Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Curriculum and Instruction (7543)
- Higher Education (6832)
- Higher Education and Teaching (6494)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (4787)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (4082)
-
- Educational Methods (3844)
- Educational Leadership (3794)
- Elementary Education and Teaching (3471)
- Science and Mathematics Education (3142)
- Secondary Education and Teaching (2862)
- Arts and Humanities (2804)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (2773)
- Junior High, Intermediate, Middle School Education and Teaching (2553)
- Other Teacher Education and Professional Development (2322)
- Other Education (2300)
- Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (2033)
- Higher Education Administration (1915)
- Pre-Elementary, Early Childhood, Kindergarten Teacher Education (1744)
- Educational Psychology (1626)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (1599)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (1573)
- Special Education and Teaching (1477)
- Online and Distance Education (1370)
- Disability and Equity in Education (1367)
- Elementary Education (1355)
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (1263)
- Secondary Education (1242)
- Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching (1230)
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (2072)
- Edith Cowan University (1372)
- Walden University (1265)
- Taylor University (847)
- Nova Southeastern University (805)
-
- Fort Hays State University (750)
- Western Michigan University (572)
- University of South Florida (546)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (542)
- University of New Mexico (530)
- Utah State University (493)
- Central Washington University (488)
- Bryn Mawr College (454)
- Eastern Illinois University (448)
- Illinois Math and Science Academy (417)
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville (417)
- Aga Khan University (413)
- Western Kentucky University (387)
- Georgia Southern University (381)
- Rowan University (379)
- Morehead State University (369)
- Universitas Negeri Malang (353)
- Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (347)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (338)
- California State University, San Bernardino (328)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (298)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (297)
- Old Dominion University (292)
- Illinois State University (287)
- Coastal Carolina University (279)
- Keyword
-
- Education (1867)
- Teacher education (926)
- Professional development (834)
- Higher education (617)
- Teaching (517)
-
- Teachers (376)
- Leadership (373)
- Teacher Education (319)
- Technology (303)
- Literacy (294)
- Pedagogy (281)
- Teacher preparation (268)
- Collaboration (259)
- Mathematics (256)
- Assessment (245)
- Professional Development (238)
- Curriculum (230)
- Self-efficacy (228)
- Mentoring (216)
- Child Nutrition (201)
- Diversity (198)
- Elementary education (195)
- Reading (195)
- Equity (188)
- STEM (185)
- Writing (184)
- Preservice teachers (180)
- Teacher training (177)
- Pre-service teachers (176)
- Learning (175)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Australian Journal of Teacher Education (1185)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (1146)
- Dissertations (781)
- Theses and Dissertations (771)
- Academic Leadership: The Online Journal (2003-2012) (723)
-
- To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development (500)
- Teacher Education, Educational Leadership & Policy ETDs (498)
- Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Faculty Publications (482)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (448)
- Teaching and Learning Together in Higher Education (436)
- Journal of Mathematics and Science: Collaborative Explorations (422)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (408)
- The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning (400)
- Professional Learning Day (367)
- Abraham S. Fischler College of Education and School of Criminal Justice College Archive (360)
- Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan (329)
- All Master's Theses (311)
- Growth: The Journal of the Association for Christians in Student Development (283)
- Research Days (279)
- MA TESOL Collection (273)
- UNL Faculty Course Portfolios (261)
- Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina (249)
- Faculty Research at Morehead State University (243)
- Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) (230)
- Masters Theses (215)
- Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education: Archives (206)
- Oral History Project (all interviews) (203)
- Institute for Educational Development, Karachi (193)
- The Councilor: A National Journal of the Social Studies (189)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (182)
- Publication Type
Articles 13411 - 13440 of 29395
Full-Text Articles in Teacher Education and Professional Development
Sound And Waves: An Integrated K–8 Hands‐On Approach Supporting The Ngss And Ccss Ela, Chih-Che Tai, Karin Keith, Laura Robertson, Renee Rice Moran
Sound And Waves: An Integrated K–8 Hands‐On Approach Supporting The Ngss And Ccss Ela, Chih-Che Tai, Karin Keith, Laura Robertson, Renee Rice Moran
ETSU Faculty Works
Receive practical ideas to build understanding about how to combine reading and hands-on activities as tools to understand the nature of wave movement.
Photosynthesis: An Integrated, Hands-On Approach Supporting The Ngss And Ccss Ela, Laura Robertson, Chih-Che Tai, Renee Rice Moran, Lashay Jennings, Kari Eubanks, S. Honeycutt
Photosynthesis: An Integrated, Hands-On Approach Supporting The Ngss And Ccss Ela, Laura Robertson, Chih-Che Tai, Renee Rice Moran, Lashay Jennings, Kari Eubanks, S. Honeycutt
ETSU Faculty Works
We will combine hands-on science investigations with supporting literacy activities to help students build conceptual models of photosynthesis.
Strategies To Support Secondary Ed And Mat Candidates, Terryl Rock
Strategies To Support Secondary Ed And Mat Candidates, Terryl Rock
ETSU Faculty Works
No abstract provided.
Grouping Structures Of Gifted And High Achieving Middle School Students: Teacher Perceptions And Data Analysis Of The Impact Of Grouping, April Leigh Smith
Grouping Structures Of Gifted And High Achieving Middle School Students: Teacher Perceptions And Data Analysis Of The Impact Of Grouping, April Leigh Smith
Theses and Dissertations
In this mixed methods study on teacher perceptions and data related to the impact of grouping structures on middle school gifted and high achieving students, the researcher addresses the gap in literature relating to recent gifted grouping research in rural areas. The study took place in two middle schools of a rural school district in Georgia. A sequential explanatory design was applied to survey responses and focus group data regarding teacher perception of grouping; a comparative ex post facto design was applied to state-issued end of year assessment results and analyzed for trends regarding grouping for gifted and high achieving …
2017 Ijbe Front Matter, Tamra Connor
2017 Ijbe Front Matter, Tamra Connor
International Journal for Business Education
- Editorial Board
- President's Letter
- SIEC-ISBE International
Preparing Teachers In English Language Arts: Mentor Teachers Speak, Lindsay J. Jeffers
Preparing Teachers In English Language Arts: Mentor Teachers Speak, Lindsay J. Jeffers
Dissertations
This narrative inquiry case study brings the voices of mentor teachers into the discourse of English language arts teacher preparation. In a series of interviews, mentor teachers discuss the challenges faced by student teachers, the pedagogical content knowledge needed to teach secondary ELA, and the relationship between secondary schools and universities.
The first theme explores the challenges that are faced by student teachers. Mentor teachers spoke about the difficulty of making the transition from student to secondary teacher and learning how to put theory into practice in their classrooms. They also considered the challenge of student teachers engaging diverse groups …
Cultural Institutions As Partners In Initial Elementary Science Teacher Preparation, Lara Smetana, Daniel Birmingham, Heidi Rouleau, Jenna Carlson, Shannon Phillips
Cultural Institutions As Partners In Initial Elementary Science Teacher Preparation, Lara Smetana, Daniel Birmingham, Heidi Rouleau, Jenna Carlson, Shannon Phillips
Education: School of Education Faculty Publications and Other Works
Despite an increased recognition of the role that ‘informal’ learning spaces (e.g. museums, aquariums, other cultural institutions) have in children’s science education (NRC, 2015), there remains a gap between the goals and values of ‘informal’ and ‘formal’ (i.e. school-based) learning sectors. Moreover, the potential for informal spaces and institutions to also play a role in initial teacher preparation is only beginning to be realized. Here, we present our Science Teacher Learning Ecosystem model and explain how it frames the design of our elementary science teacher education coursework. We then use this framework to describe learning experiences that are collaboratively planned …
Exploring Culturally Relevant Leadership Practices: A Qualitative Case Study Of One Eastern Virginia High School, Donna Weingand
Exploring Culturally Relevant Leadership Practices: A Qualitative Case Study Of One Eastern Virginia High School, Donna Weingand
Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Theses & Dissertations
There is a need for equity in our schools—especially with respect to the impact of equity on student achievement—and it is important for educational leaders to not only identify issues of teachers’ cultural and ethnic biases in the classroom, but for educational leaders to feel comfortable tackling these issues in an effort to move toward a more socially just educational climate and culture. The purpose of this study was to not only identify how and to what extent culturally relevant instruction and leadership practices manifest in one Southeastern Virginia School, but also the ways that school leaders foster a culturally …
The Impact Of Racial Equity Coaching On White Educators’ Personal Growth And Professional Practice, Gretchen Baglyos
The Impact Of Racial Equity Coaching On White Educators’ Personal Growth And Professional Practice, Gretchen Baglyos
School of Education and Leadership Student Capstone Theses and Dissertations
The author’s research inquiry was: How does racial equity coaching impact White educators’ personal growth and professional practice? This originated from the fact that White educators comprised the majority of Minnesota’s teaching force, and, therefore, bore great responsibility for eliminating racial achievement disparities between White students and students of color. Racial equity coaching personally impacted participants by increasing their racial consciousness, equipping them with tools for racial discourse, motivating them to initiate race-based conversations, and strengthening their voices in the struggle for racial equity. Professionally, racial equity coaching impacted participants by increasing their will to disrupt patterns of systemic racism, …
Communities Of Practice In Higher Education: Transformative Dialogues Toward A Productive Academic Writing Practice, Janelle De Carrico Voegele, Dannelle D. Stevens
Communities Of Practice In Higher Education: Transformative Dialogues Toward A Productive Academic Writing Practice, Janelle De Carrico Voegele, Dannelle D. Stevens
Curriculum and Instruction Faculty Publications and Presentations
Because faculty have advanced degrees, it is often assumed that they have perfected the skills needed to be productive, successful academic writers. In reality, many faculty struggle with the demands of academic writing and the resulting loss of energy for teaching and other aspects of their roles. This article reflects on the impact of an academic writing program through a community-of-practice lens. We describe the program and its elements, its development into a thriving cross-discipline writing community, the role of central program elements such as accountability and dialogue, and the benefits stemming from a learning-community emphasis across program elements
Awareness And Use Of Electronic Health Records In Entry-Level Occupational Therapy And Occupational Therapy Assistant Curricula, Louis F. Dmytryk, Tina M. Deangelis
Awareness And Use Of Electronic Health Records In Entry-Level Occupational Therapy And Occupational Therapy Assistant Curricula, Louis F. Dmytryk, Tina M. Deangelis
The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy
The Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) requires programs to instruct entry-level occupational therapy (OT) and occupational therapy assistant (OTA) students in technology that may include electronic documentation systems, distance communication, virtual environments, and telehealth (standard B1.8). At this time, there are no publications describing if and how electronic health record (EHR) instruction is implemented in entry-level OT and OTA programs. The purpose of this study is to investigate awareness and use of EHRs in entry-level OT and OTA curricula. Respondents from 76 nationally accredited entry-level programs (two OT doctoral, 24 OT masters, two OT combined bachelors/masters, and 48 …
Exploring The Activity Of Daily Living Of Sexual Activity: A Survey In Occupational Therapy Education, Helene L. Lohman, Alexandra Kobrin, Wen-Pin Chang
Exploring The Activity Of Daily Living Of Sexual Activity: A Survey In Occupational Therapy Education, Helene L. Lohman, Alexandra Kobrin, Wen-Pin Chang
The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy
This study aimed to query occupational therapy educators in professional programs in the United States about the amount of time spent addressing sexual activity and the type and depth of education related to sexual activity. The study aims to inform educators about how sexual activity is taught. A cross-sectional survey research design was used with both closed- and open-ended questions. A total of 51 educators participated. An average of 3.5 hr was spent teaching sexual activity. Many of the participants were comfortable teaching sexual activity. However, some reported that sexual activity was often an overlooked topic in occupational therapy curriculum …
Making The Best Better: Assessing The Professional Development Needs Of Kentucky 4-H Agents, Charles E. Stamper
Making The Best Better: Assessing The Professional Development Needs Of Kentucky 4-H Agents, Charles E. Stamper
Morehead State Theses and Dissertations
A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the College of Education at Morehead State University by Charles E. Stamper on March 31, 2017.
Learning Analytics: Shifting From Theory To Practice., Courtney Stewart
Learning Analytics: Shifting From Theory To Practice., Courtney Stewart
Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence
As online and blended learning continues to increase in higher education, so does the amount of data that is housed within Learning Management Systems that can be analyzed and processed within the framework of Learning Analytics. Learning Analytics is a new and developing field. As with many new fields of study, a gap between theory and practice is evident. Some attribute this gap to the lack of situating learning analytics within learning theory. In order for Learning Analytics to find interest and usability among educators, a shift is needed from the technical use to practical application. In this theoretical paper …
Building Positive Student-Instructor Interactions: Engaging Students Through Caring Leadership In The Classroom, Oscar J. Solis, Windi D. Turner
Building Positive Student-Instructor Interactions: Engaging Students Through Caring Leadership In The Classroom, Oscar J. Solis, Windi D. Turner
Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence
When instructing and managing classrooms in university settings, instructors face numerous challenges such as student disengagement and managing course expectations. In this article, we offer new and revised techniques and strategies to engage students through the art of caring leadership. We accomplish this through three defining characteristics: knowing students’ names, managing course expectations, and the use of technology. These intentional strategies create positive student-instructor interactions in both small and large classrooms which in turn enhances student learning and engagement.
Amplify Your Teaching Impact: Capitalizing On 1-On-1 Instruction, Abby D. Benninghoff
Amplify Your Teaching Impact: Capitalizing On 1-On-1 Instruction, Abby D. Benninghoff
Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence
The objective of this essay, which is based on a keynote presentation delivered at the 2016 Empowering Teaching Excellence Conference at Utah State University, is to address this central question: how faculty can make a positive, substantive impact on students through 1-on-1 instruction? The consensus answer derived from experiences and anecdotes offered by this author, her colleagues, and students is to be deliberate in 1-on-1 interactions with students. This simple message is expanded through discussion of 10 key concepts that can help faculty amplify their teaching impact: 1) be available, 2) help students feel comfortable, 3) be a model, 4) …
Full Issue: Journal On Empowering Teaching Excellence, Volume 1, Issue 1
Full Issue: Journal On Empowering Teaching Excellence, Volume 1, Issue 1
Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence
For our inaugural issue, we reviewed the feedback from our 2016 ETE faculty conference—an event for USU faculty hosted every August on the USU main campus. We identified several of the presenters who received high marks in post-session surveys and invited them to submit a proceedings paper for their presentation. Many responded, and their papers now comprise the majority of this issue. Because most of the articles began as stand-up presentations for a conference, several adopt a first-person narrative style in which the authors share examples of things they have tried in their teaching that have worked. In the process …
The Dynamics Of The L2 Motivational Self System Among Saudi Study Abroad Students, Fahad Alharbi
The Dynamics Of The L2 Motivational Self System Among Saudi Study Abroad Students, Fahad Alharbi
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Adult second language acquisition takes time over an extended period of time during which the L2 motivation of learners goes through periods of ups and downs. Dörnyei, MacIntyre and Henry (2015) recognized the inherently dynamic nature of L2 motivation and called for adopting the Complex Dynamic System Theory (CDST) when studying this phenomenon. While using a CDST perspective, this mixed method study drew on Dörnyei’s (2009b) model of the Motivational Self System to examine the L2 motivation of 86 Saudi study-abroad students. Also, the construct of the Anti-ought to Self (Thompson, 2015) and aspects of the Appraisal Theory (Schumann, 2001) …
Impacting Learning For 21st Century Students: A Phenomenological Study Of Higher Education Faculty Utilizing A Service Learning Approach, Christina D. Marshall
Impacting Learning For 21st Century Students: A Phenomenological Study Of Higher Education Faculty Utilizing A Service Learning Approach, Christina D. Marshall
Dissertations
Higher education has been increasing its focus on service as a way to make connections. One effective model for integrating the community in an educationally meaningful way is service learning. Service learning creates a practical experience where students learn and problem solve in the context of their lives and communities. However, not all faculty are buying into the benefits of incorporating service learning in the curriculum as it is both time and energy intensive. If service learning is to be implemented and sustained as part of the curriculum, faculty must be dedicated to its success.
The purpose of this phenomenological …
National Board Certified Teacher Incentive Bonuses: Senate Bill 555, Sarah C. Mckenzie, Gary W. Ritter
National Board Certified Teacher Incentive Bonuses: Senate Bill 555, Sarah C. Mckenzie, Gary W. Ritter
Policy Briefs
National Board Certification is a voluntary process that, according to the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, certifies that they “have developed and demonstrated the advanced knowledge, skills, and practices required of an outstanding educator.” Currently, National Board Certified (NBC) teachers in an Arkansas public school receive an annual bonus of $5,000 for up to 10 years. In this brief, we examine NBC in Arkansas and Senate Bill 555, which proposes the modification and enhancement of NBC incentive bonuses for teachers receiving certification after January 2018.
Exploring Teacher Assessment Literacy Through The Process Of Training Teachers To Write Assessment Items, Heather Peltier Wright
Exploring Teacher Assessment Literacy Through The Process Of Training Teachers To Write Assessment Items, Heather Peltier Wright
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the process and impact of assessment training content and delivery mode on the quality of assessment items developed by the teachers in a two-year assessment development project. Teacher characteristics were examined as potential moderating factors. Four types of delivery mode were employed in the project: synchronous online, asynchronous online, in-person workshop, and blended (a combination of online and in-person training). The quality of assessment items developed by participating teachers was measured via: 1) item acceptance rate, 2) number of item reviews (as an indicator of how many times accepted items were rejected …
The Influence Of Technology On Teaching Practices At A Catholic School, Meredith Jc Swallow
The Influence Of Technology On Teaching Practices At A Catholic School, Meredith Jc Swallow
Journal of Catholic Education
Supporting twenty-first century skill development calls for necessary changes in teaching practices to encourage contemporary learning outcomes. Research points toward technology integration as a catalyst for supporting shifting pedagogies necessary to enhance learning. As many Catholic educators and leaders are attempting to re-shape Catholic school learning for the twenty-first century, the Catholic school context provides a unique opportunity to understand technology integration and teaching practices. To address the need of understanding the development of teaching practices of Catholic educators in a digital age, this qualitative multiple-case study examines teaching practices of four middle-level Catholic school educators during a one-to-one technology …
A Qualitative Study Of Veteran Students' Perspectives Of Their Academic Experiences, Beatrice L. Smith
A Qualitative Study Of Veteran Students' Perspectives Of Their Academic Experiences, Beatrice L. Smith
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to describe and explain Veteran students’ perspectives on academic success as they enter or reenter the university setting. Recent research applied to Veteran students has focused on social integration and to a lesser extent on academic integration and student success. For this qualitative study grounded in social constructivism, the primary method of data collection was the recording, transcription, and analysis of oral interviews with 11 Veteran students. The findings were aligned to the theoretical framework which was adapted from Tinto’s Conditions for Student Success (2012). The results contribute to the current body of scholarly …
Nurses' Attitudes Toward Death: Examining The Relationship With Background And Palliative Education And Training Variables, Julie Dawn Vognsen
Nurses' Attitudes Toward Death: Examining The Relationship With Background And Palliative Education And Training Variables, Julie Dawn Vognsen
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to describe Registered Nurses’ attitudes toward death and their perspectives on education and training related to death and end-of-life patient care. A complementary goal was to determine whether nurses’ attitudes and perspectives are associated with background variables. The three attitudes toward death included anxiety, escape, and neutral attitudes. The background variables of the nurses included formal educational level, age, gender, ethnicity, years of nursing practice, state of residence, and area of nursing practice.
A survey including four sections was used for data collection. The first section of the survey utilized an established 32-item survey …
Editor's Introduction, Michael M. Grant
Editor's Introduction, Michael M. Grant
Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning
No abstract provided.
Call For Special Issue Proposals, Michael M. Grant
Call For Special Issue Proposals, Michael M. Grant
Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning
IJPBL is seeking proposals for upcoming special issues in 2018 and 2019.
What Does It Mean To Be A Service-Learning Teacher? - An Autoethnography, Kristy Causey Verdi
What Does It Mean To Be A Service-Learning Teacher? - An Autoethnography, Kristy Causey Verdi
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This personal narrative autoethnography of my lived experiences as a middle-school service-learning course teacher has helped me solve a personal mystery and present an important perspective for the K-12 service-learning field. With an eye on revealing a unique service-learning classroom concept to educational leaders, enhancing middle level teacher education, and hopes of providing greater opportunities for advancing research on service learning in K-12 education, this study has also aided me in understanding my professional self and my subjective educational theory through a personal interpretive framework (Kelchtermans, 1993, 1999, 2009). Using autoethnography (Ellis, 2004; Ellis & Bochner, 2006) as a method …
Alternative Facts: Learning Only Happens In The Classroom, Jessica Martin, Amy Phillips, Clarissa Elmore
Alternative Facts: Learning Only Happens In The Classroom, Jessica Martin, Amy Phillips, Clarissa Elmore
Winthrop Conference on Teaching and Learning
Just as learning occurs in the classroom, it also occurs out of the classroom. In Winthrop University’s Department of Residence Life, professional and student staff instructs residential students in the “laboratory of life” with emphases on civility, integrity, communication, conflict management, and community building. With an increased demand from employers looking for students with strong soft skills and the ability to communicate with others, the value of a residential education cannot be overstated. Residential Learning Coordinators get to facilitate this out-of-the-classroom learning regularly. Attend this session to discover ways that Residence Life professional staff blends students’ academic and residential lives …
Teaching Teachers: Targeted Professional Development For Adjunct Faculty, Laura A. Tamberelli, Kim Buch, Caryl Gordon
Teaching Teachers: Targeted Professional Development For Adjunct Faculty, Laura A. Tamberelli, Kim Buch, Caryl Gordon
Winthrop Conference on Teaching and Learning
Adjunct faculty are a growing and significant portion of teaching faculty at Universities across the United States. They are, however, vastly different from the traditional faculty member in terms of their needs, challenges, goals, and professional development options within their respective role and department. The proposed session would discuss the results of an adjunct faculty needs assessment conducted at UNC Charlotte. Additionally, it would present the steps that have since been taken to better serve adjuncts at this institution in terms of clarity, communication, networking, and professional development. Initial responses from department heads and adjunct faculty will also be discussed …
Cultivating Academic Habits Of Mind: Key Skills For Collegiate Success, Katarina Moyon, Amanda Hiner, Kelly Richardson
Cultivating Academic Habits Of Mind: Key Skills For Collegiate Success, Katarina Moyon, Amanda Hiner, Kelly Richardson
Winthrop Conference on Teaching and Learning
The value of a 21st-century college education comes from the expectation that college graduates are cognitively prepared to deal with complexity, change, and diversity through the application of transferable and practical skills such as written and oral communication and analytic problem-solving. Winthrop University’s General Education Core, consisting of three specific courses completed by all students, provides a shared intellectual experience for students and equips them with powerful, college-level tools in critical reading, critical thinking, and academic writing. Moreover, the Core cultivates valuable academic habits of mind that are particularly valuable in a today’s dynamic world where college graduates …