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Full-Text Articles in Religion

The Coins From A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 35*–46*), Robert Kool Jan 2025

The Coins From A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 35*–46*), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

Fifty-seven bronze coins were found in several structures, installations and tombs at El-Qabu. Fifty-three of the coins, including a hoard of twenty-three bronzes, were identified. With the exception of two Hellenistic and three early Roman specimens, as well as a single Byzantine nummus (first half of the sixth century), all the isolated coins fall between the second half of the second century and the reign of Maximinian Herculius (286–305 CE). Among the early coins is a rare flan with a trapezoidal section, probably originating in Jerusalem. Another interesting and rare early find is a lead token minted under the Roman …

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The Glass Finds From A Roman Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 29*–34*), Natalya Katsnelson Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From A Roman Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 29*–34*), Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

The site at El-Qabu yielded a small amount of glass finds, consisting of 48 fragments, of which 14 were chosen for illustration and discussion. The material was found in a very poor state of preservation; no complete vessels were discovered and none was restored. The color, fabric quality and milky weathering are characteristic of glass finds from the second–fourth centuries CE; however, finds of this glass are quite rare in the region. The assemblage of vessels consists of bowls, beakers and bottles. One adorned body fragment of a flask was found, as well as an elaborately decorated bracelet and a …

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A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 1–12; English Summary, P. 111*), Ofer Sion Jan 2025

A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 1–12; English Summary, P. 111*), Ofer Sion

'Atiqot

El-Qabu is a farmstead where wine was produced in the Roman period (second half of the second to the third centuries CE). Buildings arranged around a courtyard, winepresses, tabuns and vaulted tombs were exposed. Storage jars were inserted into the floors of two of the rooms—a phenomenon that was noted at other sites in the coastal plain and the Negev during the Roman and Byzantine periods, probably attesting to the function of the rooms as storerooms. Based on the latest coin (286–305 CE) recovered from the excavation, the site was abandoned at the end of the third or the beginning …

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The Pottery And Stone Objects From A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 21*–28*), Yehudah Rapuano Jan 2025

The Pottery And Stone Objects From A Roman-Period Farmstead At El-Qabu, South Of Ashqelon (Pp. 21*–28*), Yehudah Rapuano

'Atiqot

The ceramic finds from the site at El-Qabu comprise for the most part locally manufactured vessels, along with a few imported wares. The repertoire includes plain-ware utilitarian vessels produced on the southern coastal plain along with imported examples of Eastern Terra Sigillata Ware (ESA) and two foreign amphorae. The pottery is exceptionally homogeneous, ranging in date from the second century to the late third and possibly the very beginning of the fourth century CE. Among the finds were a figurine (of mourning Isis?) and a disc-lamp, decorated with what was probably an erotic scene. These pagan themes seem to give …

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Khirbat Za‘Kuka: An Iron Age I Site Between Jerusalem And Bethlehem (Pp. 1*–20*), Emanuel Eisenberg Jan 2025

Khirbat Za‘Kuka: An Iron Age I Site Between Jerusalem And Bethlehem (Pp. 1*–20*), Emanuel Eisenberg

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations at the site exposed a pillared house, characteristic of Iron Age I settlements in the Central Hill Country. The finds indicate that the ground floor of the building was used for storage, food processing and other daily activities and the residential space was probably on the second floor. A round oil press was unearthed in the western part of the building. It is a simple, domestic installation, typical of Iron Age I. Two bell-shaped pits, hollowed in the bedrock, were apparently used to store agricultural products. Seven cisterns recorded at the site probably belonged to the settlement and …

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Mi‘Ilya: Evidence Of An Early Crusader Settlement (Pp. 63*–76*), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

Mi‘Ilya: Evidence Of An Early Crusader Settlement (Pp. 63*–76*), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation carried out on the upper hill of the village of Mi‘iliya exposed remains from the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Crusader period. Fifty-six diagnostic sherds, dating to the Crusader period, were found in a pit. Most of them represent local Crusader types, with a few belonging to imported types. The chronological range of the Crusader-period pottery dates from the mid-twelfth to the early thirteenth centuries CE.

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Agricultural And Industrial Installations And Burial Caves From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Zur Yig’Al (Hebrew, Pp. 123–144; English Summary, Pp. 90*–91*), Etan Ayalon Jan 2025

Agricultural And Industrial Installations And Burial Caves From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Zur Yig’Al (Hebrew, Pp. 123–144; English Summary, Pp. 90*–91*), Etan Ayalon

'Atiqot

A survey and trial excavations were carried out in preparation for the establishment of the Zur Yig’al settlement in the Sharon plain. Sixteen winepresses of various sizes were identified in the survey, some paved with white mosaics and equipped with screw presses. Also recorded were thirteen cisterns, seven towers, five burial caves, two cist tombs, six limekilns, cupmarks, piles of small stones, rock cuttings, natural caves, many agricultural terraces and some unidentifiable installations. The area seems to have been used as marginal agricultural land, worked for a relatively short period of time by one or more of the nearby settlements, …

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An Umayyad-Period Aqueduct For The Irrigation Of Farmland South Of Ramla (Hebrew, Pp. 145–152; English Summary, Pp. 92*–93*), Oren Shmueli Jan 2025

An Umayyad-Period Aqueduct For The Irrigation Of Farmland South Of Ramla (Hebrew, Pp. 145–152; English Summary, Pp. 92*–93*), Oren Shmueli

'Atiqot

A 150 m long section of an aqueduct was exposed approximately 100 m south of Ramla. The aqueduct is U-shaped, with three layers of plaster and traces of travertine. One covering stone was preserved in situ. Within the plaster mixture lining the aqueduct were sherds of Gaza-type jars, dating to the sixth–seventh centuries CE. Pottery vessels from the fill inside the aqueduct were attributed mostly to its final phase of use, during the eighth century CE. The excavated section appears to have been part of the aqueduct’s water conduit system, built at the beginning of the Umayyad period. It may …

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Remains Of A Glass Industry And Glass Finds From Ḥorbat Biz‘A (Pp. 49*–62*), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Remains Of A Glass Industry And Glass Finds From Ḥorbat Biz‘A (Pp. 49*–62*), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation at Ḥorbat Biz‘a yielded the remains of a glass industry and large quantities of glass finds, dating from the Early Roman–Byzantine periods. This report illuminates the large-scale glass activity that once characterized the region. The glass-industry remains were attributed to two production stages, primary and secondary, as attested by the glazed mudbricks, raw-glass chunks, glass drops and blowing wasters (moils). The variety of vessel types, as well as the quality of their fabrics and workmanship, point to them being a branch of the local economy.

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The Industrial Area Of Ḥorbat Biz‘A In The Roman And Byzantine Periods (With A Contribution By Donald T. Ariel) (Hebrew, Pp. 113–122; English Summary, P. 89*), Uzi ‘Ad Jan 2025

The Industrial Area Of Ḥorbat Biz‘A In The Roman And Byzantine Periods (With A Contribution By Donald T. Ariel) (Hebrew, Pp. 113–122; English Summary, P. 89*), Uzi ‘Ad

'Atiqot

On the western slopes of Ḥorbat Biz‘a, three areas (A–C) were excavated, uncovering architectural remains and fills dating to three phases, from the Early Roman period to the end of the Byzantine–beginning of the Umayyad periods. In Area A, the remains of a finely-constructed wall from the Early Roman period were revealed, possibly belonging to a mausoleum. From the Late Roman period, working surfaces of tamped earth and a square plastered installation were discovered, as well as the remains of a building. A large refuse pit, dating to the end of the Byzantine–beginning of the Umayyad periods, yielded fragments of …

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The Pottery From Ḥorbat Biz‘A (Pp. 33*–47*), Peter Gendelman Jan 2025

The Pottery From Ḥorbat Biz‘A (Pp. 33*–47*), Peter Gendelman

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation on the outskirts of Ḥorbat Biz‘a uncovered a large quantity of pottery from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The pottery was ascribed to three well-dated ceramic assemblages, in correlation with the stratigraphy at the site: first–early second centuries CE; Late Roman period (late third–fourth centuries CE); and Byzantine period (until the late sixth–seventh centuries CE). All three assemblages present a small number of fine tableware and cooking wares, and a large quantity of storage vessels, pointing to the industrial nature of the site.

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A Stone Seal From The Alone Abba Oil Press (Hebrew, Pp. 83–85; English Summary, P. 87), David Amit Jan 2025

A Stone Seal From The Alone Abba Oil Press (Hebrew, Pp. 83–85; English Summary, P. 87), David Amit

'Atiqot

A rectangular stone seal, made of soft limestone, was found during excavations in the Alone Abba oil press. A rectangular double frame delimits the design on the face of the seal, a rendering of a dove with an olive branch. This motif indicates a connection between the seal and the oil press, representing the olive oil produced in the oil press. As the seal was found in a pre-Christian context, it was almost certainly Jewish.

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Ashqelon (Al-Nabi Hussein): Evidence For The Burial Of Jews, Christians And Pagans In A Late Roman-Period Burial Ground (Hebrew, Pp. 87–111; English Summary, P. 88*), Shlomo Kol-Ya’Akov, Yoav Farhi Jan 2025

Ashqelon (Al-Nabi Hussein): Evidence For The Burial Of Jews, Christians And Pagans In A Late Roman-Period Burial Ground (Hebrew, Pp. 87–111; English Summary, P. 88*), Shlomo Kol-Ya’Akov, Yoav Farhi

'Atiqot

At the al-Nabi Hussein site in Ashqelon, three areas were excavated (A–C), exposing four tombs and a pit. One square tomb in Area A comprised two burial chambers, each containing a primary-burial skeleton. The meager finds included pottery, a glass bottle and metal objects. Two additional tombs (I, II) and a plastered pit were exposed in Area B. Tomb I was the richest in finds, including pottery vessels and oil lamps, glass and carnelian artifacts, metal objects and three fourth-century CE coins. The pit was plastered, its floor made of marble slabs with a pottery vessel in its center. It …

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The Lever Presses Of Eretz Israel In The Light Of The Alone Abba Oil Press (With Contributions By Shulamit Hadad, Gerald Finkielsztejn And Danny Syon) (Hebrew, Pp. 51–81; English Summary, Pp. 84*–86*), Leea Porat, Rafael Frankel, Nimrod Getzov Jan 2025

The Lever Presses Of Eretz Israel In The Light Of The Alone Abba Oil Press (With Contributions By Shulamit Hadad, Gerald Finkielsztejn And Danny Syon) (Hebrew, Pp. 51–81; English Summary, Pp. 84*–86*), Leea Porat, Rafael Frankel, Nimrod Getzov

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation conducted at Moshav Alone Abba revealed an oil press of the Roman period that was situated within a cave. The crushing installation at Alone Abba is of a type used from the end of the Persian period until recent times. The olive mash was pressed in a Maresha-type lever-and-weights press, one of a variety of lever-press types in use in the country. The finds comprise pottery from the Hellenistic–Middle Roman periods; a stamped amphora handle; seven bone spatulas; a stone stamp; and two coins from the beginning of the second century CE. The Roman-period pottery evinces a …

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Three Military Bread Stamps From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations, Jerusalem (Pp. 21*–31*), Leah Di Segni, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Jan 2025

Three Military Bread Stamps From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations, Jerusalem (Pp. 21*–31*), Leah Di Segni, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

The three bread stamps, two complete and one broken, were discovered within a deep deposit (the ‘Roman dump’), which was sealed under a mosaic pavement of the Eastern Cardo’s eastern portico, and under the flagstones of the northern of the two streets that extend eastward from the Cardo. A centuria symbol, engraved at the beginning of the inscription on the two complete items, identifies these stamps as military bread stamps. The names of the soldiers on the bread stamps lack a cognomen, thus dating the stamps to before the end of the first century CE, during the first period that …

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A Settlement From The Roman Period At Ḥorbat Kamon (Hebrew, Pp. 39–49; English Summary, P. 83*), Moshe Hartal Jan 2025

A Settlement From The Roman Period At Ḥorbat Kamon (Hebrew, Pp. 39–49; English Summary, P. 83*), Moshe Hartal

'Atiqot

Two squares were excavated down to bedrock at Ḥorbat Kamon. The western square included three phases (I–III); the remains of a plastered miqweh were found in Phase III. The eastern square included two phases (I, II). In Phase II, part of a building, including a room and a courtyard, was uncovered. An installation that was unearthed in the building contained mainly cooking bowls and the lower millstone of an Olynthian mill. On the basis of the ceramic finds, Phase III was dated to the beginning of the second century CE, and Phase II, the major settlement, to the second half …

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The Aqueducts Of Naḥal Bet Ha-‘Emeq (Pp. 1*–19*), Rafael Frankel Jan 2025

The Aqueducts Of Naḥal Bet Ha-‘Emeq (Pp. 1*–19*), Rafael Frankel

'Atiqot

Remains of three parallel aqueducts (A–C) were found over a distance of about 6 km along Naḥal Bet Ha-‘Emeq. Aqueduct A is partly a tunnel with vertical shafts and partly a channel; Aqueduct B is a wide channel; and Aqueduct C is a narrow channel. Sections of the tunnels were completely filled with soil, while others were empty. The ceramic evidence suggests that Aqueducts A and C were hewn in the Hellenistic period, while Aqueduct B could be slightly later. After the aqueducts were abandoned, the region was terraced for agricultural use. In addition to the three aqueducts, a shaft …

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Ḥorbat Burin (East): Remains Of Buildings And A Pottery Kiln From The Persian To The Beginning Of The Early Islamic Periods (With Contributions By Yael Gorin-Rosen And Helena Sokolov) (Hebrew, Pp. 21–31; English Summary, Pp. 80*–81*), Uzi ‘Ad Jan 2025

Ḥorbat Burin (East): Remains Of Buildings And A Pottery Kiln From The Persian To The Beginning Of The Early Islamic Periods (With Contributions By Yael Gorin-Rosen And Helena Sokolov) (Hebrew, Pp. 21–31; English Summary, Pp. 80*–81*), Uzi ‘Ad

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Burin, in the northern Sharon plain, were carried out on the eastern fringes of the tell. Two areas (A and B) were exposed. In Area A, a round pottery kiln, dating to the end of the Byzantine period (sixth–seventh centuries CE), was exposed almost in its entirety. In Area B, remains from three building phases (V–III) were uncovered: a building from the Hellenistic period; a bathhouse, dated to the Byzantine period; and a massive building, which was in use between the end of the Byzantine and the beginning of the Early Islamic periods.

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Pottery From The Persian And Hellenistic Periods At Ḥorbat Burin (East) (Hebrew, Pp. 33–38; English Summary, P. 82*), Hagit Torge Jan 2025

Pottery From The Persian And Hellenistic Periods At Ḥorbat Burin (East) (Hebrew, Pp. 33–38; English Summary, P. 82*), Hagit Torge

'Atiqot

The pottery finds from the Phase V building at Ḥorbat Burin (East) were uncovered within a fill underlying the foundation of the floor, inside the foundation itself and above it. No intact or restorable vessels were found. The finds from the fill represent types, characteristic of the Persian and Hellenistic periods. The finds from the floor foundation also date to these periods. The pottery above the foundation of the floor dates to a later Hellenistic phase, thus determining the building’s final stage. No post-Hellenistic pottery types were observed.

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A Burial Cave From Iron Age Ii And The Early Roman Period North Of Tel Hadid (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew, Pp. 1–20; English Summary, P. 79*), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From Iron Age Ii And The Early Roman Period North Of Tel Hadid (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew, Pp. 1–20; English Summary, P. 79*), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

A hewn burial cave north of Tel Hadid was used for interment during Iron Age II and the Early Roman period. The rectangular burial chamber has three hewn shelves in its walls and an elliptical bone repository below the western shelf. Numerous bones were found on the shelves, discarded with other artifacts. The Iron Age finds include ceramic artifacts and a stone bowl. The finds from the Early Roman phase comprise pottery vessels; no ossuaries were discovered.

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Concordia Seminary Magazine Fall/Winter 2024, Vicki Biggs Jan 2025

Concordia Seminary Magazine Fall/Winter 2024, Vicki Biggs

Concordia Seminary Magazine

Let us Fix Our Eyes on Jesus

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A Sugar Industry Site From The Fatimid To The Ottoman Periods At Tell Umm Al-Faraj, Western Galilee (Hebrew, Pp. 139–159; English Summary, P. 77*), Emmanuel Damati Jan 2025

A Sugar Industry Site From The Fatimid To The Ottoman Periods At Tell Umm Al-Faraj, Western Galilee (Hebrew, Pp. 139–159; English Summary, P. 77*), Emmanuel Damati

'Atiqot

The excavation at Tell Umm al-Fajar, located in the heart of Moshav Ben ‘Ami in the western Galilee, revealed an agricultural settlement that produced sugar from the Fatimid period until the Ottoman period, as indicated by the numerous sugar vessels that were found.

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A Cargo Of Lead Ingots From An Eleventh–Thirteenth-Centuries Ce Shipwreck Off The Ashqelon Coast (Hebrew, Pp. 131–137; English Summary, P. 76*), Ehud Galili, Baruch Rosen Jan 2025

A Cargo Of Lead Ingots From An Eleventh–Thirteenth-Centuries Ce Shipwreck Off The Ashqelon Coast (Hebrew, Pp. 131–137; English Summary, P. 76*), Ehud Galili, Baruch Rosen

'Atiqot

Fifty-seven lead ingots were discovered on the seabed west of Tel Ashqelon, their total average weight reaching c. 4 tons. These finds shed light on the nature of shipping and commerce along the Ashqelon coast during the eleventh–thirteenth centuries CE. A survey of the written evidence, concerning the importation of lead to Israel, is encountered, as well as an attempt to reconstruct the vessel type that transported the lead and the reason for its wreckage.

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The Fortification System In The Northwestern Part Of Jerusalem From The Early Islamic Period To The Ottoman Period (Hebrew, Pp.105–130; English Summary, Pp. 73*–75*), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Jan 2025

The Fortification System In The Northwestern Part Of Jerusalem From The Early Islamic Period To The Ottoman Period (Hebrew, Pp.105–130; English Summary, Pp. 73*–75*), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

Along the exterior of the wall in Jerusalem, near the New Gate, several defense elements were unearthed beneath the Ottoman wall, including stone courses, a rock-cut moat and towers. These findings make it possible to suggest a new reconstruction of the development of the fortification system of the city from the Roman–Byzantine periods tothe Earlty Islamic, Medieval and Ottoman periods.

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Ḥorbat Siv: Quarries, Burial Caves, Kilns, Agricultural Installations, Roads And A Columbarium (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew, Pp. 65–87; English Summary, Pp. 68*–69*), Kareem Sa'id, Uzi 'Ad Jan 2025

Ḥorbat Siv: Quarries, Burial Caves, Kilns, Agricultural Installations, Roads And A Columbarium (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew, Pp. 65–87; English Summary, Pp. 68*–69*), Kareem Sa'id, Uzi 'Ad

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Sib revealed an agricultural village, whose inhabitants engaged, inter alia, in the production of oil and wine. Among the finds was a complex winepress, unique both in plan and in size—several suggestions are offered in attempt to reconstruct the way it was operated.

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The Complex Winepress At Ḥorbat Siv: Analysis And Interpretation (Hebrew, Pp. 89–92; English Summary, P. 70*), Yehoshua Dray Jan 2025

The Complex Winepress At Ḥorbat Siv: Analysis And Interpretation (Hebrew, Pp. 89–92; English Summary, P. 70*), Yehoshua Dray

'Atiqot

The complex winepress exposed at Horbat Siv offers a good opportunity for a reevaluation of the wine production process. In this article, a new approach is discussed concerning the function of the various components of the installation. The hypothesis presented here considers two main facts pertaining to wine production: (1) all winepresses operated in accordance with the gravitation principle; (2) wine is extracted naturally, i.e., biochemically.

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A Roman-Period Burial Cave On Ha-Ḥoresh Street, Qiryat Tiv‘On (Pp. 27*–61*), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

A Roman-Period Burial Cave On Ha-Ḥoresh Street, Qiryat Tiv‘On (Pp. 27*–61*), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

A burial cave, excavated at Qiryat Tiv‘on in the Lower Galilee, contained several pottery coffins, as well as limestone and pottery ossuaries, attesting that it had been utilized by a Jewish population. The date of the coffins and ossuaries is discussed in a larger geographical and stratigraphical context. Also found in the cave were oil lamps, exhibiting a broken discus — a new suggestion forthe breaking of the discus is offered.

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A Burial Cave From The Early Roman Period On Diskin Street, Jerusalem (With A Contribution By Ronny Reich) (Hebrew, Pp. 93–103; English Summary, Pp. 71*–72*), Gideon Solimany, Rafeh Abu Raya, Ronny Reich Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Early Roman Period On Diskin Street, Jerusalem (With A Contribution By Ronny Reich) (Hebrew, Pp. 93–103; English Summary, Pp. 71*–72*), Gideon Solimany, Rafeh Abu Raya, Ronny Reich

'Atiqot

A rock-hewn, kokhim-type burial cave was exposed on Diskin Street, Jerusalem. It yielded a few potsherds, including a knife-pared lamp, dating to the Early Roman period. Ten ossuaries made of soft limestone were found; two of them are inscribed with names in Greek and in Hebrew, alluding to the Jewish origin of the interred. This cave fits well within the presently known boundaries of the ancient cemetery of Jerusalem during the first century CE.

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A Faience Amulet From Rosh Ha-‘Ayin, Miẓpe Afeq (Pp. 25*–26*), Naomi Sidi Jan 2025

A Faience Amulet From Rosh Ha-‘Ayin, Miẓpe Afeq (Pp. 25*–26*), Naomi Sidi

'Atiqot

A Faience amulet, depicting the Egyptian deity Shu/Heh,was recovered froman archaeological context dating to the fourth century BCE at Rosh Ha-‘Ayin. Based on parallels found elsewhere in the counry, ranging in date from the Iron Age IIC to the Hellenistic period, it seems that the amulet from Rosh Ha-‘Ayin can be dated soundly to the Persian-Hellenistic context within which it was found.

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Rosh Ha-‘Ayin, Miẓpe Afeq: Remains Of An Agricultural Settlement From The Iron Age To The Hellenistic Period(With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 53–63; English Summary, P. 67*), Elie Haddad Jan 2025

Rosh Ha-‘Ayin, Miẓpe Afeq: Remains Of An Agricultural Settlement From The Iron Age To The Hellenistic Period(With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 53–63; English Summary, P. 67*), Elie Haddad

'Atiqot

Within the neighborhood of Mizpe Afeq, the northeastern part of a nearby agricultural settlement was excavated. Agricultural installations, including a silo, two cisterns and a simple oil press were discovered, dating to the Iron Age; they existed until the second century BCE. A unique find is a faience amulet representing the Egyptian deity Shu/Heh.

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