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Full-Text Articles in Religion

Archaeological Surveys And Excavations Along The Cross-Israel Highway: A Case Study For Data Collection From The Field (Hebrew, Pp.3*–61*; English Summary, Pp. 153–155), Yehuda Dagan Jan 2025

Archaeological Surveys And Excavations Along The Cross-Israel Highway: A Case Study For Data Collection From The Field (Hebrew, Pp.3*–61*; English Summary, Pp. 153–155), Yehuda Dagan

'Atiqot

The archaeological surveys and excavations along the Cross-Israel Highway provide for a rare opportunity to examine data retrieved from surveys versus excavation results. A total of 125 sites, dispersed over five different geographical regions, were documented, including settlements, installations, quarries, burial caves and ancient roads. The vast data acquired along the route provides invaluable information concerning settlement patterns and distribution throughout various periods. It is noteworthy that most of the excavation results mirrored those of the surveys. However, sites dating to the prehistoric and Chalcolithic periods, as well as the Intermediate Bronze Age, were often unnoticed in the surveys and …

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Baqa El-Gharbiya Area: The Glass Vessels From Ḥorbat Kosit (East) (Pp. 133–142), Natalya Katsnelson Jan 2025

Baqa El-Gharbiya Area: The Glass Vessels From Ḥorbat Kosit (East) (Pp. 133–142), Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Kosit, west of Baqa el-Gharbiya, yielded glass vessels dating from the Roman and Late Roman–early Byzantine periods. The simple repertoire comprises mainly plain vessels of fairly local types. The style of workmanship, the predominance of certain types and the uniformity of the fabric suggest that these vessels could have been manufactured locally. The assemblage from Ḥorbat Kosit add to our knowledge regarding the distribution of glass vessels in the Naḥal Hadera area during these periods.

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The Coins From Ḥorbat Nazur (Pp. 127–131), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat Nazur (Pp. 127–131), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

Twenty-one coins were discovered in Area B at Ḥorbat Nazur. Most of them date to the Hellenistic period. One coin (No. 13) features Antiochus IV on the obverse and a seated female goddess(?) on the reverse. Several coins of this type were found throughout the country, pointing to a local mint. Two provenances were previously offered for this type: Jerusalem and the Israel west bank. In this article it is suggested that this coin-type was minted at ‘Akko-Ptolemais.

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Baqa El-Gharbiya Area: A Roman-Period Cemetery And Other Finds (With Contributions By Peter Gendelman, Donald T. Ariel And Hamoudi Khalaily) (Hebrew, Pp. 105*–136*; English Summary, Pp. 161–162), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

Baqa El-Gharbiya Area: A Roman-Period Cemetery And Other Finds (With Contributions By Peter Gendelman, Donald T. Ariel And Hamoudi Khalaily) (Hebrew, Pp. 105*–136*; English Summary, Pp. 161–162), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

Excavations at the southern and eastern fringes of Ḥorbat Kosit, west of Baqa el-Gharbiya, uncovered the peripheral area of the site, which was exploited for various industrial uses and for burial. At Ḥorbat Kosit (East) three strata were recorded, the main one (Stratum III) including a Roman-period burial ground. The site of Naḥal Hadera (North) yielded 24 rock-cut graves of a type previously assigned to the Essene or the Nabbatean populations. At Ḥorbat Kosit (South), numerous rock-cut installations, cisterns and a tomb were recovered; the finds date from Early Bronze Age I to the Roman period.

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Glass Vessels From The Byzantine Period At Ḥorbat Nazur (Hebrew, Pp. 99*–104*; English Summary, P. 160), Tamar Winter Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From The Byzantine Period At Ḥorbat Nazur (Hebrew, Pp. 99*–104*; English Summary, P. 160), Tamar Winter

'Atiqot

Some 700 glass fragments were recovered from two burial caves exposed in Area E at Ḥorbat Nazur. Most of the vessel types are characteristic of the Byzantine period (fourth–sixth centuries CE). The assemblage is dominated by closed-vessel types, as is typical of burial offerings of the period, suggesting that at least some of the vessels correspond to the burial phase.

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Two Stamped Amphora Handles From Ḥorbat Nazur (Pp. 125–126), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

Two Stamped Amphora Handles From Ḥorbat Nazur (Pp. 125–126), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

Two stamped amphora handles of the Rhodian class were discovered in Area B at Ḥorbat Nazur. Both date to the second–third centuries CE.

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Ḥorbat Nazur: Settlement Remains From The Iron Age Through The Hellenistic Period And An Industrial Area From The Byzantine Period (With Contributions By Roni Tuag And Varda Sussman) (Hebrew, Pp. 63*–97*; English Summary, Pp. 156–159), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

Ḥorbat Nazur: Settlement Remains From The Iron Age Through The Hellenistic Period And An Industrial Area From The Byzantine Period (With Contributions By Roni Tuag And Varda Sussman) (Hebrew, Pp. 63*–97*; English Summary, Pp. 156–159), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

Five excavation areas were investigated at Ḥorbat Nazur, between Naḥal ‘Iron in the north and Naḥal Narbeta in the south. In Areas A and B the remains of a massive building, dating from the Hellenistic or possibly the Persian period, were uncovered. Area C was probably part of the agricultural hinterland of the settlement, revealing various installations, terrace walls and fences of unknown date. In Area E, two burial caves, quarries and a winepress were unearthed, alldating to the Byzantine period.

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The Beads From Tomb 80 In The ‘En Esur Cemetery (Pp. 115–119), Amir Golani Jan 2025

The Beads From Tomb 80 In The ‘En Esur Cemetery (Pp. 115–119), Amir Golani

'Atiqot

Twenty-four beads were recovered from Tomb 80 in the ‘En Esur cemetery. These were divided into three groups according to their material: stone, faience and shell. The beads are typical of, but not exclusive to, the Early Bronze Age.

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Human Skeletal Remains From Tomb 80 In The ‘En Esur Cemetery (Pp. 121–124), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From Tomb 80 In The ‘En Esur Cemetery (Pp. 121–124), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The human skeletal remains from Tomb 80 in the ‘En Esur cemetery indicate that a minimum number of 94 individuals were buried there during Early Bronze Age I. The life expectancy calculated for the interred seems to support the excavators' hypothesis concerning their lower socio-economic status.

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An Early Bronze Age Tomb Of The ‘Common People’(?) In The ‘En Esur (‘Ein Asawir) Cemetery (Pp. 85–112), Amir Gorzalczany, Jacob Sharvit Jan 2025

An Early Bronze Age Tomb Of The ‘Common People’(?) In The ‘En Esur (‘Ein Asawir) Cemetery (Pp. 85–112), Amir Gorzalczany, Jacob Sharvit

'Atiqot

Within the boundaries of the ancient cemeteries associated with the protohistoric settlement of ‘En Esur, another tomb (T80), dated to EB IB–EB II, was discovered. A close examination of the burial gifts reveals a notable regionalism, in contrast with the imported and luxurygoodsdiscovered in other tombs in the ‘En Esur cemeteries. The local nature of the finds and lack of prestige items, as well as the anthropological analysis of the interred, might suggest that a less-affluent group of people was buried here.

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Petrographic Analysis Of Pottery From The Early Bronze Age Tomb 80 In The ‘En Esur Cemetery (Pp. 113–114), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

Petrographic Analysis Of Pottery From The Early Bronze Age Tomb 80 In The ‘En Esur Cemetery (Pp. 113–114), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

The petrographic analysis of the pottery finds within Tomb 80 in the ‘En Esur cemetery point to their local nature, as suggested by the excavators. The raw material used for all these samples is unidentified marl and the non-plastic components reflect the geological environment of the site.

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Faunal Remains From Tel Malot (East) (Pp. 83–84), Ron Kehati Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From Tel Malot (East) (Pp. 83–84), Ron Kehati

'Atiqot

A small assemblage of 36 animal bone fragments was retrievedfrom loci dating to the Pottery Neolithic period and the Middle and Late Bronze Ages at Tel Malot (East). The predominant species were sheep and goats, exploited for husbandry and for secondary products at the site, and probably also for meat.

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Petrographic Results Of Middle Bronze Age Pottery From A Kiln At Tel Malot (East) (Pp. 79–81), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

Petrographic Results Of Middle Bronze Age Pottery From A Kiln At Tel Malot (East) (Pp. 79–81), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

Seven vessels retrieved from inside the Middle Bronze Age II kiln at Tel Malot were sampled and petrographically studied. The significance of conducting a petrographic analysis of pottery found in a kiln lies in the reference data it providesconcerning local production. The analysis of thepotsherds from the MB II kiln at Tel Malot indicates that the raw materials were obtained locally.

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Remains From The Late Prehistoric To Early Islamic Periods At The Foot Of Tel Malot (East) (Pp. 25–77), Giora Parnos, Ianir Milevski, Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

Remains From The Late Prehistoric To Early Islamic Periods At The Foot Of Tel Malot (East) (Pp. 25–77), Giora Parnos, Ianir Milevski, Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

This report presents the results of two separate salvage excavations conducted east of Tel Malot in the region of ‘Emeq Ayyalon. The earliest presence at the site dates to the early Pottery Neolithic period, comprising an occupation horizon and pits. Several other pits contained artifacts of the Chalcolithic period. The excavated area was also settledduring Middle Bronze Age II, and possibly through Late Bronze Age I, when the area served for agricultural and industrial activities. Remains from the Iron Age and Persian period are meager. A winepress from the Hellenistic period suggests the existence of a farming community at the …

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Archaeological Surveys And Excavations Along The Cross-Israel Highway: An Introduction (Pp. 3–4), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

Archaeological Surveys And Excavations Along The Cross-Israel Highway: An Introduction (Pp. 3–4), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

Archaeological investigations along the Cross-Israel Highway were conducted in several stages. First, the main tells along the projected route were marked and the route was planned to bypass them; then, comprehensive surveys commenced, during which allsites were documented, including recommendations as to which of them should be excavated and to what extent. Trial excavations followed, in cooperation with the archaeological institutes of the universities. Subsequently,salvage excavations were conducted in accordance with the data retrieved from the surveys and trial excavations. The intensive surveys and excavations along the Cross-Israel Highway revealed sites that had been hitherto unknown and, in addition, providedimportant …

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Prehistoric Investigations Along The Cross-Israel Highway: State Of Research (Pp. 5–23), Hamoudi Khalaily, Ofer Marder Jan 2025

Prehistoric Investigations Along The Cross-Israel Highway: State Of Research (Pp. 5–23), Hamoudi Khalaily, Ofer Marder

'Atiqot

Prehistoric research along the Cross-Israel Highway was undertaken from the earliest planning stages of the archaeological surveys along the intended route. During this survey, much data was accumulated concerning site function, economics, intra-site interaction etc. In the systematic survey and the subsequent excavations, 31 prehistoric sites were identified, dating from the Lower Paleolithic period to the Chalcolithic period, covering a time span of c. 500,000 years. This review presents a brief description of the surveyed and excavated sites for which there is available data, as well as a comparison with other sites from the same period.

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The Cross-Israel Highway And Archaeological Research (Pp. 1–2), Reuven Levon Jan 2025

The Cross-Israel Highway And Archaeological Research (Pp. 1–2), Reuven Levon

'Atiqot

The Cross-Israel Highway project was initiated in 1992. From the start, it was clear that archaeological research would play an important part in the planning andsubsequent construction of the road. The exceptional professional cooperation between the Israel Antiquities Authority and the Cross-Israel Highway Company assured the preservation of ournational heritage, while furthering the paving of the highway.

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A Seventh-Century Bce Site Near Tel ‘En Zippori (Pp. 15–25), Aviram Oshri, Zvi Gal Jan 2025

A Seventh-Century Bce Site Near Tel ‘En Zippori (Pp. 15–25), Aviram Oshri, Zvi Gal

'Atiqot

The Small tell of ‘En Zippori is located in a fertile valley, near the cluster of springs known as ‘Ayanot Zippori. Meager structural remains were uncovered at the site, revealing a one-stratum occupation, dated to the seventh–early sixth centuries BCE. The pottery, found in situ on the bedrock floor and covered with ash, exhibits both coastal and inland ceramic traditions, including typical Iron Age II forms and later Persian-period types. The site underwent a violent destruction, probably during the Assyrian campaign led by Tiglath Pileser III, and was subsequently abandoned.

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Bones From The Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona (Pp. 225–226), Vered Eshed Jan 2025

Bones From The Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona (Pp. 225–226), Vered Eshed

'Atiqot

Human skeletal remains, in a poor state of preservation, were retrieved from the burial caves at Shiqmona. Sex and age estimations are presented according to caves.

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Coins From The Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona (Pp. 219–223), Robert Kool Jan 2025

Coins From The Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona (Pp. 219–223), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

The coins from Shiqmona were uncovered in the remains of the monastery, the buildings, within the winepress and on the surface above the winepress. Out of the fifteen identified coins, fourteen date to one continuous period, from the early fourth century until the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian II; one is an Ayyubid copper fals. Comparison with the numismatic evidence from previous excavations at Shiqmona, in 1994 and 1998, shows similarities in periodization and types of coins in circulation.

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Pottery From The Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona (Pp. 183–208), Rivka Calderon Jan 2025

Pottery From The Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona (Pp. 183–208), Rivka Calderon

'Atiqot

The pottery from the Byzantine monastery near Shiqmona was found in three loci, sealed beneath the chapel floor; they date the construction of the floor to the sixth–seventh centuries CE. The finds from the buildings include bases with impressed decorations—male figures, a rabbit and a cross—common in the late fifth–early sixth centuries CE. The pottery from the winepress was found in the collecting pits, which later became waste dumps, comprising vessels from the sixth century CE, most of which continued until the seventh century. The finds from the tombs, although robbed or disturbed prior to the excavation, also date to …

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Glass From The Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona (Pp. 209–218), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Glass From The Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona (Pp. 209–218), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The excavation at Shiqmona yielded 425 glass fragments of local types, known from almost all nearby sites, as well as production waste. The finds from this excavation are probably connected with the glass production activity encountered in many sites in the area of the Haifa bay and Mount Carmel, attesting to the prosperity of this craft in the area during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods.

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Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona: A Monastery, A Cemetery And A Winepress (Pp. 147–182), Raz Kletter Jan 2025

Late Byzantine Remains Near Shiqmona: A Monastery, A Cemetery And A Winepress (Pp. 147–182), Raz Kletter

'Atiqot

Excavation at the site of Shiqmona, east of the Tel Aviv–Haifa highway, revealed finds from the late Byzantine period, including a monastery, a large winepress, a dozen rock-cut tombs and two large buildings. The monastery is a large building, incorporating the chapel excavated by Makhouly in 1940, which was re-discovered. The monastery was dated on the basis of the meager pottery finds to the sixth century CE. North and south of the chapel were found marble and stone fragments, probably originating from the chapel, adorned with motifs known from mosaics of the same period. The finds here point that Shiqmona …

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Coin Hoard From A Fourth-Century Ce Shipwreck Off The Carmel Coast (Pp. 137–145), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

Coin Hoard From A Fourth-Century Ce Shipwreck Off The Carmel Coast (Pp. 137–145), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

A total of 75 coins, dated to a quite restricted period within the fourth century CE, were most probably part of a hoard. All the coins are copper folles denomination; most of them derive from western mints, particularly Rome, as would be expected for the first quarter of the fourth century CE in the southern Levant. This hoard conforms to the currency inland.

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Coin Hoard From A Third-Century Ce Shipwreck Off The Carmel Coast (Pp. 111–135), Ya'akov Meshorer Jan 2025

Coin Hoard From A Third-Century Ce Shipwreck Off The Carmel Coast (Pp. 111–135), Ya'akov Meshorer

'Atiqot

Some 162 coins were retrieved from the shipwreck site off the Carmel coast, originating from a third-century CE ship. The hoard consists of 71 silver coins, 86 bronze coins, three billon and two lead tesserae. Dominating the hoard are 68 Roman denars, dating from Claudius to Marcus Aurelius. The coin hoard allows us to easily trace the route of the wrecked ship. It apparently sailed from Alexandria and anchored along the Mediterranean Sea at Ashqelon, Jaffa, Caesarea Maritima, ‘Akko-Ptolemais, Tyre, Berytus, Antioch and the southern coast of Asia Minor, and from there to Rome via Greece.

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Four Pottery Assemblages From The Southern Slope Of Mount Scopus, Jerusalem (Pp. 45–59), Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Four Pottery Assemblages From The Southern Slope Of Mount Scopus, Jerusalem (Pp. 45–59), Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The pottery finds from the excavation on the southern slope of Mount Scopus consist of vessel types characteristic of Jerusalem during Iron Age II and the Early Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. The finds discussed were found in the Quarry, the miqveh, within Burial Cave 1 and from the Ottoman-period watchtower.

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Artifact Assemblages From Two Roman Shipwrecks Off The Carmel Coast (Pp. 61–110), Ehud Galili, Baruch Rosen, Jacob Sharvit Jan 2025

Artifact Assemblages From Two Roman Shipwrecks Off The Carmel Coast (Pp. 61–110), Ehud Galili, Baruch Rosen, Jacob Sharvit

'Atiqot

Rescue operations on the shallow seabed off the Carmel coast retrieved ancient artifacts from two Roman-period shipwrecks. More than 1000 metal objects were retrieved, including nails, lead sheathing, anchors, lead rings, fishing gear, netting tools, figurines, jewelry and various other daily implements used onboard. Scores of silver and bronze coins attributable to two hoards were found, indicating that two ship wreckages occurred at the site: one during the third century CE and the other during the fourth century CE.

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Iron Age I Tombs In The Azor Cemetery (With A Contribution By Anat Cohen-Weinberger) (Hebrew, Pp. 17*–40*; English Summary, Pp. 231–232), Aviva Buchennino, Eli Yannai Jan 2025

Iron Age I Tombs In The Azor Cemetery (With A Contribution By Anat Cohen-Weinberger) (Hebrew, Pp. 17*–40*; English Summary, Pp. 231–232), Aviva Buchennino, Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

Within the boundaries of the ancient cemetery at Azor several Iron Age I tombs were discovered. The tombs represent four burial types: pits, burial jars, mudbrick-built tombs and cist graves lined with kurkar slabs. The burial offerings comprise local wares, as well as imported vessels, some dating from Late Bronze Age IIB. Also uncovered at the site were a refuse pit from the Byzantine–Umayyad periods and thirteen tombs, probably from the Ottoman period.

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Iron-Age Quarries, Second Temple-Period Installations And An Ottoman Watchtower On The Southern Slope Of Mount Scopus, Jerusalem (Pp. 27–43), Amit Re’Em Jan 2025

Iron-Age Quarries, Second Temple-Period Installations And An Ottoman Watchtower On The Southern Slope Of Mount Scopus, Jerusalem (Pp. 27–43), Amit Re’Em

'Atiqot

The southern slope of Mount Scopus is characterized by soft white limestone, which served in ancient times for hewing tombs and quarrying stones. Within one of the quarries, installations dating to the Second Temple period were exposed, post-dating the quarrying activity, which should be attributed to the Iron Age. The tombs documented on the slopes of Mount Scopus are of the loculi type, belonging to the northern necropolis of Jerusalem in the late Second Temple period. Based on the plan of the tombs, as well as the ossuaries and pottery finds found within one of them, it appears that they …

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Middle Bronze Age Ii Remains At Khirbat ‘Addasa (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–16*; English Summary, Pp. 229–230), Zvi Greenhut, Zubair 'Adawi Jan 2025

Middle Bronze Age Ii Remains At Khirbat ‘Addasa (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–16*; English Summary, Pp. 229–230), Zvi Greenhut, Zubair 'Adawi

'Atiqot

At Khirbat ‘Addasa, some 8 km north of the city of Jerusalem, fragmentary architectural remains were uncovered, dating to Middle Bronze Age II. The pottery assemblage yielded vessel types characteristic of the rural habitation in the central mountain region. The site joins contemporary sites to its north and west, all of which were small open settlements.

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