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2020

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Full-Text Articles in Islamic Studies

Pembangunan Model Qudwah Hasanah Untuk Guru Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Di Malaysia, Md Saman @ Osman Asri Aug 2020

Pembangunan Model Qudwah Hasanah Untuk Guru Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Di Malaysia, Md Saman @ Osman Asri

Student Works (2020-2029)

Mutakhir ini, kegagalan guru menampilkan sahsiah yang boleh dijadikan model adab dan contoh teladan yang mulia kepada para pelajar menjadi fokus laporan media massa dan mencetuskan fenomena dalam wacana akademik. Jurang kefahaman yang wujud di antara perawakan guru sebagai suri teladan dan realiti ciri-ciri peribadi guru mencetuskan keperluan membangunkan Model Qudwah Hasanah (MQH) Untuk Guru Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama (SMKA) Di Malaysia. Objektif kajian adalah untuk mendapatkan maklumat tentang keperluan membangunkan Model Qudwah Hasanah (MQH) Untuk Guru SMKA, mereka bentuk dan membangunkan Model Qudwah Hasanah (MQH) Untuk Guru SMKA seterusnya menilai kebolehan model yang dibangunkan. Kajian ini menggunakan Kaedah Kajian …


The Effect Of Islam, Millennials, And Educated Voters To Anies-Sandi Victory Of 2nd Round Dki Jakarta Governor Election In 2017, Riffal Ruchiandrean, Palupi Lindiasari Samputra Jul 2020

The Effect Of Islam, Millennials, And Educated Voters To Anies-Sandi Victory Of 2nd Round Dki Jakarta Governor Election In 2017, Riffal Ruchiandrean, Palupi Lindiasari Samputra

Journal of Strategic and Global Studies

The aim of this article is to recognize the factors of voters that have impact to Anies-Sandi victory of 2nd round DKI Jakarta governor election in 2017. The factors that being tested are Islam voters, Millennials voters with the range of age around 21 to 40 and educated voters which voters with minimum education are senior high school in 2017. This research is quantitative research with secondary data using multiple linear regression analysis to get the empirical result. The result of this research shows that Islam, Millennials and Educated voters are simultaneously significantly impact to Anies-Sandi victory. While Islam and …


Study On The Implementation Of The Regulations Of Terrorism Activities In Social Media, Angga Dewanto Basari, Muhammad Syauqillah, Asep Usman Ismail Jul 2020

Study On The Implementation Of The Regulations Of Terrorism Activities In Social Media, Angga Dewanto Basari, Muhammad Syauqillah, Asep Usman Ismail

Journal of Strategic and Global Studies

The legal scope of the Terrorism Law and the Information and Electronic Transactions Law in Indonesia is considered as lacking to cover the problem of cybercrime in social media. Aside from literature review, this paper is also supported by data from direct interview with the Head of Counterterrorism Special Detachment 88 (Densus 88 AT) of Indonesian National Police. The data found out that the Terrorism Law is a repressive response towards terrorism crimes that have already occured, but less preventive to future crimes. The existence of laws in Indonesia is often one step behind its crime. The difference of perception …


Post-Contract Occurrence Of Debt Collection In Scope Of Islamic Law Regarding -Inflation- Foreign Exchange Licenses (Turkish Lira As An Applied Research-Model), Dr. Abdulkarim Mustafa Jul 2020

Post-Contract Occurrence Of Debt Collection In Scope Of Islamic Law Regarding -Inflation- Foreign Exchange Licenses (Turkish Lira As An Applied Research-Model), Dr. Abdulkarim Mustafa

Faculty Peer-Reviewed Papers | بحوث هيئة التدريس المحكمة

Cash exchange serves an important function in the financial system of the social life of human societies and individuals. It also serves a key function in the country's economic system. Considering that the cash currency is unstable and constantly changing its value increases and decreases in today's world; it poses a problem affecting the collection of post-contract debts regarding the payment of the currency itself or its value.

Our research، from a perspective regarding Islamic Law; aims to announce the provisions for debt collection related to post-contract foreign exchange licenses along with outstanding Turkish lira devaluation conditions. (Comprehensive analytical study …


Provisions Of The Recommendation Letter - Recommend - For Academic And Career Admission And Its Doctrinal And Educational Implications On Its Results, Dr. Abdulkerim Mustafa Jul 2020

Provisions Of The Recommendation Letter - Recommend - For Academic And Career Admission And Its Doctrinal And Educational Implications On Its Results, Dr. Abdulkerim Mustafa

Faculty Peer-Reviewed Papers | بحوث هيئة التدريس المحكمة

This research is related to the provisions of the letter of recommendations and accreditation that is presented to universities or institutions, through which a person can enroll in a specific study or job, and the research is summarized as following: Define a letter of recommendation and recommend, the provision of recommending oneself, the provision on recommending others to the applicant, and the provision on recommending the owner of the responsible party based on the recommendation of a person known to the recommender, the provision on requesting a job, the provision of the recommendation of who is accountable for a person …


Juridical Provisions And Legal Perspective About The Social Effects Of The Exceptional Turkish Citizenship And Right To Citizenship On Turkish Society, Dr. Abdulkarim Mustafa Jul 2020

Juridical Provisions And Legal Perspective About The Social Effects Of The Exceptional Turkish Citizenship And Right To Citizenship On Turkish Society, Dr. Abdulkarim Mustafa

Faculty Peer-Reviewed Papers | بحوث هيئة التدريس المحكمة

The aim of this research is to explain the legal perspective that regulates the exceptional Turkish citizenship acquired by the Arab society in general, especially the majority of the Syrian immigrants in the light of the Islamic law as well as the granting of this citizenship in the Turkish law in accordance with Islam, the social effects of the citizenship in the Turkish society and the citizenship acquirer’s right to benefit from these rights and their responsibilities and liabilities. The research consists of the following topics; introduction, followed by the problem, importance and objectives of the research, previous studies and …


Juridical And Moral Consequences Incumbent On The Lease Agreement Obligations In Islamic Sharia In The Shade Of The Corona Pandemic, Dr. Abdulkarim Mustafa Jul 2020

Juridical And Moral Consequences Incumbent On The Lease Agreement Obligations In Islamic Sharia In The Shade Of The Corona Pandemic, Dr. Abdulkarim Mustafa

Faculty Peer-Reviewed Papers | بحوث هيئة التدريس المحكمة

This research aims to investigate the legal provisions in the Islamic Shariah regarding the lease contracts signed before the corona pandemic and whose application has become inapplicable due to force majeure, to determine the moral consequences of the lease agreements on the payment obligations and the possibility of the tenant to terminate it due to not being able to benefit from it. The research consists of the following topics; introduction, followed by the problem, importance and objectives of the research, previous studies and then three topics. In the first topic, the legal consequences incumbent on the lease contract in the …


The Formation Of Ottoman Sufism And Eşrefoğlu Rumi: A 15th Century Shaykh Between Popular Religion And Sufi Ideals, Baris Basturk Jul 2020

The Formation Of Ottoman Sufism And Eşrefoğlu Rumi: A 15th Century Shaykh Between Popular Religion And Sufi Ideals, Baris Basturk

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation evaluates a transformative period in the history of the Ottoman State in which the processes of Islamization and Turkification coincided with the expansion and imperialization of the Ottoman polity. This study focuses on an Ottoman Sufi figure, Eşrefoğlu Rumi (?-1469), who benefited form this context, embarked upon a mystical path, and authored seminal works that shaped Ottoman Sufism for generations. This dissertation discusses Eşrefoğlu Rumi’s role in the construction of Islamic orthodoxy based in his Sufi ideals which he disseminated to an Anatolian and Balkan Turkish-speaking Ottoman audience. The significance of this dissertation is that it emphasizes the …


Jurisprudence And Educational Provisions For Quarantine Related To Worship During The Month Of Ramadan In The Shadow Of The Corona Pandemic, Dr. Abdulkerim Mustafa Jun 2020

Jurisprudence And Educational Provisions For Quarantine Related To Worship During The Month Of Ramadan In The Shadow Of The Corona Pandemic, Dr. Abdulkerim Mustafa

Faculty Peer-Reviewed Papers | بحوث هيئة التدريس المحكمة

In the name of Allah and Praise be to Allah and Peace and prayers are on the Messenger of God, having said:

In the hands of research: Jurisprudence and educational provisions for quarantine related to worship during the month of Ramadan in the shadow of the Corona pandemic.

We started this research with an introduction, followed by the research problem, its importance and goals, previous studies therein, and six topics:

We talked about the effect of fasting in Ramadan on the body's immunity, and the ruling on breaking the fast in Ramadan for fear of corona's disease. Then the …


Tendencies Of Development Of High Technology Industry In Tashkent Region, Nilufar Batirova Jun 2020

Tendencies Of Development Of High Technology Industry In Tashkent Region, Nilufar Batirova

The Light of Islam

The article analyzes the amount of innovative products and services produced by industrial enterprises and organizations of the region. In particular, the low share of high-tech industrial products in the industrial sector and its reasons are emphasized. The process of directing the costs of marketing, technological and organizational innovations was analyzed to increase the overall proportion of the products of this sector. Also, the importance of creating innovative clusters in the region and improving the performance of small industrial zones was noted. It was mentioned that most of the costs of innovation are directed to industry, but most of these …


The Predicted 2020 Global Economic Crisis: Causes And Prospects, Muhammad Eid Balbaa Jun 2020

The Predicted 2020 Global Economic Crisis: Causes And Prospects, Muhammad Eid Balbaa

The Light of Islam

While the whole world is awaiting for the expected new economic recession 2020 that might lead to a financial crisis such as the 2008 crisis, this research paper addresses the indicators of this recession and its possible causes as well as the damages resulting from its occurrence and which countries are more affected by it, with a try to reach some recommendations to avoid this recession or dealing with it if it’s actually happens.


Creation Of Mobile Applications For The Shrines Of Al-Hakim Al-Termizi, Mavlyuda Xodjayeva, Turdali Jumayev, Alimjon Dadamuhamedov, Barno Saydakhmedova Jun 2020

Creation Of Mobile Applications For The Shrines Of Al-Hakim Al-Termizi, Mavlyuda Xodjayeva, Turdali Jumayev, Alimjon Dadamuhamedov, Barno Saydakhmedova

The Light of Islam

We recognize that the sustainable development of tourism has great potential for the development of cultural and humanitarian ties around the world. We emphasize the importance of information technology in tourism, especially in the areas of advertising, marketing, differentiation and specialization of tourism products. In addition, we reaffirm our commitment to pilgrimage tourism for the individual growth of people and the strengthening of basic social norms and national values. The program uses modern programming languages such as Php, Java, C ++. Al-Hakim at-Termizi is one of the most famous places of worship in Uzbekistan, which is also known for its …


Cloud Technologies In Islamic Education Institutions, Alimjon Dadamuhamedov Irgashevich Jun 2020

Cloud Technologies In Islamic Education Institutions, Alimjon Dadamuhamedov Irgashevich

The Light of Islam

Information and Communication Technology is making use of ICT tools to store and retrieves information. It plays an important role in growing and maintaining a country’s economic growth. One of the latest technologies prevailing nowadays is cloud computing. By sharing IT services as platform-based, software-based, and infrastructure-based in the cloud, educational institutions in Uzbekistan can now out-source non-core services and better concentrate on offering students, teachers, faculty and other staff the essential tools to help them succeed. This paper looks at how Cloud Computing can be applied in the study of ICT and focuses on the role of cloud computing …


Pedagogical Philisophy And Education In The Middle East And Central Asia (Ix-Xii Centuries), Baxrom Maxamadxodjaev Jun 2020

Pedagogical Philisophy And Education In The Middle East And Central Asia (Ix-Xii Centuries), Baxrom Maxamadxodjaev

The Light of Islam

The article describes the period of the rapid development of education and culture in the Middle East and Central Asia in the IX-XII centuries. At this time, the ideas of the great thinkers Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Ahmad al-Ferghani, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Abu Ali Ibn Sina, Abu Rayhan al-Beruni, Ibn Iraq developed, which opened the way to a widespread of science and education in Europe.

Islamic culture has grown based on interconnected cultures of the countries of the Arab caliphate, Byzantium, India, and China. The Arab conquest did not mean a complete break with the cultural and pedagogical traditions of Hellenism and …


The Social-Political Situation In Central Asia On The Eve Of The Advent Of Islam, Ziyodilla Ziynatullayev Jun 2020

The Social-Political Situation In Central Asia On The Eve Of The Advent Of Islam, Ziyodilla Ziynatullayev

The Light of Islam

The article discusses the strategic importance of Central Asia in the Middle Ages, the processes of the invasion of Turkic tribes, and its inclusion in the Turkic Kaganate. The Ephthalite Empire, which ruled Central Asia for almost a century, collapsed as a result of the attack of the Turkic clans. A management system based on nomadic traditions was created in the country: new orders and positions were introduced.

Although the states of Central Asia were vassals of the West Turkic Kaganate, they possessed a certain degree of internal independence. Without a centralized authority in the region, they developed in the …


From History Of Malaysien Education System, Dilafruz Turdiyeva Jun 2020

From History Of Malaysien Education System, Dilafruz Turdiyeva

The Light of Islam

The article is devoted to the reforms in the field of higher education in the countries of Southeast Asia, which allows these countries to gain a leading position in the modern world. It should be noted that domestic studies on this topic are not enough.

Particular attention is paid to the study of the education system during the period of British colonization, as well as after the Second World War and during the independence of Malaysia.

The Malaysian Government’s Vision 2020 project clearly outlines the importance of studying religion as an integral component of secondary education. An attempt was made …


Eastern Thinkers On The Pedagogical Mastery, Gavhar Fuzailova Jun 2020

Eastern Thinkers On The Pedagogical Mastery, Gavhar Fuzailova

The Light of Islam

The article analyzes the historical origin and relevance of the subject of pedagogical mastery for today, the views of Eastern thinkers on the pedagogical mastery of teachers, and also examines the genesis of the humanistic tradition in pedagogy, which goes back to ancient times. This problem was traced back by scientists from Central Asia such as Ibn Sinа (Avicenna), Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Ahmad al-Farghani, Elbek, Avloni.

Studying and understanding the historical development of the cultural and pedagogical tradition helps to understand the problems of modernity more deeply. The understanding of the unifying essence of culture in pedagogical activity was greatly …


Authentic Approach To Secularism And Religiosity: Example Of Mirza Ulugbek And Ali Kushchi, Jahongir Tohirov Jun 2020

Authentic Approach To Secularism And Religiosity: Example Of Mirza Ulugbek And Ali Kushchi, Jahongir Tohirov

The Light of Islam

In the West, in the Middle Ages, the church strongly opposed the development of science, scientists were punished by the Inquisition, and the education movement in Western Europe formed the ideas of atheism, indifference, and secularism based on the idea of separation from any religion and the complete denial of religiosity.

During the regime of aggressive atheistic ideology concerning religious values, secularism and religiosity were opposed to each other. Currently, in a developed democratic state, this point of view has completely changed. Secularism is not opposed to religion, no faith is denied, and any religious faith is regarded as a …


Famous Sources Of Maverannahr Dedicated To The Sciences Of Tajwid And Qira’At (Reading Of The Quran), Abdumannan Tursunbaevich Ismatullaev Jun 2020

Famous Sources Of Maverannahr Dedicated To The Sciences Of Tajwid And Qira’At (Reading Of The Quran), Abdumannan Tursunbaevich Ismatullaev

The Light of Islam

This article is devoted to the study of the development of Islamic sciences such as tafsir, hadith, kalam, and fiqh in Maverannahr, in addition to the development of tajvid sciences and the reading of the Qur’an (qira’at), as well as the most famous works in this field.

The sciences of tajvid and qira’at were devoted to the principles of the correct reading of the Qur’an and developed from the early days of Islam. With the development of tajvid and qira’at sciences, there appeared experts who specialized in this knowledge. They not only passed on their knowledge to the next generation, …


The Contribution Of Imam Ad-Darimi To The Development Of Hadith Science, Mahfuza Alimova Jun 2020

The Contribution Of Imam Ad-Darimi To The Development Of Hadith Science, Mahfuza Alimova

The Light of Islam

The purpose of the work is to show the contribution of Imam ad-Darimi to the development of the science of hadith based on an analysis of its scientific heritage.

The article comprehensively explores the life and scientific heritage of the 9th-century muhaddis Imam ad-Darimi from Samarqand reveals his place in the development of ilm al-hadith. A source study of his only surviving work “Sunan” was also carried out, his role and significance in the development of the science of hadiths of the 9th century were determined.

Practical significance: the study gives reason to classify Imam ad-Darimi among the leading muhaddis …


Subject: Qādī’S Dīwān Activities In Islam (The 10th-13th Centuries), Ilhomjon Bekmirzaev Jun 2020

Subject: Qādī’S Dīwān Activities In Islam (The 10th-13th Centuries), Ilhomjon Bekmirzaev

The Light of Islam

The article is based on most recent accomplishments, conclusions and methods in World Islamic and historical sciences. The historical-comparative method was applied to study the sources including various manuscripts of “Hanafi Law” and many other sources written in Arabic that are available in the Fund of Manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Studies under the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

It relies on recommendations, conclusions of research works and the conceptions related to the history of the civilization of the Central Asia that were stated by leading scientists of our country and foreign countries such as Schacht …


Abu Bakr Iyadi As A Loyal Follower Of Abu Khanifa, Nozim Azizovich Mamatakhunov Jun 2020

Abu Bakr Iyadi As A Loyal Follower Of Abu Khanifa, Nozim Azizovich Mamatakhunov

The Light of Islam

Cities of Central Asia are one of the oldest historical and scientific centers in the history of mankind. Secular and religious sciences flourished here. This article tells about the life and work of the Iyadite dynasty, which made a great contribution to the development of Islamic sciences, in particular, Islamic theology (Kalam). For example, representatives of the Iyadite dynasty and the theological school of Maturidia such as Abu Ahmad and Abu Bakr developed Islamic theology, developing Hanafi traditions and urging Muslims to live in harmony with the current government. This was since Abu Bakr Iyadi was a direct student of …


Social And Cultural Life Of The Shiite Communities Of Central Asia In The Xx-Early Xxi Centuries, Shuhrat Toxtiev Mr Jun 2020

Social And Cultural Life Of The Shiite Communities Of Central Asia In The Xx-Early Xxi Centuries, Shuhrat Toxtiev Mr

The Light of Islam

The article is devoted to a review of the history and culture of the Shiite communities of Central Asia, in particular Uzbekistan, which professes Shiism, from the Isnaasharid (Ismamite) and Ismaili interpretations. The historically proven centuries-old contradictions of Shiites and Sunnis sometimes took the form of not only confessional, political or diplomatic conflicts. They seriously influenced the mutual perceptions of Muslims of two confessional directions within Islam, which sometimes resulted in an almost physical hostility to Sunnis and Shiites. The hostility of these two confessional areas of Islam prompted their bearers to apply the label "wrong" in relation to each …


Activities Of Hadith Scholars (Muhaddis) Of Shash Oasis In Scientific Centers Of The Region, Nematullo Mukhamedov Mukhamedov Jun 2020

Activities Of Hadith Scholars (Muhaddis) Of Shash Oasis In Scientific Centers Of The Region, Nematullo Mukhamedov Mukhamedov

The Light of Islam

The 9th - 12th centuries in Central Asia are marked by the development of science and culture, especially Islamic sciences. In this regard, such ancient cities as Bukhara, Samarkand, Nasaf (Karshi), Termez, Khiva, Shash (Tashkent) were known as centers of science and culture in the Islamic world. In particular, in Tashkent, which is called Shash in medieval sources, many prominent scholars of Islamic sciences lived and worked. The 9th century was called the “Golden Age of Hadith Science” thanks to the work of Hadith scholars in the region.

The article analyzes the activities of medieval (IX-XII) Shasha scholars in the …


The Semantic Groups Of Prefixal Verbs In The Persian Language And Their Functional Equivalents (Using The Verb برداشتن [Bar-Dāštan] As An Example), Zokir Arifdjanov Jun 2020

The Semantic Groups Of Prefixal Verbs In The Persian Language And Their Functional Equivalents (Using The Verb برداشتن [Bar-Dāštan] As An Example), Zokir Arifdjanov

The Light of Islam

The article discusses functional equivalent relationships that play an important role in the phenomenon of linguistic variation. Within the framework of the topic, the opinions of leading linguists are presented, analyzed and conclusions are given. It is emphasized that functional equivalents play a key role in expanding the possibilities of expression, and as one of the prefixal verbs with such characteristics in the Persian language, the verb برداشتن [bar-dāštan] is widely studied as an object of research and its lexical-semantic variants are defined. The lexical-semantic variants are classified, divided into semantic groups and the functional equivalents of each semantic group …


Cross-Language Phonetic Interference In Learning The Arabic Language, Yulduz Ismailova Jun 2020

Cross-Language Phonetic Interference In Learning The Arabic Language, Yulduz Ismailova

The Light of Islam

Structural changes in the system of higher education in our country require an increase in the role and improvement of the methodology of teaching students foreign languages. As we know, at one of the first stages in teaching Arabic pronunciation, students and teachers are faced with a phenomenon such as linguistic or interlanguage interference. As a result, some characteristic errors appear in the students ’speech, which impedes the formation of certain skills and abilities for the correct articulation of difficult-to-pronounce phonemes. The proposed article is devoted to the study of this phenomenon and the causes of its occurrence. Also, the …


Mahmud Koshgariy’S Views On Fonetic, Graphic And Morphological Characteristics Of Turkic Languages, Salima Rustamiy Jun 2020

Mahmud Koshgariy’S Views On Fonetic, Graphic And Morphological Characteristics Of Turkic Languages, Salima Rustamiy

The Light of Islam

The article discusses some issues of phonetics, graphics and morphology covered in the book «Divan lugat at-turk» by the first Turkic scholar Mahmud Kashgari who developed the theoretical foundations of the Turkic languages in the 11th century.

Mahmud Kashgariy in the book «Divanu lugati-t-Turk» elucidated the grammar of Turkic languages by means of Arabic language, methods and terms peculiar to Arabic linguistics. The article deals with the place of arakat, arf and the terms signifying their types in elucidating the phonetic and morphological peculiarities of Arabic and Turkic words.

Mahmud Kashgariy introduced for designating the sounds which are …


Codicological Analysis Of Manuscripts Of “Mukaddamatu-L-Adab” Of Mahmud Zamakhshari In The Funds Of The World, Zohidjon Islamov Jun 2020

Codicological Analysis Of Manuscripts Of “Mukaddamatu-L-Adab” Of Mahmud Zamakhshari In The Funds Of The World, Zohidjon Islamov

The Light of Islam

The scientific heritage of Mahmoud Zamahshari in the field of linguistics, lexicology, and literary studies consists of approximately 70 works. In the scientific heritage of the scientist, a special place is occupied by the work "Mukaddamata-l-adab." This work, recognized as the first multilingual dictionary, contains Arabic-Persian-Turkish trilingual, Arabic-Persian-Turkish-Mongolian four-language manuscripts. The work consists of five parts: the first part is devoted to nouns, the second part to the verb, and the words derived from it. Its third part consists of grammatical rules regarding auxiliary words, the fourth part - declension of nouns, and the fifth part - conjugations of verbs. …


The Strategy Of The Object Conditions And Sub-Factors In The Development Of Civil Society In Uzbekistan, Mirsulton Kadirov Jun 2020

The Strategy Of The Object Conditions And Sub-Factors In The Development Of Civil Society In Uzbekistan, Mirsulton Kadirov

The Light of Islam

The article analyzes the factors of free civil society, restoration of the secular state in Uzbekistan. To date, the principles, legal foundations of the state and civil society of legal democracy, which are being restored in our country, have been developed and studied in support of our people. Local and foreign non-governmental, non-profit organizations and other institutions of civil society operating in our country today are shown in the discrete manner of trying to conduct business in accordance with new needs and requirements.

The article also draws conclusions about the fact that the impact of non-profit organizations and other institutions …


The Life And Status Of Women In Society During The Mamluk Period, Zukhra Aripova Jun 2020

The Life And Status Of Women In Society During The Mamluk Period, Zukhra Aripova

The Light of Islam

This article contains information on the role of women in public life during the reign of the Mamluks in Egypt (1250-1517), their influence on the Mamluk sultans, and Queen of Egypt Shajaratu-d-dur, which contributed to the creation of the Mamluk state. The article is based on the works of many medieval Arab historians. It is known that in Islamic countries there is an opinion that a woman cannot rule the state. After the death of Sultan Turanshah in 1250, prominent people of Egypt saw the need for the ascension of Shajaratu-d-dur to the throne. She ruled Egypt for 80 days. …