Engineering Commons^™

Elucidating The Corrosion Of Carbon Steel In Hybrid Monoethanolamine Solutions Containing Methanol Or N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone, Pui Yee Tan, Lian See Tan, Swee Pin Yeap, Peck Loo Kiew, Mee Kee Wong, Azmi Mohd Shariff

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Corrosion has been a persistent issue in carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption unit that needs to be resolved in order to prolong the life span of the absorber unit. In this regard, understanding the corrosion behaviour, particularly in hybrid monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions, is crucial. This study aims to give detail information on the role of different process parameters, encompassing types of amine solution, temperature, and CO2 loading on the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in system containing hybrid solution of monoethanolamine (MEA) and methanol (MeOH) or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Here, the corrosion extent of the carbon steel was evaluated using gravimetric experiments. …

High-Binding Affinity Nanobody Against Sars-Cov-2 Xbb.1.5: Computational-Based Protein Engineering, Phoomintara Longsompurana, Napat Kongtaworn, Rungtiva P. Poo-Arporn, Thanyada Rungrotmongkol

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant XBB.1.5 has triggered a global health crisis by enhancing viral entry into cells via its spike protein. This study addresses the urgent need to develop neutralizing nanobodies (Nbs) to counteract the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Our aim was to identify a lead Nb and enhance its binding affinity to the receptor-binding motif (RBM) on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein) using computational methods. A total of 29 Nbs were screened against the XBB.1.5 RBD using the HDOCK server to select a lead Nb. This investigation revealed that Nb_7KGK exhibited the highest binding …

Electrochemical Study Of Zn-Fe Alloy Coatings On Mild Steel For Automotive Applications, Ramesh Bhat, A. Chitharanjan Hegde

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This study investigates the electrochemical behavior of Zn-Fe alloy deposited on mild steel (MS) substrates for automotive applications. The electrodeposition of a Zn-Fe alloy onto MS using an acid chloride bath, with 1,2,4-Triazole as an additive to enhance the uniformity of the deposit. The hull cell method was used to optimize the bath composition and operating conditions. The coatings were produced using electrodeposition at varying current densities, with 3 A∙dm‒2 identified as the optimal current density (CD) for achieving uniform coatings. The microstructural properties, including crystallite size and micro-strain, were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis, revealing …

Influence Of The Casting Processes And Aging Times On The Microstructure And Hardness Of Alsi12 Cu Cast Alloys, Said Beroual, Pascal Paillard, Yann Borjon-Piron

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

The present study investigated the effects of the casting processes and aging times on the micro-structure and hardness of commercial AlSi12Cu alloys. The primary goal was to assess how various aging times affect the maximum hardness of the alloy and to evaluate the influence of cooling rates on hardness values obtained from sand casting (SC) and High-pressure die casting (HPDC). For both casting alloys, the solution heat treatment was performed at 540℃, followed by quenching. The alloys were then aged at 180℃ for various durations, ranging from 10 min to 50 h. The results reveal significant microstructural changes in the …

Photodegradation Of Malachite Green Using 2d G-C3n5 Nanosheet: A Promising Metal Free Catalyst, Sonali Biswal, Swayam Aryam Behera, Asima Subhadarshini, P. Ganga Raju Achary, Binita Nanda

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Environmental issues have become more serious these days due to the growth of modern industries. The paper and textile industries, in particular, were heavily dependent on the printing and discharge of dye, which constantly leaked into the water ecology and constituted a serious risk to public health. Organic wastewater treatment and remediation for its associated risks have received a lot of attention lately. This work explored the potential of the g-C3N5 nanostructure as a novel photocatalyst for malachite green degradation in aqueous solution while exposed to visible light. The nanocomposite was fabricated through an ultrasonicate-assisted technique. A number of analysis …

Regulating Copx/Co Heterostructures For Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity Toward Hydrazine Oxidation Reaction, Qinquan Lin, Rui Zhang, Changli Yan, Qizhao Hu, Shangbin Sang, Qiumei Wu, Kaiyu Liu, Hongtao Liu

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Hydrazine hydrate (N2H4∙H2O) is considered an ideal fuel for fuel cells. Constructing a cobalt phosphide/cobalt (CoPx/Co) heterostructure can achieve efficient electrocatalytic activity for hydrazine oxidation reaction. Traditional strategies for constructing CoPx/Co heterostructures took less consideration on the exposure of the active sites. In this study, 3D nanoflower-like nano CoPx/Co heterostructures with highly exposed active sites were obtained on a nickel foam (NF) through a dual-component phosphating strategy, i.e., regulating the relative content of Co and Co(OH)2 with cathodic current density and utilizing the differences in their phosphating behaviors. The potential at 100 mA∙cm‒2 and Tafel slope of the optimized CoPx/Co(375)@NF …

Facile Synthesis Of Bamno3-Zro2 Composite: A Step Towards The Photocatalytic Degradation Of Organic Dye, Kirttimayee Mohanta, Swayam Aryam Behera, Binita Nanda, P. Ganga Raju Achary

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Environmental contamination by synthetic dyes, particularly Methylene Blue (MB), presents a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to their chemical stability and toxicity. This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of MB using a BaMnO3:ZrO2 composite synthesized in a 1:2 ratio via a straightforward wet-chemical method. Structural and optical characterizations were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The composite exhibited a reduced bandgap of 2.88 eV and uniform nanoscale morphology, both favorable for visible-light-driven photocatalysis. Under visible-light irradiation, the catalyst achieved 89% degradation efficiency within …

The Effects Of Graphene Nanoplatelets And Microcrystalline Cellulose On The Mechanical Properties Of Fiberglass And Carbon Fiber Composites, Duangjai Srisamut, Nathawat Poopakdee, Warut Thammawichai

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This study investigated how graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) affect the mechanical properties of epoxy (EP), carbon fiber (CF), and fiberglass (FG) composites. The tensile and flexural properties of GNP-EP and MCC-EP of  varying reinforcement concentrations were examined. Results indicated significant improvements on tensile and flexural properties by GNP and MCC. At 0.1 wt% GNP, tensile and flexural strengths increased by 10% and 21%, while 2.0 wt% improved flexural modulus by 65%. Similarly, 2.0 wt% MCC improved tensile strength, modulus, and flexural modulus by 11%, 11%, and 46%, respectively, and a 26% increase in flexural strength at 1.0 …

Synthesis Temperature-Driven Enhancements In Bioi Photocatalysis: A Hydrothermal Approach, Sorawit Thueanbangyang, Kittiyaporn Singsumphan, Varunya Atimayulerd, Chutima Nakmuk, Cheewita Suwanchawalit, Montri Aiempanakit

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) is a promising photocatalyst for visible-light-driven environmental remediation. However, its photocatalytic efficiency is highly dependent on synthesis conditions, particularly hydrothermal temperature, which governs its structural, optical, and electronic properties. In this study, BiOI was synthesized via a hydrothermal method at temperatures of 120℃, 150℃, 180℃, and 210℃ to investigate the effect of temperature on its photocatalytic performance systematically. Comprehensive characterizations, including X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence and photocatalytic degradation studies, were conducted to analyze crystallinity, morphology, band structure and charge transfer properties. The results …

Bagasse Lignin For Single-Used Food Packaging Applications: Uv-Barrier, Antioxidant, Migration And Cytotoxicity, Pawarisa Wijaranakul, Bongkot Hararak, Wanwitoo Wanmoolee, Prapudsorn Wannid, Weerawan Laosiripojana

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This study examined PLA biocomposite films made from organosolv lignin extracted from Thai agro-waste, specifically sugarcane bagasse (BG), to assess their suitability for food packaging, focusing on their physical, thermal, optical, UV-shielding, antioxidant, and migration properties. Extracted BG-lignin exhibited free radical scavenging ability with an EC50 value of 400 µg/ml, reducing DPPH absorbance by 50%. PLA composite films with BG-lignin dosage from 0.1 to 1.0 wt.% were successfully fabricated via conventional blown film extrusion. Addition of BG-lignin at 0.5 wt.% and 1.0 wt.% to PLA films decreased UV transmittance from 90% to 30% and 12%, respectively, without compromising optical clarity. …

Coating Of Zinc Substrates With Fluorosilane Molecules Using A Water-Treatment Technique As A Pre-Coating Procedure For The Creation Of Superhydrophobic Surfaces, Renz Ronald R. Prieto, Marvin U. Herrera

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Superhydrophobic surfaces were successfully created when zinc substrates were coated with molecules with low surface energy through grafting of fluorosilane molecules. The zinc substrate underwent water-treatment technique as a pre-coating procedure to enhance the reaction sites for the grafting of fluorosilane molecules. The water contact angle of the samples went as high as 161.1° ± 0.8°. At lower fluorosilane-ethanol soaking times, water contact angles have lower values while at higher soaking time, it has higher water contact angle values. At 240 min fluorosilane-ethanol soaking time, optimum value of water contact angle was achieved. Fluorosilane molecules are widely distributed through the …

Sulfur-Doped Carbon Dots Derived From Caffeine: A Highly Efficient Photocatalyst For Organic Dye Degradation, Ganyaporn Wongwaen, Koranut Dechsri, Praneet Opanasopit, Montri Aiempanakit, Cheewita Suwanchawalit

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Sulfur-doped carbon dots (S-doped CDs) were synthesized via a solvothermal method using caffeine as a carbon precursor and sodium sulfide as a sulfur source. Characterization using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet -visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) confirmed successful sulfur incorporation. TEM revealed a uniform size distribution and graphitic structures, while UV-Vis analysis showed a reduction in the bandgap from 3.29 eV to 3.10 eV, improving light absorption and charge carrier separation. The photocatalytic activity of S-doped CDs was evaluated for indigo carmine (IC) dye degradation under UV irradiation, where 2S-CDs …

Impacts Of Calcination Temperature On The Crystallography, Granulometry And Impedance Of Licomno4, Chee Wayne Tan, Zul Hilmi Che Daud, Zainab Asus, Mohd Hasbullah Idris, Izhari Izmi Mazali, Mohd Kameil Abdul Hamid

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Spinel structured lithium cobalt manganese oxide (LiCoMnO4) which exhibit reduction potential surpassing 5.0 V (vs. Li0 | Li+) was identified to be one of the prospective cathode candidates for next generation lithium-ion electrochemical systems. This article highlights the significance of calcination temperature on the crystallography of the resultant electroceramic compound as well as the corresponding response on the granulometry and impedance of LiCoMnO4. LiCoMnO4 compounds synthesised via sol-gel reaction in the first instance were converted into xerogel and subsequently subjected to facile one-step calcination protocol. Crystallography of the post-calcinated compounds were characterised via powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Temperature ranging …

Effect Of Lanthanum Doping On Phase Transition, Piezoelectric And Energy Storage Properties Of Lead-Free 0.93(Bi0.5na0.5)Tio3‒0.07batio3 Ceramics, Pathit Premwichit, Songphop Jaila, Sasiporn Prasertpalichat

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

In this study, lead-free (Bi0.465Na0.465Ba0.07)(1–x)LaxTiO3 (x=0.0‒0.04) ceramics were synthesized using a conventional solid-state reaction method. All samples showed a single-phase perovskite structure with pseudocubic symmetry. The dense microstructure revealed a decrease in average grain size as x increased. La3+ addition stabilized polar nanoregions (PNRs), shifting the ferroelectric to relaxor phase transition temperature (TF₋R=104℃ for x=0.0) to below room temperatures as La3+ content increased. This resulted in a transition from a rectangular to a relaxor-like thin P–E loop (x≥0.01), indicating a shift from ferro-electric (FE) to relaxor ferroelectric (RFE), which …

Aluminium Oxide Particles-Containing Organogels For Cleaning Of Optical Glass Surfaces, Galina Vladimirovna Lyamina, Oksana Valerievna Dubinina, Alfa Edison I Lela

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Hypothesis:  Some types of cleaning methods are not very effective and can actually increase damage to the optical parts being cleaned. As an alternative to these methods, we propose the use of gel-like substances to remove contaminants from optical surfaces. We have developed a method for cleaning optical glass surfaces that uses organogels, which are based on copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid. These organogels are loaded with polyethylene glycol, and aluminum oxide particles (Al2O3), which help to effectively remove contaminants without causing damage to the surface.   Experiments:  Al2O3 nanoparticles prepared by a Nano Spray Dryer were added to …

Novel Design And Fabrication Of A High-Speed Transient Heat Flux Sensor For Application To Rotating Detonation Engines, Zachary Todd Tallman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Rotating detonation engine (RDE) combustion systems have been a topic of interest in the pressure gain combustion community for their benefits over traditional gas turbine engine combustors. However, cooling requirements for these engines are significantly higher and less predictable than those of non-detonating engines. To understand and quantify the high-speed heat transfer dynamics within an RDE, a novel high-frequency heat flux sensor is presented. This study aims to design a robust, single-sided sensor that can withstand the high temperature and harsh environment of an RDE for extended durations. Screen printing is used to deposit a layered, platinum-yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) film …

Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of Key Parameters On Thermal Properties Of Carbon Nanotube Modified Epoxy Composites, Lida Najmi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The application of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced epoxy matrix composites (CRECs) has attracted extensive attention in various industrial sectors due to the significant improvement of material properties imparted by CNTs. The thermal behavior of these nanocomposites is governed by complex heat transfer mechanisms operating at different scales, resulting in a complex relationship between the effective thermal response and the microstructural characteristics of the composite. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate the thermal conductivity of CRECs, focusing on the effects of key parameters such as the length and volume fraction of CNTs, the degree of cross-linking within …

Development Of Bio-Based Coating Materials For Environmentally Friendly Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications, Anne Carolyne Mendonca Cidreira

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Fabrication And Characterization Of Cast Copper Heatsinks For Computer Chip Cooling, John James Recktenwald

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Humanity has worked copper for millennia, from primitive tools in prehistory to the wires and cooling solutions facilitating the modern digital age. While high performance fin style heatsinks are commonplace, more complex heatsink geometries in high performance applications are rare due to manufacturing challenges. In this study a casting process was developed to fabricate copper pin fin heatsinks. To assess the performance of heatsinks fabricated using the process three pin fin heatsinks were fabricated, one machined from a commercially manufactured billet, one machined from a cast block, and one cast directly to final shape. Each of the three heatsinks were …

Bayesian Alloy Design With Additive Synthesis, Michael R. Sulwer

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

To reduce carbon emissions and increase power out, steam powerplants need to increase the operating temperatures and pressures of steam turbines to improve efficiency. This necessitates the development of high temperature alloys with superior strength and stability. This research aims to design a class of solid solution High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) to exceed the high temperature performance of commercial alloys like Haynes 230 while maintaining comparable costs for Advanced Ultra Supercritical (A-USC) steam cycles. This project integrates Bayesian optimization and Calculation of Phase Diagrams (CALPHAD) within an Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) framework to predict and optimize key material properties: …

Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography: Development Of Tissue Models And Investigation Of Shear Wave Variability, Emily J. Miller

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Ultrasound shear wave elastography (USWE) is an evolving and promising clinical tool for noninvasively measuring in vivo soft tissue biomechanical properties. Assumptions incorporated into the clinical workflow and technical limitations have created gaps between theoretical and clinically derived solutions. The heterogeneity of the fibrotic liver tissue, composition of the background, such as the presence of fatty liver tissue, and the preferred local orientation of the scarred fibrotic liver tissues embedded into the liver parenchyma, may contribute to the uncertainty in USWE measurements. This study aims to systematically investigate four cofounding factors (i.e., size, volume fraction, orientation of the fibrotic inclusions, …

Linking Molecular Structure Evolution To Mechanical Degradation During Environmental Aging In Conventional And Recyclable Epoxy Systems, Ben T. Jewell

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

The long-term performance of polymeric materials in extreme environments is governed by complex chemical and physical aging processes that alter their molecular structure and mechanical integrity. Conventional thermoset epoxies, while widely used in structural applications, are particularly susceptible to oxidative degradation at elevated temperatures, leading to embrittlement and loss of structural integrity. In the first part of this work, diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) in a bulk structural epoxy was systematically investigated to establish the link between heterogeneous microstructural evolution and macroscopic mechanical degradation. High-temperature oxidation experiments were conducted in a controlled environmental chamber, and the resulting chemical, thermal, and mechanical changes …

Iron Ore Tailings Reprocessing By Electrostatic Separation Plus Two Stages Froth Flotation, Vincent Bailey Arohunmolase

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

The reprocessing of tailings is crucial for recovering valuable iron and reducing the environmental impact associated with tailings disposal. This study investigates the practicality of reprocessing tailings to enhance iron oxide content, combining electrostatic separation with a two-stage froth flotation process using oleic acid (direct flotation) and amine (reverse flotation). The primary goal is to efficiently recover valuable iron from tailings, thereby reducing waste and promoting sustainable resource utilization. The process aims to upgrade the iron oxide content to around 93-99% Fe₂O₃, making the recovered material suitable for the production of direct-reduced iron.

Electrostatic separation was …

Degradation Of Polymers And Polymer Composites In Extreme Environments, Ben T. Jewell

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Polymeric materials are widely used in engineering applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, easy manufacturability, and cost-effectiveness. When incorporated into composites, they provide further performance enhancements, enabling use in demanding structural applications. However, long-term exposure to harsh environments including elevated temperatures, UV radiation, harsh chemicals, and radiation, can drive degradation processes that alter the material’s network structure, and in turn, degrade its mechanical performance. Exposure to thermo-oxidative conditions is one of the most common environments driving polymer degradation, leading to chain scission and crosslinking events, with the resulting oxidative products causing discoloration, reduced ductility, and changes in glass transition …

La2nio4+Δ-Based Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (Soecs) Electrodes Enhanced With Complex Perovskite Nanocatalyst Processed By Surfactant-Enabled Infiltration, Cole Samuel Klemstine

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As the world seeks to reduce its reliance on hydrocarbons, the demand for sustainable hydrogen production methods has become increasingly critical. Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be produced from various sources, including water, natural gas, and biomass. Replacing the burning of hydrocarbons with hydrogen could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global climate goals like those set by the US H2NEW program. The joint technologies of solid oxide fuel and electrolysis cells present the ability to both produce and process clean hydrogen to meet these goals. Development into solid oxide fuel cells has been met with …

Microwave-Assisted Reduction Of Critical Metal Oxides From E-Waste Mixture, Kurundu Shavinka Jayasekera

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The efficient recovery of critical metals such as tantalum (Ta), manganese (Mn), gallium (Ga), and indium (In) from electronic waste (e-waste) is essential for resource sustainability and environmental protection. This research uses microwave-assisted treatment to investigate the carbothermal reduction of these four specific metals from their oxides in a simulated e-waste mixture, with carbon black serving as both a microwave coupling and reduction agent. Microwave processing is used specifically because it offers a rapid and energy-efficient alternative to conventional thermal methods, with the benefits of intrinsic heating and selective heating of materials. The first experiments centered on understanding the effects …

Durability Of Precast Prestressed Concrete Pile In Exposure Severe Environment, Nantawat Khomwan, Pinai Mungsantisuk

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This research project focuses on studying the corrosion resistance of precast prestressed concrete (PC) piles under severe conditions. All PC and non-PC samples were cast using Portland cement type III. The samples included 1 m and 6 m length specimens. To evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion prevention, Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP) was installed in the specimens. Various durability properties of concrete were tested, including chloride permeability, concrete resistivity, and half-cell potential. For short-term effects, an electrical accelerated condition was conducted for the 1 m specimens, which were submerged in a 5% sodium chloride solution by weight. Experimental studies were …

Investigation Of Photocathodic Corrosion Protection Of Zno/Zns Thin Film For Aisi 304 Stainless Steel In 3.5 Wt% Nacl Solution, Soravid Veerapong, Naw Blessing Oo, Boossayamas Dachbumroong, Parichart Chaum, Thanate Na Wichean, Oratai Jongprateep, Naray Pewnim, Gasidit Panomsuwan, Ratchatee Techapiesancharoenkij

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Photocathodic protection is an alternative cathodic protection technique to protect metals by photo-generated electrons from a coupled semiconductor film under solar light. In this report, ZnO nanorods and heterostructure ZnO/ZnS nanorod films  on FTO substrates were studied for their photocathodic protection for 304 stainless steels (304 SS) in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.  The ZnO and ZnO/ZnS nanorods were fabricated on FTO substrates by spray pyrolysis and hydrothermal processes. The photocathodic performances of the ZnO and ZnO/ZnS photoanodes coupled with 304 SS samples were examined by Open-Circuit Potential (OCP), polarization curve analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). The ZnO/ZnS photoanodes …

Investigation Into Parameters Affecting The Synthesis Of Hybrid Gold Nanoparticle/ Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dot Colloids, Thammika Srisaman, Anyarat Watthanaphanit

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This study reports a two-step synthesis method for producing hybrid nanoparticles composed of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and nitrogen-doped carbon dots (CDs). Initially, we employed hydrothermal synthesis to fabricate CDs derived from mangosteen peel extract, which exhibits green light emission. Subsequently, the hybrid AuNPs/CDs were synthesized by inducing plasma in a solution containing CDs and a gold precursor, namely gold(III) chloride trihydrate. Our primary aim was to investigate the key parameters influencing the synthesis process. We assessed the colloidal properties of the AuNPs/ CDs by introducing a stabilizer, specifically sodium alginate, and examined how factors such as the presence of sodium …

Arginine-Modified Surface Coffee Grounds Activated Carbon For Pb2+ Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm And Thermodynamic Studies, Jarawee Chupirom, Sirikorn Khaophong, Nopporn Hemyakorn, Sonchai Intachai, Panita Kongsune

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This research focuses on enhancing the value of coffee waste by converting it into activated carbon for removing Pb²⁺ ions from contaminated water. Coffee grounds were activated with KOH and carbonized at 600°C for 4 h to produce activated carbon (CGAC), then modified with arginine via hydrothermal treatment at 120°C for 48 h to create Arg-CGAC. The adsorbents' chemical and physical properties were analyzed using SEM, FT-IR, BET, and pHpzc methods. Batch experiments revealed that Arg-CGAC exhibited superior Pb2+ adsorption (223.10 mg∙g‒1) compared to CGAC (119.23 mg∙g‒1) under optimal conditions. Isotherm analysis showed stronger adsorbate-adsorbent interactions and a more endothermic …