on the pitting corrosion behavior of AISI 304L stainless steel in a simulated concrete pore solution with 3.5 wt.% chlorides. The results of this experiment showed that the chlorides caused a large increase in the corrosion current density of AISI 304L stainless steel indicating increased susceptibility to general corrosion and pitting corrosion. The …

Effects Of Sensitization On Intergranular Boundaries Of Aluminum Alloy 5083, Kyle Balentine

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The purpose of this Honors Research Project is to show the effect of sensitization on intergranular corrosion (IGC) on AA5083. Sensitization is the process of a material to experience microstructural phase change, caused by thermal treatment, which promotes precipitation of secondary phases on the grain boundaries. The nitric acid mass loss test (NAMLT), SEM analysis, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to find a correlation to the degree of sensitization (DOS) and the pitting and IGC mechanisms. The DOS increased as heat treatment was applied. The SEM images displayed no clear precipitates on the grain …

Table Top Dome Tester, Travis Bernard, Sarah Kassinger, Amanda O'Reilly, Scott Salerno

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The Erichsen Cupping Test was used as a basis to design a dome tester. The intention of a dome tester is to test sheet metal material properties in all directions. This was done by clamping a piece of sheet metal and using a piston and hydraulic press to punch through the material. The force used to punch the material and the height of the deforming material can be gathered and the sheet metal properties can then be calculated. At the end of the project the team was able to successfully design and manufacture a hydraulic dome tester. However, due to …

Impact Of Chain Architecture On The Thickness Dependence Of Physical Aging Rate Of Thin Polystyrene Films, Gregory Brown, Elizabeth Lewis, Bryan D. Vogt

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The dynamics of polymer thin films have been demonstrated to be significantly altered from the bulk, but the origins of such differences are not well defined. In this work, we seek to understand the differences in the structural dynamics (or physical aging) of polystyrene (PS) through branching and other well defined architectures (comb and centipede). The aging dynamics of ultrathin films (< 30 nm) differ from relatively thick films (100-150nm) with linear PS thin films aging more rapidly than the relatively “bulk-like” thick films. Ellipsometric measurements are used to characterize the physical aging rate of the films. The change in film thickness and refractive index as the films are held below the glass transition temperature (T_g) provides a simple measure of the physical aging. In this study, four different architectures (linear, comb, 4 arm star, and centipede) will be investigated. For each PS architecture, the aging rate will be determined for film …

Advanced Electrodes And Electrolytes For Long-Lived And High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries, Deepesh Gopalakrishnan

Wayne State University Dissertations

ABSTRACT

ADVANCED ELECTRODES AND ELECTROLYTES FOR LONG-LIVED AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES

by

DEEPESH GOPALAKRISHNAN

August 2020

Advisor: Dr. Leela Mohana Reddy Arava

Major: Mechanical Engineering

Degree: Doctor of Philosophy

Lithium – Sulfur (Li-S) batteries have received much attention and considered as a promising candidate for next generation energy storage devices because of their high theoretical energy density (≈2600 Wh kg‒1) and environmental friendliness. However, the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites in the lithium metal anode and the fatal effect of polysulfide shuttle hinder their practical applications. The formation of dendrites during repeated Li plating/stripping processes results in: reduced Li availability …

Study Of Grain Growth In Single-Phase Polycrystals, Pawan Vedanti

Wayne State University Dissertations

Materials with random microstructure are characterized by additional thermodynamic parameters, entropy and temperature of microstructure. It has been argued that there is one more law of thermodynamics: entropy of microstructure decays in isolated systems. This assertion has been checked experimentally for the process of grain growth which showed that entropy of grain structure decays indeed as expected. The equation of state for microstructure entropy has also been studied. In general, entropy of grain microstructure is expected to be a function of grain structure energy and the average grain size. Our experiments suggest that in fact, the equation of state degenerates …

Experimental Study On The Characteristics Of Formation And Dissociation Of Co2 Hydrates In Porous Media, Amin Hosseini Zadeh, Ijung Kim, Seunghee Kim

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: Faculty Publications

Geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) has pursued as a feasible strategy to store the large amount of CO₂ to curb its emission to the atmosphere in an effort to mitigate the greenhouse effects. CO₂ hydrate, which can form when the pressure and temperature satisfy its stability condition, can provide a self-trapping mechanism for an offshore CO₂ geologic storage. For example, direct sequestration of CO₂ in the form of hydrate cystals an be achieved in the storage zone an potentially provide a secondary caprock. These application, however, require a thorough understanding of the formation and dissociation of CO …

Atomic Layer Deposition Of Oxide Materials For Passivated Carrier Selective Contact Solar Cells, Geoffrey Gregory

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Silicon-based devices have dominated the industrial solar cell marketplace for several decades, thanks to the low bulk defect concentration and technological relevance of silicon substrates. This has led to an oversupply of dopant-diffused homojunction technologies, which suffer from significant performance losses at the metal-silicon contact interface. In response, the research community has developed carrier-selective heterojunction contacts, which separate the metal from the silicon absorber with heavily-doped silicon layers. These novel contacts provide the same asymmetrical conductivity as the diffused junction in the previous generations of silicon solar cells, but with less processing complexity and greater device performance. Still, the silicon …

Parametric Investigation And Optimization For Inconel 718 Nickel-Based Superalloy In Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Thinh Huynh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Excellent weldability and high temperature stability make Inconel 718 (IN718) one of the most desired alloys to be produced by additive manufacturing (AM). Within the flourishing field of AM technology, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a popular prospective candidate capable of fabricating complex and near net-shape engineering components that traditional manufacturing methods cannot accomplish. In this study, the effects of processing parameters on the relative density and microstructure was investigated. Gas atomized IN718 powders were used to fabricate cuboidal specimens via LPBF for metallographic characterization. The specimens were printed with independently varied laser power (125 - 350 W), laser …

Designing Metal Nanocatalysts And Tuning Their Microenvironment For Gas-Involving Electrocatalysis, Lin Hu

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

In the development of renewable energy technologies, electrocatalysis plays a central role in energy conversion processes, such as fuel cells and electrochemical fuel synthesis. Development of such technologies relies on the rational design of electrocatalysts as well as understanding their interaction with the working environment. Here we focus on gas-involving electrocatalytic reactions, particularly nitrogen electroreduction to ammonia and formic acid electrooxidation to carbon dioxide. First, to understand the structure-activity relationships for nitrogen electroreduction on Ru, we prepared a series of size-controlled Ru nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition. Both catalytic activity and selectivity for ammonia production on Ru catalysts strongly depend …

Mechanical Behavior Assessment Of Ti-6al-4v Alloy Produced By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Asif Mahmud

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The present work correlates quasi-static, tensile mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 23) alloy to the phase constituents, microstructure and fracture surface characteristics that changed with post-heat treatment of stress relief (670 °C for 5h) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP with 100MPa at 920 °C for 2h). Ti-6Al-4V alloy tensile specimens in both the horizontal (i.e., X and Y) and vertical (Z) directions were produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique. Mechanical properties were determined using quasi-static, tensile testing for both the as-stress-relieved (ASR) and HIP specimens. For the ASR and HIP samples built in X, Y and …

Additive Manufacturing Of Copper-Based Alloy By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Binghao Lu

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Copper (Cu) and Cu-alloy are good candidates for the engineered components that require good thermal and electrical conductivity. Since industry often needs sophisticated components that cannot be made easily by traditional methods, such as casting, forging and machining, research for additive manufacturing of copper-based alloy is on demand. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the optimization of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of Cu-10 wt.% Sn alloy and pure Cu based on their characteristics such as relative density/porosity, surface roughness, phase constitutes, melt pool dimension, and dendrite arm spacings dimension, determined by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscope. LPBF, …

Plasmon-Enhanced Optical Probes For Sensing Of Drug Metabolite, Jennifer Boryczka

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

An Au@SiO₂ core-shell nanostar structure was synthesized along with CuInS2 quantum dots. The quantum dots display near-infrared fluorescence. In this work, the nanostar structure was functionalized with antibodies and then was utilized as a SERS probe for drug metabolite detection. Drugs are an illicit substance that police, medics, and hospitals need to know if an individual is under the influence of but that individual will not always be willing or able to provide that information. A sensor based on this new probe has been developed for detection of drug metabolites in buffer.

Tunable Refractive Index Through Spatially Modified Nanoparticle Films For Long-Range Spr Biosensing Applications, Stephen Joshua Binderup

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Despite optics and refraction being among the oldest scientific principles, material limitations have prevented scientists from taking full advantage of the potential this technology holds. Indeed, films with designer optical properties have potential for use in exotic cloaking architectures, advanced waveguides, and precise optical biosensors. This thesis focuses on the fabrication methodology for making thin films with refractive index tuned to a desired value through self-assembly of amorphous nanoparticle films made of organosilicate materials. The inclusion of a slowly evaporating polymer phase along with the organosilicate nanoparticles results in nanopores formed within the film, which effectively reduce the film’s refractive …

The Study Of Non-Permanent Tattoo Ink Using Nano Silver Compounds And Untact 3d Printing Technology, Jisu Lee

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Due to a recent epidemic of COVID 19, the possibility of 3D tattoo printing technology using the Internet of Things (IoT) control system developed in a non-face-to-face contact process was identified. A non-surgical tattoo process and hygiene safety differentiated with silver tattoo ink was used to solve the health problems arising from the surgical tattoo process and to identify 3D tattoo printing techniques through a non-personal contact concept. During the tattoo processing, the image selected by the customer is sent to a designated printer via an IoT control system in a separate location. A piston-type extruder (PTE) printing technique was …

A Foundational Approach To Extrusion And Compounding, David Frankart

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

With a history of nearly 200 years, polymer processing and compounding is constantly changing to fit the material science needs of the era. Exposure of undergraduate students to the technology and practices used in industry today in a lab setting would create new opportunities for experiential learning and growth. The objective was to set up a 0.75”, 25 L/D Thermo Haake single screw extruder for lab use and run trials of material in a single screw extruder to set up a basis for experiments. Trials were run of co-polyester resin through a single screw extruder with carbon fiber additives varying …

Galvanic Corrosion In Aluminum/Steel Joints, Maegan Saul

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

As car manufacturers seek to use lighter weight materials, aluminum is being more commonly used in the construction of vehicles. However, the strength of steel cannot be matched and both metals are necessary, leading to the joining of dissimilar metals. This connection of different metals leads to a galvanic coupling and subsequent corrosion of the less noble metal. This project aims to observe the corrosion and galvanic coupling behavior of aluminum alloys and carbon steel so that a model may be produced which can accurately predict the expected responses of the metals in various environments. Better, more accurate modeling of …

Solvent-Free Coating Using Maco Bio-Based Reactive Diluent, Ryder James

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The project performed utilizes methacrylated cardanol (MACO) and a linseed oil resin to test how different weight percentages of MACO affect coating performance. MACO is synthesized from a phenolic lipid extracted from cashew nut shells, which are a cashew industry waste product. Not only does it utilize a waste product, but being a bio-based reactive diluent means it can replace the use of volatile organic solvents that are harmful to both humans and the environment. Weight percentage samples of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were used. Coatings were applied using a 6-mil drawn down bar, with samples being prepared …