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2018

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Articles 1 - 30 of 42

Full-Text Articles in Latin American Literature

The Heart Of A Zombie: Dominican Literature's Sentient Undead, Emily A. Maguire Dec 2018

The Heart Of A Zombie: Dominican Literature's Sentient Undead, Emily A. Maguire

Alambique. Revista académica de ciencia ficción y fantasía / Jornal acadêmico de ficção científica e fantasía

A formerly human being that has been separated from its human consciousness, the has always been marked as more dead than alive. Yet in recent cultural production, another kind of zombie has emerged, what we might call the “sentient undead.” In these recent narratives, the undead protagonist is conscious of his or her inhumanity/non-humanness, along with the marginality of this position, and his or her potential “redemption” or return to humanity is often what drives the plot. Although the sentient zombie’s outsider position can function as a meditation on the social mores that make up human behavior, it also allows …


Postcolonial Pandemics And Undead Revolutions: Contagion As Resistance In Con Z De Zombie And Juan De Los Muertos, Sara A. Potter Dec 2018

Postcolonial Pandemics And Undead Revolutions: Contagion As Resistance In Con Z De Zombie And Juan De Los Muertos, Sara A. Potter

Alambique. Revista académica de ciencia ficción y fantasía / Jornal acadêmico de ficção científica e fantasía

Argentinian director Alejandro Brugués’s 2011 Cuban-Spanish film Juan de los muertos and Mexican playwright Pedro Valencia’s 2013 play Con Z de zombie spring from similar roots: both initially place the blame for each country’s zombie apocalypse at the feet of the United States. In Brugués’s film, the accusation is clear but never proven: news reports interspersed through the film state that the country is being invaded by “dissidents” paid by the U.S. government, though there is no political or military U.S. presence in the film beyond the symbolic presence of the country’s flag. In Valencia’s Mexico, the cause is entirely …


Jewish Mysticism From Borges To Cirlot: A Transatlantic Approach To The Possibility Of A Non-Subject Subjectivity, Erika Martínez Dec 2018

Jewish Mysticism From Borges To Cirlot: A Transatlantic Approach To The Possibility Of A Non-Subject Subjectivity, Erika Martínez

CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture

In her article “Jewish Mysticism from Borges to Cirlot,” Erika Martínez discusses the form in which some Latin American and Spanish poets of the twentieth century have experimented, in a disruptive way, with the subjective possibilities of stillness and of time capable of overflowing. Foucault defended, in his last lectures, the construction of a new governmentality of self and of others. Among the many possible technologies to achieve it would be that of the writing of a poetry without words, knowing the insurrectional potentiality of silence. This provides us with a possible starting point for reading the post-secular revision of …


Gaspar Octavio Hernández, Un Poeta Modernista, Karina Ayodele Clarke Murrain Nov 2018

Gaspar Octavio Hernández, Un Poeta Modernista, Karina Ayodele Clarke Murrain

Department of Modern Languages and Literatures: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Panama is known empirically for its geography, climate and natural environment, so it is not surprising that the Afro-Panamanian writer and journalist, Gaspar Octavio Hernández (1893-1918) uses climate and natural conditions as inspirations for his writing. As a modernista, it is entirely plausible that Hernández was attracted to and compelled by both the process and the production of writing poetry. As we approach his work critically, it is evident that Hernández explores nature in his work and his acknowledgment thereof is the principal motivation of his poetry. From this point, Hernández establishes not only a framework for exploring themes …


Hombres En Movimiento: Masculinidades Españolas En Los Exilios Y Emigraciones, 1939–1999, Iker González-Allende Nov 2018

Hombres En Movimiento: Masculinidades Españolas En Los Exilios Y Emigraciones, 1939–1999, Iker González-Allende

Purdue University Press Book Previews

Hombres en movimiento: Masculinidades españolas en los exilios y emigraciones, 1939–1999, de Iker González-Allende, es el primer estudio detallado de cómo el exilio y la emigración influyen en la masculinidad de los hombres españoles, tanto heterosexuales como homosexuales, que se ven obligados a abandonar su país. En el libro, González-Allende analiza la literatura producida por escritores españoles que desde 1939 hasta finales del siglo XX han experimentado el exilio o la emigración, cubriendo tres momentos históricos: el largo exilio republicano como consecuencia de la Guerra Civil Española (1936–1939), la emigración a Europa durante la década de 1960 debido a …


Desasosiego En La Ciudad Neoliberal: Reflexiones En Torno A La Poesía Peruana Urbana Contemporánea, Ilka Kressner Sep 2018

Desasosiego En La Ciudad Neoliberal: Reflexiones En Torno A La Poesía Peruana Urbana Contemporánea, Ilka Kressner

Languages, Literatures and Cultures Faculty Scholarship

El presente estudio investiga la presentación de espacios cotidianos urbanos marcados por prácticas del neoliberalismo en las obras de las tres poetas peruanas contemporáneas Roxana Crisólogo, Victoria Guerrero y Ericka Ghersi. Los espacios invocados en sus poemas, que a menudo se vuelven los protagonistas directos o indirectos de los textos, marcan a sus habitantes imponiéndoles un perpetuo desasosiego. El poema resultante se aventura a frenar la precipitación sistémica impuesta a través de una reflexión individual en el aquí y ahora de su escribir y leer.

This essay explores the presentation of everyday urban spaces marked by neoliberal practices in a …


Ansiedades Épico-Criollas Y El Mecenazgo De Indias En El Arauco Domado De Pedro De Oña, Andrea L. Fernandez Sep 2018

Ansiedades Épico-Criollas Y El Mecenazgo De Indias En El Arauco Domado De Pedro De Oña, Andrea L. Fernandez

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Among the characteristics of epic poetry are the topic of war, love encounters, heroism of exemplary individuals, and the narration of events contemporary to the audience to reinforce a collective historical identity. Arauco domado by Pedro de Oña, born in Angol (modern Chile), reiterates these traditional expectations with its protagonist, characters, setting, and latter theatrical representations within the viceregal context. The poem was made possible by the sponsorship of García Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique, IV Marquis of Cañete and Viceroy of Peru. If the title of “espíritu cesarino novelo” [Caesar’s new spirit] (V.76.3) corresponds to the patron, Pedro de …


El Narcotráfico Como Realidad Y Representación En La Narrativa De Germán Castro Caycedo, Edgar Augusto Verastegui Sep 2018

El Narcotráfico Como Realidad Y Representación En La Narrativa De Germán Castro Caycedo, Edgar Augusto Verastegui

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

The work of the Colombian author Germán Castro Caycedo (Bogotá, 1944) has produced some of Colombia's most widely read non-fiction works during the last five decades. Among other intellectuals, his work represents a post-1970s Colombian society conditioned by the complex issue of drugs and drug trafficking, which were the by-products of a socio-historical process since the beginning of the 20th century. The present investigation examines journalistic articles, essays and non-fiction narrative by Castro Caycedo to study how they articulate a privileged knowledge about the perception and signification of the phenomenon of drug trafficking. From a merely anecdotal and marginal activity, …


Haunted Stories, Haunted Selves: Ghosts In Latin American Jewish Literature, Charlotte Gartenberg Sep 2018

Haunted Stories, Haunted Selves: Ghosts In Latin American Jewish Literature, Charlotte Gartenberg

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This study approaches haunting in Latin American Jewish Literature from the 1990s through the 2010s as it appears in works by and featuring the descendants of Jewish immigrants. In these decades, this trope is frequently invoked as both a literary metaphor and a critical lens. It arises from and activates a number of themes common in trauma studies and in postmodernism, such as loss, the transmission of memory, our relationships to the past, the rupturing of traditional realities and questions of what can be known and represented. It is particularly prevalent amongst those who pen and protagonize the works examined …


Las Novelas De La Violencia Y La Revolución En La Formación Del Frente Nacional En Colombia Y El Estado Revolucionario Mexicano, Luis J. Henao Uribe Sep 2018

Las Novelas De La Violencia Y La Revolución En La Formación Del Frente Nacional En Colombia Y El Estado Revolucionario Mexicano, Luis J. Henao Uribe

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

In the face of the social and political crises that were both cause and consequence of the Mexican Revolution and the period in Colombia known as “la Violencia”, two state projects were consolidated and dominated the field of power throughout the 20th century. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in Mexico and the bipartisan coalition of the National Front in Colombia made use of the notions of revolution and violence, respectively, to legitimize their nation projects. This project investigates the role of the novel in the formation of these two new founding myths, from the urgent literary works that were written …


El Negro Y El Haitiano En La Literatura Dominicana De La Diáspora, Juan Nicolás Tineo Sep 2018

El Negro Y El Haitiano En La Literatura Dominicana De La Diáspora, Juan Nicolás Tineo

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This thesis analyzes the diverse representations of blackness and Haitian culture in the literary works of the Dominican diaspora. First, the texts of the Dominican diaspora that highlight Africa are analyzed in order to determine to what extent these works represent real historical and social phenomena accurately, and in what ways these texts question or present other realities that have not been studied by the critics. It may be said that the writers of the diaspora allude to their African heritage because it was in the United States that they discovered their true racial identities. It is because of this …


Sp 313 Borges And Cortazar, Araceli Tinajero Aug 2018

Sp 313 Borges And Cortazar, Araceli Tinajero

Open Educational Resources

En este curso haremos lecturas detenidas de ensayos, poemas y cuentos de Jorge Luis Borges y Julio Cortázar. Los estudiantes tendrán la oportunidad de ver una película, varios videos y también podrán escuchar lecturas hechas por los autores mismos. Los estudiantes elegirán uno o dos textos de los autores para hacer un trabajo de investigación. La lectura en voz alta será importante en esta clase; por lo tanto, se espera que los estudiantes graben uno o dos textos de los autores y los hagan públicos para el acervo digital universal.


From Borderlands To Border Islands: Intersections Between Anzaldúa's Chicana Feminist Theory And U.S. Latina Literature From The Hispanic Caribbean, Cristina Gonzalez Martin Jul 2018

From Borderlands To Border Islands: Intersections Between Anzaldúa's Chicana Feminist Theory And U.S. Latina Literature From The Hispanic Caribbean, Cristina Gonzalez Martin

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis studies three texts by three U.S. Latina authors from the Hispanic Caribbean through the lens of Chicana feminist border theory. The works analyzed are How the García Girls Lost Their Accents (1991) by Dominican author Julia Alvarez, Dreaming in Cuban (1992) by Cuban-American novelist Cristina García, and the memoir Almost a Woman (1998) by Puerto Rican author Esmeralda Santiago. The theoretical framework used is Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. The objective is to show how these texts manifest the formation of a hybrid, diasporic, in-between identity that corresponds with Anzaldúa’s definition of mestiza consciousness or la …


Activismo, Literatura Y Cambio Social En El Caribe Hispano: Aproximación En Tres Movimientos, Maria Alejandra Aguilar Dornelles Jun 2018

Activismo, Literatura Y Cambio Social En El Caribe Hispano: Aproximación En Tres Movimientos, Maria Alejandra Aguilar Dornelles

Languages, Literatures and Cultures Faculty Scholarship

Este ensayo convoca a la reflexión de los vínculos entre literatura, activismo y cambio social en el Caribe hispano privilegiando ciertas intervenciones lideradas por mujeres, las cuales han contribuido a la defensa de mejores condiciones de vida y a un pacto social más equitativo. Teniendo en cuenta la diversidad y movilidad que caracteriza a la región caribeña, esta reflexión comienza examinando las organizaciones feministas autónomas que surgieron en la década del 70 en Puerto Rico para luego desplazarse hacia el trabajo de cuestionamiento a la historia planteado por la poesía de Aída Cartagena Portalatín en República Dominicana, concluyendo con una …


Storytelling Through Movement: An Analysis Of The Connections Between Dance & Literature, Zoe Hester May 2018

Storytelling Through Movement: An Analysis Of The Connections Between Dance & Literature, Zoe Hester

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Movement and storytelling are the links between past and present; both dance and literature have the same artistic and primal origins. We began to dance to express and communicate, to worship and feel. We tell stories for the same reasons: to learn from the past and to be able to communicate in the present.

This work explores the many connections between literature and dance through examinations of six dance forms: Native American, Bharatanatyam, West African, Ballet, Modern, and Post-Modern dance.


El Tango Y La Cultura Popular En La Reciente Narrativa Argentina, Monica A. Agrest May 2018

El Tango Y La Cultura Popular En La Reciente Narrativa Argentina, Monica A. Agrest

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

The aim of this doctoral thesis is to show that Tango as scenario, background, atmosphere or lending its stanzas and language, helps determine the tone and even the sentiment of disappointment and nostalgia, which are in much of Argentine recent narrative. In addition, this thesis aims, to answer questions like: How is it possible for Tango to transform itself into a literary component, and to be considered essential to Argentinean identity? Which of its characteristics allow it to provide literary language, atmosphere and even inspiration to the narrative’s creative process? How is the intertextual dialogue between its lyrics and the …


The Other At War: Performing The Spanish-Cuban-American War On U.S. And Cuban Stages, Juan R. Recondo May 2018

The Other At War: Performing The Spanish-Cuban-American War On U.S. And Cuban Stages, Juan R. Recondo

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

The Spanish-Cuban-American War, declared by the United States on April 25, 1898, marks a colonial shift in the history of the Caribbean and solidified the expansionist thrust of the United States outside national borders. Theatres in turn-of-the-century New York, which at this point was one of the theatrical centers of the nation, debated for audiences the imperialist character of the U.S. The Cuban struggle and the resulting Spanish-Cuban-American War permeated U.S. drama, thereby portraying a Caribbean in need of salvation by the military intervention of the United States. New York stages of the time became locations where various cultural representations …


Artesana De Sí Misma: Gabriela Mistral, Una Intelectual En Cuerpo Y Palabra, Claudia Cabello Hutt Apr 2018

Artesana De Sí Misma: Gabriela Mistral, Una Intelectual En Cuerpo Y Palabra, Claudia Cabello Hutt

Purdue University Press Book Previews

Artesana de sí misma by Claudia Cabello Hutt reevaluates the place of Nobel laureate Gabriela Mistral in the literary and intellectual history of Latin America, illuminating and filling a number of lingering voids in the study of this canonical figure. Cabello Hutt introduces readers to Mistral’s vast but scarcely studied journalistic prose as well as her unpublished manuscripts, letters, and images held in the United States and in newly opened Chilean archives. Moving beyond her amply discussed poetry, Cabello Hutt demonstrates that Mistral’s essays, visual representations, and gender performance are key to understanding Mistral’s self-construction as a Latin American female …


Gabriel Celaya: Vanguardia Y Rehumanización, Ramón Muñiz Sarmiento Apr 2018

Gabriel Celaya: Vanguardia Y Rehumanización, Ramón Muñiz Sarmiento

Vernacular: New Connections in Language, Literature, & Culture

En este trabajo se analizan, a través de una selección de textos poéticos, las dos etapas fundamentales del poeta vasco. Gabriel Celaya comienza su producción lírica bajo el amparo y la influencia de la estética vanguardista, aspecto que posteriormente cambia, teniendo en cuenta el proceso de rehumanización que vive la poesía española e hispánica en sentido general a partir de la década de 1930. Con una visión trasatlántica, intento comparar los poemas de Celaya con los de sus contemporáneos españoles y latinoamericanos, con el fin de establecer un parangón entre él y sus colegas, y así explicar las diferentes influencias …


El Criollo Y La Esclavitud En Cecilia Valdés O La Loma Del Ángel: Potencia, Resistencia Y Empoderamiento, Elvira Aballí Morell Apr 2018

El Criollo Y La Esclavitud En Cecilia Valdés O La Loma Del Ángel: Potencia, Resistencia Y Empoderamiento, Elvira Aballí Morell

Vernacular: New Connections in Language, Literature, & Culture

En “El criollo y la esclavitud en Cecilia Valdés o la Loma del Ángel: potencia, resistencia y empoderamiento” analizo las concepciones de lo criollo, principalmente desde el mestizaje en Cecilia Valdés (1882) de Cirilo Villaverde. Propongo una lectura diferenciada de lo criollo, teniendo en consideración que la exégesis de lo criollo desde los predios de lo caribeño presenta algunas divergencias con relación al concepto de lo criollo manejado para la masa continental. Privilegio, igualmente, una concepción de lo criollo desde lo femenino. Creo que una obra como Cecilia Valdés posee suficiente valor historiográfico como para demostrar que existe una …


La Ciudad Como Espacio De La Marginalidad: Un Acercamiento Crítico A Un Oso Rojo, Mariana Pensa Apr 2018

La Ciudad Como Espacio De La Marginalidad: Un Acercamiento Crítico A Un Oso Rojo, Mariana Pensa

South East Coastal Conference on Languages & Literatures (SECCLL)

Nos proponemos realizar un análisis del film argentino Un oso rojo (2002, dirigido por Israel Adrián Caetano). Un punto de entrada para el análisis nos remite al concepto mismo de lo que es una ciudad, tal como Lewis Mumford lo expone en su canónico artículo “What is a city?”. Si la ciudad se constituye, al decir de Mumford, en espacio simbólico de “unidad colectiva”, en donde los hombres realizan sus actividades mas “útiles”, las preguntas a las que nos llevan estos conceptos serán ¿cuál es el estatuto de una ciudad recorrida por la violencia? ¿Cómo el espacio refiere y significa …


Seccll Conference Program 2018, Georgia Southern University Apr 2018

Seccll Conference Program 2018, Georgia Southern University

South East Coastal Conference on Languages & Literatures (SECCLL)

Conference Program


“La Culpa Es De Los Tlaxcaltecas”: Gender, The Burden Of Blame, And A Re-Examination Of The Myth Of La Malinche, Erin M. Lanza Apr 2018

“La Culpa Es De Los Tlaxcaltecas”: Gender, The Burden Of Blame, And A Re-Examination Of The Myth Of La Malinche, Erin M. Lanza

Student Publications

This paper explores Elena Garro’s short story “La culpa es de los tlaxcaltecas.” Supplementing close readings with analyses drawn from relevant authors and theorists, I highlight the key ideas regarding gender, identity, memory, and history that Garro weaves into her text, and I consider Garro’s emphasis on patriarchal control, the internalization of female culpability for the Spanish Conquest of Mexico, and women’s role in constructing and reconstructing historical discourses. By travelling into her own and Mexico’s past, Laura Aldama, one of the main female protagonists in the story, not only challenges gendered histories but also reveals how patriarchal thought continues …


Historias Que No Fueron: La Ucronía, El Steampunk Y La Reinvención Del Segundo Imperio Mexicano En “La Bestia Ha Muerto” De Bernardo Fernández (Bef), Brian Price Mar 2018

Historias Que No Fueron: La Ucronía, El Steampunk Y La Reinvención Del Segundo Imperio Mexicano En “La Bestia Ha Muerto” De Bernardo Fernández (Bef), Brian Price

Alambique. Revista académica de ciencia ficción y fantasía / Jornal acadêmico de ficção científica e fantasía

En este ensayo ofrezco una lectura de "La bestia ha muerto" de Bernardo Fernández, haciendo hincapié en las formas en que el autor transforma la historia nacional del segundo imperio mexicano. Inicio con una breve reflexión sobre la ucronía y de ahí procederé a discutir el cuento que, a mi parecer, también introduce elementos steampunk en su reimaginación de este importante momento histórico.


Las Modalidades De Lo Fantástico Y Su Traducción Al Francés En Los Cuentos De Julio Ramón Ribeyro, Erwin Snauwaert Mar 2018

Las Modalidades De Lo Fantástico Y Su Traducción Al Francés En Los Cuentos De Julio Ramón Ribeyro, Erwin Snauwaert

Alambique. Revista académica de ciencia ficción y fantasía / Jornal acadêmico de ficção científica e fantasía

En los cuentos de Julio Ramón Ribeyro, la vacilación, que echa las bases de lo fantástico, pasa por dos modalidades diferentes. Mientras en “lo fantástico de percepción” radica en la mera presencia de unos aspectos transgresivos motivados por una explicación pseudocientífica o por la yuxtaposición de lo racional y de lo irracional, en “lo fantástico de lenguaje” es originada por el juego con la propia enunciación. Más específicamente, este juego formal condiciona la intrincada trama psicológica en la que están atrapados los personajes, combina la irrealidad y lo absurdo cotidiano y pone en marcha la ironía y el humor grotescos. …


Ficcionalización Del Trauma En El Cine De Horror Y Ciencia Ficción: Moebius, Aparecidos (Argentina) Y El Páramo (Colombia), David Vasquez Hurtado Mar 2018

Ficcionalización Del Trauma En El Cine De Horror Y Ciencia Ficción: Moebius, Aparecidos (Argentina) Y El Páramo (Colombia), David Vasquez Hurtado

Alambique. Revista académica de ciencia ficción y fantasía / Jornal acadêmico de ficção científica e fantasía

Este ensayo analiza la ficcionalización del trauma en tres obras cinematográficas de fantasía, dos argentinas: Aparecidos (2007) y Moebius (1996), y una colombiana: El páramo (2011). Se aplica la teoría psicoanalítica sobre la figura paterna y la castración simbólica, para mostrar elementos comunes a la representación cinematográfica de los regímenes autoritarios a través del género gótico, de horror y ciencia ficción. Los filmes coinciden en representar la función paterna como una figura autoritaria que reitera indefinidamente el evento reprimido de la castración simbólica. La situación de violencia extrema impide que la castración simbólica conduzca al establecimiento de la ley y …


La Ciencia Recreativa, "Confidencias De Una Mariposa" (1873) De José Joaquín Arriaga, Miguel A. Fernández Delgado Mafd Mar 2018

La Ciencia Recreativa, "Confidencias De Una Mariposa" (1873) De José Joaquín Arriaga, Miguel A. Fernández Delgado Mafd

Alambique. Revista académica de ciencia ficción y fantasía / Jornal acadêmico de ficção científica e fantasía

En este capítulo de La Ciencia Recreativa, su autor explica el mundo de los lepidópteros para el público general, e inventa una historia, inspirada por el poema "The Raven" de Edgar Allan Poe, en el que una mariposa cuenta su vida a una persona, para que le perdone la vida.


14°40'35.5"N 92°08'50.4"W Suchiate, Chiapas, Cheyla Samuelson, Balam Rodrigo Mar 2018

14°40'35.5"N 92°08'50.4"W Suchiate, Chiapas, Cheyla Samuelson, Balam Rodrigo

Faculty Publications

Translation of the poem “14°40'35.5"N 92°08'50.4"W - Suchiate, Chiapas” by Balam Rodrigo, from his unpublished book The Central American Book of the Dead.


Espacios Alternativos Y Nomadismo En Tres Poetas Salvadoreñas De La Guerra: Leyla Quintana, Kenny Rodríguez Y Eva Ortiz, Juana M. Ramos Feb 2018

Espacios Alternativos Y Nomadismo En Tres Poetas Salvadoreñas De La Guerra: Leyla Quintana, Kenny Rodríguez Y Eva Ortiz, Juana M. Ramos

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This dissertation analyzes the literary production of Leyla Quintana, Kenny Rodríguez, and Eva Ortiz, three Salvadoran poets who participated actively in the Civil War of El Salvador (1980-1992), and produced their literary work in that same period. It explores, from the perspective of Nomadism developed by Rosi Braidotti, the resignification of the feminine subjectivity, as well as the construction of new figurations in order to articulate a counter discourse that challenges the official hegemonic and heteropatriarcal narrative. In the same order, it questions the validity of the cultural codes established and imposed by those groups that hold the political and …


Segunda Parte De La Historia General Llamada Índica (1572) De Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa. Estudio Y Edición Anotada., Aleksín H. Ortega Feb 2018

Segunda Parte De La Historia General Llamada Índica (1572) De Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa. Estudio Y Edición Anotada., Aleksín H. Ortega

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa’s History of the Incas (1572). A Critical Study and Annotated Edition.

by Aleksín H. Ortega

Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa wrote his polemic and undoubtedly political History of the Incas at the request of Francisco de Toledo (Viceroy of Peru, 1569-1581). Toledo wanted to deliver to the Spanish King a version of Incan history which could subsequently be used as an ideological tool in the search of legal and moral arguments to defend the Andean colonization by the Spanish monarchy. Since his arrival to the Peruvian territories, Toledo embarked on a long personal visit to …