Engineering Commons^™

Design, Optimization, And Construction Of Flexure, Optical, Damping, And Leveling Systems For Electric Propulsion Thrust Stand, Logan Hefferan

Honors Theses

An Thrust Stand is a device that uses the basic principles of torsion and displace­ment to experimentally measure and calculate the thrust generated by an Electric Propulsion (EP) Thruster. Western Michigan University is host to three organiza­tions that work with electric propulsion thrusters currently without a way of ob­taining direct experimental thrust data. For this Senior Design Project, the flexure, optical sensing, damping and leveling systems for a thrust stand originally designed by Hannah Watts in her WMU Honors Thesis: Design of A Thrust Stand for Elec­tric Propulsion [13] will be constructed. The four subsystems will be redesigned, optimized, and …

Novel 360-Degree Camera, Ian Gauger, Andrew Kurtz, Zakariya Niazi

Frameless

Circle Optics is developing novel technology for low-parallax, real time, panoramic image capture using an integrated array of multiple adjacent polygonal-edged cameras. This technology can be optimized and deployed for a variety of markets, including cinematic VR. Circle Optics’ existing prototype, Hydra Alpha, will be demonstrated.

Novel Thermal Coating For High-Speed Airplanes, Abinash Satapathy, Lakshay Battu, Liam Watson, Nazanin Rajabi

Symposium of Student Scholars

In comparison to various other materials, Carbon Fiber, specifically Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP), is pre-eminent amongst other materials for use on aeronautical systems. Due to its high specific strength (strength-to-weight ratio), CFRP is prominent for carrying heavy loads while maintaining a lightweight build. However, when influenced by heat resulting from air resistance, CFRP is known to undergo serious degradation that would significantly decrease the effectiveness of the polymers. To prevent this degradation and maintain the strength of the CFRP, thermal protective layers (TPLs) are designed to shield the CFRP from heat exposure. This research is focused on the examination …

Advancements Of Autonomous Applications, Jessica Massey, Jeremy Evert

Student Research

This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant Agreement No. 80NSSC20M0114 issued through Oklahoma Space Grant Consortium. This research is in support of the Fire Dawgs competition team for this year’s SpeedFest competition at Oklahoma State University. This NASA OK Space Grant Consortium funded competition team will compete in the Charlie Class, where an autonomous vehicle will navigate a course and put out a fire.

Robots and self-driving vehicles are useful, especially for hazardous jobs, such as firefighting. The use of high-tech sensing technology is a small part of how self-driving vehicles …

A Brief Literature Review For Machine Learning In Autonomous Robotic Navigation, Jake Biddy, Jeremy Evert

Student Research

Machine learning is becoming very popular in many technological aspects worldwide, including robotic applications. One of the unique aspects of using machine learning in robotics is that it no longer requires the user to program every situation. The robotic application will be able to learn and adapt from its mistakes. In most situations, robotics using machine learning is designed to fulfill a task better than a human could, and with the machine learning aspect, it can function at the highest level of efficiency and quality. However, creating a machine learning program requires extensive coding and programming knowledge that can be …

Vertically Air Lifted High Altitude Light Launch Apparatus (Valhalla), Benjamin E. Chaback, Ethan L. Deweese, Avery Evans, Alyssa Hodum

Beyond: Undergraduate Research Journal

Project VALHALLA aims to get collegiate level rockets to reach higher altitudes by providing a launch platform that shall allow them to be launched from 100,000 ft. This shall allow researchers to pass ninety percent of Earth's dense atmosphere when launching their rockets and shall allow for research at altitude. VALHALLA’s design consists of using multiple high-altitude balloons arranged around a launch platform to reach the target altitude with the rocket. The project shall consist of the following subsystems: policy, structure and design, helium recovery system, and electronics. The policy team shall be responsible for ensuring that this platform conforms …

Wildfire Updrafts And Downdrafts Effects Of Aerial Vehicles Flight Mechanics, Connor Flynn

Honors Capstone Projects and Theses

No abstract provided.

Newton Versus Bernoulli: How Is Lift Created?, Nihad E. Daidzic

Aviation Department Publications

FAA Safety Seminar (GL15109627) held on Saturday, April 2, 2022.

Understanding The Nonlinear Dynamics Governing Vertical-Lift Vehicles With Variable-Speed, Fixed Rotors, Stephanie Vavra, Micah Busboom, Aleea Stanford, Keegan Moore

UNL Student Research Days Posters, Undergraduate

Problem: Traffic significantly limits travel in urban areas. • The NASA Urban Air Mobility Project is developing an air taxi as an alternative mean of transportation (Fig. 1).

Challenge: Operating rotors at different frequencies may cause the cabin to vibrate at high amplitudes. Such effects are currently unknown.

Objective: Understand the effect of variable speed rotors on passenger comfort.

From the reduced-order modeling simulations, it can be assumed that counteracting the rotor speed in-balances can reduce the displacement and vibrations experienced at the center of the wing. In other words, should a rotor not maintain its optimal operation speed, reducing …

Cfd Simulation Of Varying Fuel Jet Placement Of Mach 2 Flow (Paper), Sara Broad

Honors Capstone Projects

Supersonic flow is a concept that has been researched heavily for the past twenty years. It has many applications, with the most notable one being for the defense industry. This project specifically is based off a model that is being currently used for Air Force research. With supersonic flow, where the Mach number is larger than one, there has been continual research specifically on flameholders. Flameholders involve the discussion of the mixing, ignition, and combustion of the fuel that is released into the lower cavity of the scramjet. There is a current standard for the placement of fuel jets, but …

Design And Optimization Of An Electron Cyclotron Resonance Thruster, Austen Thomas

Masters Theses

Presented in this work is the process in the design and optimization of a coaxial electron cyclotron resonance thruster. Electron cyclotron resonance thrusters are novel microwave-based thrusters which possess select technological advantages over mature electric propulsion concepts such as being electrodeless and only requiring a single power source. The thruster constructed in this work is a coaxial configuration and is termed the Western electron cyclotron resonance thruster. Thruster dimensions were optimized based on past experimentation completed with ECR thrusters. In an attempt to enhance the microwave plasma coupling of the coaxial thruster design three different antenna configurations were considered: a …

Information-Based Particle Flow With Convergence Control, Kari C. Ward, Kyle J. Demars

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A new formulation of the Gaussian particle flow filter is presented using an information theoretic approach. The developed information-based form advances the Gaussian particle flow framework in two ways: it imparts physical meaning to the flow dynamics and provides the ability to easily include modifications for a non-Bayesian update. An orbit determination simulation with high initial uncertainty is used to demonstrate the consistent, robust performance of the information flow filter in situations where the extended Kalman filter fails.

Dynamic Maneuvers For Satellite On-Orbit Servicing Utilizing Novel Continuum Robotics: Development & Experimentation, Nathan Dalton

Masters Theses

Robotic on-orbit servicing is a developing technology that seeks to increase the longevity and repairability of faulty or aging resident space objects. In this research, the development of a flexible continuum manipulator for a small satellite system that performs low-complexity on-orbit servicing or debris removal is presented. Derivations of manipulator kinematics are described in detail, a non-linear control scheme has been developed, and the accuracy and servicing applications for the prototype are evaluated and discussed. The manipulator has been tested on an air-bearing dynamics simulator, and the results are extensively analyzed. System recommendations and future work suggestions are presented.

Vertical Take-Off And Landing Control Via Dual-Quaternions And Sliding Mode, Joshua Sonderegger

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

The landing and reusability of space vehicles is one of the driving forces into renewed interest in space utilization. For missions to planetary surfaces, this soft landing has been most commonly accomplished with parachutes. However, in spite of their simplicity, they are susceptible to parachute drift. This parachute drift makes it very difficult to predict where the vehicle will land, especially in a dense and windy atmosphere such as Earth. Instead, recent focus has been put into developing a powered landing through gimbaled thrust. This gimbaled thrust output is dependent on robust path planning and controls algorithms. Being able to …

Online Pilot Model Parameter Estimation For Loss-Of-Control Prevention In Aircraft Systems, Frederick Schill

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

A pilot is a highly nonlinear and incredibly complex controller whose responses are difficult to predict. Many accidents have occurred from pilot error before or after failures and almost always after entering areas of the flight envelope considered as Loss-of-Control regimes. If a pilot's inputs to the flight control system can be predicted, then the introduction of dangerous flight conditions can be readily avoided. Avoidance could take the form of a warning indicator or augmentation of the pilot's inputs. The primary difficulty lies in how to actually predict how the pilot will perform in the future.

Methods to solve this …

Dynamic Analysis Of Cubesat Impact On Lunar Surface, Dalton C. Korczyk

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

EagleCam is a pico-satellite (CubeSat) with dimensions of 100 x 100 x 150 mm3 that is going to the moon as a payload of the Intuitive Machines Nova-C lunar lander. The CubeSat’s purpose is to record the lunar landing from a 3rd person view. Unlike other CubeSats, EagleCam is designed to impact the lunar surface and there is no history to build off of. Specifically, EagleCam will need to survive a 30 m drop onto the lunar surface with all internal components fully operational post impact. This thesis is focused on the analytical, numerical, and experimental methods for determining the …

Controller Design For A Swirl Injection Hybrid Launch Vehicle, Ryan Kinzie

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

This research is focused on the design of controllers for stabilizing a launch vehicle with an internally originating torque. The motivation for this research arises from the new development of rocket engines which swirl combustion gases to gain combustion stability benefits, and in the case of hybrid rocket engines, fuel regression benefits as well. The stability of the launch vehicle dynamics due to the internal torque has not been discussed before. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first research to address the stabilization problem of the launch vehicle with internal torque. Due to the new design/characteristics of these engines, …

Time-Resolved Piv Measurements Of Ship Airwakes With Quartering Winds, Kaijus H. Palm

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

The unsteady, three-dimensional, turbulent airwake over the Simple Frigate Ship No. 2 (SFS2) with quartering wind flow directions was studied in a low-speed wind tunnel facility. Surface oil flow visualization and time-resolved stereoscopic and planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were made for three crosswise planes and a single centerline streamwise plane. Measurements included various configurations with the bow of the ship model at two different quartering wind conditions of 10 and 20 degrees, as well as cases with and without the effects of a simulated atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). A comparative analysis of the time-averaged flow structures between the …

Influence Of Wing Planform Shape On The Effectiveness Of A Fixed-Slot, Yuan Zhao

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

This thesis report explores the effect of the Clark-Y wing geometry on lift and drag to use as a reference during aircraft design stage. The different characteristics investigated are fixed slot span, taper ratio, washout, and sweep angle. Plain wings, half slotted wings, and fully slotted wings were built in CATIA with an aspect ratio of 6 and different taper ratio, washout, and sweep angles. Using the CATIA models to generate the 3-D grids in Pointwise. All the simulations were tested in Ansys-Fluent under sea-level conditions with a Reynold number of 609000. The relationships between the aerodynamic characteristics and the …

The Effect Of Store-To-Store Energy Transfers On The Global Dynamics Of Aircraft, Guilherme Mainieri Eymael, Keegan J. Moore

UNL Student Research Days Posters, Undergraduate

This study analyzes the energy transfer mechanisms when nonlinear devices (stores) are attached to a linear model airplane. For that, a reduced-order model (ROM) was derived to simulate the first two flexible modes of vibration of the primary structure (aircraft) with one store in each wing. Each store can either be locked or unlocked. When locked, it only contributes as mass-effect, and when unlocked, it adds nonlinearity to the system. Simulations were then performed with either both stores locked, one store unlocked, or both stores unlocked. It was found that the attachment of nonlinear stores in the ROM changes the …

Evolution Of High-Frequency Instabilities In The Presence Of Azimuthally Compact Crossflow Vortex Pattern Over A Yawed Cone, Meelan Choudhari, Fei Li, Pedro Paredes, Lian Duan

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Hypersonic boundary-layer flows over a circular cone at a moderate yaw angle can support strong crossflow instability away from the windward and leeward rays on the plane of symmetry. Due to the more efficient excitation of stationary crossflow vortices by surface roughness, a possible path to transition in such flows corresponds to rapid amplification of the high-frequency instabilities sustained in the presence of finite amplitude stationary crossflow vortices. This paper presents a computational analysis of crossflow instability over a 7-degree half-angle, yawed circular cone in a Mach 6 free stream. Specifically, the nonlinear evolution of an azimuthally localized crossflow vortex …

Local Prediction Of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Porosity By Short-Wave Infrared Imaging Thermal Feature Porosity Probability Maps, Cody S. Lough, Tao Liu, Xin Wang, Ben Brown, Robert G. Landers, Douglas A. Bristow, James A. Drallmeier, Edward C. Kinzel

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Local thermal history can significantly vary in parts during metal Additive Manufacturing (AM), leading to local defects. However, the sequential layer-by-layer nature of AM facilitates in-situ part voxelmetric observations that can be used to detect and correct these defects for part qualification and quality control. The challenge is to relate this local radiometric data with local defect information to estimate process error likelihood in future builds. This paper uses a Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) camera to record the temperature history for parts manufactured with Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) processes. The porosity from a cylindrical specimen is measured by ex-situ micro-computed …

Survivability Analysis In The Shadow Of Apollo: Part Ii - Spacecraft Charging Vulnerability Near The Stable Earth-Moon Lagrange Points, Robert A. Bettinger, Nathan R. Boone, Nicholas S. Hamilton, Bryan D. Little

Faculty Publications

Though the reality of routine travel and sustained operations in space likely remains several decades away, the building blocks of space exploration and space system development necessary to realize this reality are currently being laid by peer, near-peer, and emerging space-faring nations. The pursuance of sustained cislunar space operations will necessitate a renewed examination of spacecraft survivability and the capability of spacecraft to avoid and/or withstand the natural and manmade environmental risks posed by this “new” ultimate high ground.

Investigation Of The Low-Temperature Combustion Phenomena Of A Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Aerospace Fuel In A Constant Volume Combustion Chamber For Greenhouse Gas Reduction, Lily H. Parker

Honors College Theses

Greenhouse gases (GHG) have a harmful effect on our environment as they trap heat in the atmosphere accelerating climate change. As such, the Federal Aviation Administration’s 2025 strategic plan to reduce GHG emissions from air transportation. This call to action for a more environmentally friendly option highlights the importance of synthetic fuels as they are more sustainable compared to traditional fossil fuels. An investigation was conducted into the thermal-physical properties of Synthetic Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) and the Low Temperature Combustion (LTC). LTC is composed of the Low Temperature Heat Release (LTHR) and Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) region, …

Stochastic Model Predictive Control Via Fixed Structure Policies, Elias Wilson

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

In this work, the model predictive control problem is extended to include not only open-loop control sequences but also state-feedback control laws by directly optimizing parameters of a control policy. Additionally, continuous cost functions are developed to allow training of the control policy in making discrete decisions, which is typically done with model-free learning algorithms. This general control policy encompasses a wide class of functions and allows the optimization to occur both online and offline while adding robustness to unmodelled dynamics and outside disturbances. General formulations regarding nonlinear discrete-time dynamics and abstract cost functions are formed for both deterministic and …

Manufacturing Process Considerations When Transitioning From Thermoset To Thermoplastic Composite Material For Urban Air Mobility Propellers, Samuel Leonard Jones Iii

Theses and Dissertations

Aerospace manufacturing has seen continually increased use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers in aircraft structures. The favorable strength to weight ratios, as well as the increased resistance to fatigue and corrosion, compared to metallic structures, provide a common argument for further research and development of composite airframes. Two main classes of carbon fiber reinforced polymers can be distinguished, thermosetting polymers and thermoplastic polymers. Thermoset polymers have been relied on for decades for the ability to reliably produce strong laminates for aircraft structures. By comparison thermoplastic polymers experience less comparable utilization on primary structures despite boasting similar or greater performance capabilities …

The Effect Of Pre-Thermal And -Load Conditions On In-718 High Temperature Fatigue Life, Paulina De La Torre, Alberto Mello

Publications

Ni-based superalloys are largely used in the aerospace industry as critical components for turbine engines due to their excellent mechanical properties and fatigue resistance at high temperatures. A hypothesis to explain this atypical characteristic among metals is the presence of a cross-slip mechanism. Previous work on the role of thermal activation on cubic slip has shown strain accommodation in two sets of slip planes, which resembled the activation of {100} cubic slip systems along of the octahedral slip planes {111} in Ni-based superalloys under high strain and temperature, exhibiting a more homogeneous strain distribution and less strain localization. Following those …

Autonomous Design Of New Chemical Reactions Using A Variational Autoencoder, Terence Musho, Robert Tempke

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Artificial intelligence based chemistry models are a promising method of exploring chemical reaction design spaces. However, training datasets based on experimental synthesis are typically reported only for the optimal synthesis reactions. This leads to an inherited bias in the model predictions. Therefore, robust datasets that span the entirety of the solution space are necessary to remove inherited bias and permit complete training of the space. In this study, an artificial intelligence model based on a Variational AutoEncoder (VAE) has been developed and investigated to synthetically generate continuous datasets. The approach involves sampling the latent space to generate new chemical reactions. …

Standards-Compatible Smoke Points For Mono- And Un- Substituted Cycloalkane Fuel Components, Adekunle Vincent Adeniyi

Theses and Dissertations

Emissions from the aviation industry have increased significantly over the decades and may continue to pose an environmental threat. Accordingly, efforts are being made to replace conventional aviation fuels with more sustainable alternatives that can both reduce net CO2 emissions as well as reduce other pollutants (i.e., particulates). Conventional jet fuels include aromatic species, which have high sooting tendency. Therefore, to reduce particulate emissions, the fuel aromatics content must be reduced. Cycloalkanes have potential for replacing aromatics content in jet fuel but, compared to other broad classes of chemical species that make up conventional and alternative jet fuel, there is …

An Accurate And Computationally Efficient Method For Battery Capacity Fade Modeling, D. M. Ajiboye, Jonathan W. Kimball, R.(Robert) G. Landers, John (T.) Park

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Industry Demand for Accurate and Fast Algorithms that Model Vital Battery Parameters, E.g., State-Of-Health, State-Of-Charge, Pulse-Power Capability, is Substantial. One of the Most Critical Models is Battery Capacity Fade. the Key Challenge with Physics-Based Battery Capacity Fade Modeling is the High Numerical Cost in Solving Complex Models. in This Study, an Efficient and Fast Model is Presented to Capture Capacity Fade in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Here, the High-Order Chebyshev Spectral Method is Employed to Address the Associated Complexity with Physics-Based Capacity Fade Models. its Many Advantages, Such as Low Computational Memory, High Accuracy, Exponential Convergence, and Ease of Implementation, Allow …