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Articles 31 - 60 of 105
Full-Text Articles in French and Francophone Literature
La Dimension Cinématographique Du Paysage Dans L’Œuvre Littéraire De Julien Gracq, El Arbi El Bakkali
La Dimension Cinématographique Du Paysage Dans L’Œuvre Littéraire De Julien Gracq, El Arbi El Bakkali
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Classé parmi les maîtres de la littérature contemporaine en France, Julien Gracq de son vrai nom Louis Poirier (professeur de géographie) a pu marquer sa carrière d’écrivain sans qu’il s’inscrive à aucun courant littéraire précis. Sa production littéraire est protéiforme et s’étale sur deux grandes périodes littéraires: la première (1938-1967) prenait du surréalisme et de la fiction comme cadre principal de création littéraire tandis que la seconde période (1967-1992) était axée sur des fragments d’autobiographie, réflexions sur la littérature et médiations géographiques. Il est important de souligner que le point commun entre ces deux périodes artistiques de l’auteur est l’omniprésence …
“Nous Étions Ici Pour Durer”: Memorialization And Environmental Advocacy In Véronique Tadjo’S En Compagnie Des Hommes, Marda Messay
“Nous Étions Ici Pour Durer”: Memorialization And Environmental Advocacy In Véronique Tadjo’S En Compagnie Des Hommes, Marda Messay
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Detected for the first time in 1976 in Northern Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) and in Southern Sudan (now South Sudan), the Ebola virus has reemerged periodically mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The deadliest outbreak of Ebola occurred in Guinea, eventually spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone from 2014-2016. At the end, there were 28, 652 cases and 11, 325 deaths (cdc.gov). The outbreak generated international news coverage and sparked panic, especially once cases were reported in the U.S., in Spain and in the UK. It also incited Veronique Tadjo’s latest work, En compagnie des Hommes (2017), as she …
Intégration Du Genre Dans La Gestion Des Ressources En Eau Au Maroc (Nord-Ouest D’Afrique), El-Mostafa Mili
Intégration Du Genre Dans La Gestion Des Ressources En Eau Au Maroc (Nord-Ouest D’Afrique), El-Mostafa Mili
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Au Maroc 92% des individus âgés de plus de 5 ans ont un téléphone (2018), alors que 80% de Marocains ont accès à l’eau potable et 38% disposent d’un accès aux installations d’assainissement améliorées (2017) ! Le Maroc a une grande expérience en matière de développement de l’offre des ressources en eau. Malgré cela, les problèmes de pénurie d’eau sont devenus une réalité. Malheureusement, les intérêts particuliers et la corruption généralisée entre les gouvernements et les entrepreneurs privés génèrent trop souvent une situation déséquilibrée. Est-ce que cela a pour cause la mauvaise gestion des ressources en eau ? L’objectif de …
Pour Une Reconstitution De La Mémoire Du Paysage Naturel De La Ville D’Oujda (Maroc Oriental) À Partir De La Perception Des Voyageurs Français De La Fin Du XixÈme Et Du Début Du XxÈme Siècles, Bouchra Benbella
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Objectifs de cette étude-- Oujda: ville à la frontière avec l’Algérie, cité oubliée où le peu d’espaces verts qui reste rétrécit comme peau de chagrin. - Montrer des paysages naturels disparus ou dépéris de la ville d’Oujda, décrits par des voyageurs français avant et après le Protectorat français (1912), parce que préserver et avant tout connaître. - Sensibiliser la génération Z marocaine à son patrimoine national (local) et les exhorter à agir.
Corpus:
BERNARD, A. Les confins Algéro-marocains, Paris : Emile Larose, 1911
CANAL, J. La frontière marocaine. Oudjda 1885, Oran : Paul Perrier, 1886 ;
ELABBASSI, Ali Bey. …
Sylvain Tesson : La Consolation De La Forêt, Sylvie Blum-Reid
Sylvain Tesson : La Consolation De La Forêt, Sylvie Blum-Reid
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Sylvain Tesson est né sous les constellations du blaireau et de la forêt.2 Cet écrivain-voyageur, géographe de formation, a passé six mois dans une cabane en Sibérie, à la suite desquels il a publié son journal Dans les Forêts de Sibérie traduit en anglais par The Consolation of the Forest en 2011 (prix Médicis 2011). En plus de ses écrits, il est l’auteur de plusieurs documentaires filmés Aral: Chronique d’une mer asséchée, 2002 (Aral, the Sea than Ran dry, dir. Nicolas Millet, 42 min. , CNC),3 qui dénonce la catastrophe écologique de la mer d’Aral, asséchée depuis …
Expropriation And Forced Migrations: The Displacement Of Colonial Agricultural Laborers In Mohammed Dib’S Algerian Trilogy, Benjamin Sparks
Expropriation And Forced Migrations: The Displacement Of Colonial Agricultural Laborers In Mohammed Dib’S Algerian Trilogy, Benjamin Sparks
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Mohammed Dib, in his Algerian trilogy, demonstrates the effects of expropriation and mendicancy on the patterns of migration of agricultural laborers, illustrating the historical context of colonial Algeria through the act of storytelling. Mohammed Dib in 1949 devised the idea to write “un roman aux proportions assez vastes qui devait présenter une sorte de portrait divers de l’Algérie” (Déjeux 145) which would later become what constitutes the Algerian trilogy consisting of La Grande maison published in 1952, L’Incendie in 1954, and finally Le Métier à tisser in 1957. The trilogy tells the story of Omar’s upbringing in colonial Algeria surrounded …
“Traduit De L’Américain” As Text And Paratext, Mort Guiney
“Traduit De L’Américain” As Text And Paratext, Mort Guiney
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
The online translation forum Wordreference.com contains a thread that began in July of 2005, discussing the use and possible abuse of the expression “traduit de l’américain” as it often, though not always, appears in the front matter of French translations of American literature. The discussion contains 197 posts covering a period of more than eight years; clearly, the use of “américain” in this context elicits strong reactions among literary experts, both Anglophone and Francophone. Does it imply that “Américain” is a different language from “Anglais”? Or that it is an inferior version of English? Why are some American novels published …
Remembering And Experiencing The Land In Exile In Marie-Célie Agnant’S La Dot De Sara And Gisèle Pineau’S L’Exil Selon Julia, Marie Paillard
Remembering And Experiencing The Land In Exile In Marie-Célie Agnant’S La Dot De Sara And Gisèle Pineau’S L’Exil Selon Julia, Marie Paillard
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
In novels that stage migratory pathways, the exploring characters can perform circulation through different channels and processes, without necessarily operating a physical movement. A geographical and a corporeal process exist, but even when the concrete, physical exploration stops, it is somehow also both lived, experienced, reconstructed and imagined differently through the body and through corporeal exploration. In this paper, I argue that embodied memory can circulate through points of entanglement without any process of movement physically occurring, and these points of entanglement can all be observed interacting in the body of the migrant. For instance, sensations enable the characters to …
Claiming The Land: The Spanish Presence In Colonial Algeria, Lavinia Horner
Claiming The Land: The Spanish Presence In Colonial Algeria, Lavinia Horner
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Emmanuel Roblès: Both parents – Spanish descent
Albert Camus: Father – French; Mother – Spanish descent
Roblès’ and Camus’ literary as well as epistolary testimonies disrupt the French-Arab/Berber dichotomous colonial narrative, thus expanding pied-noir legacies and unraveling little-known aspects of the mostly forgotten, yet indelible Spanish presence in colonial Algeria.
The theoretical framework follows a multidisciplinary approach drawing from literature, psychology and legal studies to investigate how assertive literary testimonies can switch perspectives on what will be remembered.
If the understanding of history is not finalized, but open, then bringing to light little-known testimonies extant in both Roblès’ and Camus’ …
L’Art Féminin, Un Cri D’Espoir Pour L’Humanité, Zohra Lhioui
L’Art Féminin, Un Cri D’Espoir Pour L’Humanité, Zohra Lhioui
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
A travers une étude réalisée au Maroc, dans la Région de Meknès-Tafilalet (Centre-Est du royaume), et qui a été couronnée par la publication d’un ouvrage d’art portant le titre Femmes artistes de Meknès- Tafilalet (voir couverture jointe à cette proposition de communication), il ressort que l’art chez les femmes de cette région n’est pas une simple question de créativité et de passion, il est aussi un moyen esthétique d’exprimer la richesse du patrimoine, la culture de leur société et leur attachement à la nature, à l’environnement, bref à la vie tout court. Que ce soit par la danse, le stylisme, …
Un Regard Écopoétique Sur La Terre: Évolutions Du Paysage Français Dans La Photographie Contemporaine, Anaïs Belchun
Un Regard Écopoétique Sur La Terre: Évolutions Du Paysage Français Dans La Photographie Contemporaine, Anaïs Belchun
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Graphiste, artiste et doctorante en Arts plastiques, Anaïs Belchun prépare une thèse intitulée « Écopoétique paysagère : une pensée de l’écologie à l’oeuvre dans les arts du paysage » sous les directions de Patrick Barrès et Sophie Lécole Solnychkine, au sein du LARA-SEPPIA (Université Toulouse - Jaurès). Elle étudie les pensées et pratiques de l’écologie et du paysage selon une approche transdisciplinaire, avec un objectif pédagogique. Sa démarche associe recherche scientifique et création artistique, autour d’un travail de terrain (enquête paysagère, sentier paysager, ateliers d’écoformation) et hors site (photographie, carnets d’artistes, expositions). Elle a organisé plusieurs manifestations scientifiques et artistiques …
Représentation De La Médina Chez Namouss Dans Le Fond De La Jarre D’Abdellatif Laâbi, Khanssaa Canning
Représentation De La Médina Chez Namouss Dans Le Fond De La Jarre D’Abdellatif Laâbi, Khanssaa Canning
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Le Fond de la jarre d’Abdellatif Laâbi projette la médina de Fès sous une mise en scène totalement différente des anciennes représentations de ce même lieu par l’auteur, qui, depuis son expérience de l’incarcération de 1972 à1980, a pris des allures d’un espace dénaturé et impur. Une angoisse existentielle, une crise du Moi avait désormais habité Laâbi, depuis les années quatre-vingt ; plus spécifiquement, deux ans après sa libération de huit ans et demi d’emprisonnement (1982). Son oeuvre Le chemin des ordalies en dévoile les instances et interroge les contours de l’identité et de l’appartenance par rapport aux discours politique, …
Really, Warren Motte
Really, Warren Motte
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
The contemporary French novel is striking in its diversity, its complexity, and its resistance to easy classification. This is not an utterly new phenomenon (one recalls both Gide and Queneau, in the 1920s and 1930s respectively, describing the novel as a fundamentally lawless genre), but it is legitimate to say that the novel's horizon of possibility has broadened during our time, allowing for new kinds of expression. Those latter may be based in formalist experimentation (I'm thinking of writers like Jacques Roubaud, or Paul Fournel, or Stéphane Vanderhaeghe), or personal confession (Édouard Louis, Camille Laurens, Philippe Forest, for instance), or …
Narrateur, Narration Et Roman À Thèse Dans Sérotonine, Gerald Prince
Narrateur, Narration Et Roman À Thèse Dans Sérotonine, Gerald Prince
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Le narrateur autodiégétique de Sérotonine, on l'a déjà souvent remarqué, fait le portrait d'une dépression (la sienne) et oppose tradition et modernité, agriculture et industrie, campagne et ville, amour ou sexe (c'est, semble-t-il, un peu la même chose) et solitude ou séparation. Il souligne également les multiples formatages dont nous somme victimes, les nombreux mécanismes qui nous emprisonnent, tout en admettant que nous ne sommes pas entièrement déterminés et tout en détaillant une imposante série d'occasions perdues (qu'il s'agisse de proposer le mariage à la femme qu'on aime, de lui expliquer une infidélité ou de se tuer dans un …
Terre Brûlée : Une Éco-Poétique Du Vide, Pierre Taminiaux
Terre Brûlée : Une Éco-Poétique Du Vide, Pierre Taminiaux
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Au XXIe siècle, les sociétés occidentales sont confrontées à de nouvelles formes de chaos. Celui-ci comporte plusieurs dimensions, à la fois sociales, culturelles et écologiques. L’art doit dès lors prendre en considération cette situation d’une manière ou d’une autre. C’est ce qui m’autorise à parler ici de mes images photographiques rassemblées sous le titre de Terre brûlée.
Celles-ci ont été prises à l’automne 2017, au Portugal, près de la ville de Leiria, dans une forêt de bord de mer (une pinède, plus exactement) qui fut longtemps considérée dans l’histoire de ce pays comme un domaine royal. Cette saison fut …
20th & 21st Century French And Francophone Studies International Colloquium, University Of Nebraska, March 26-28, 2020: Call For Papers, Program, And Plenary Speakers
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Call for Papers
Program
Plenary Speakers: Scholastique Mukasonga, Nicolas Kurtovitch, Marie-Célie Agnant, Stephanie Posthumus
History of the Colloquium
Research Prize
Sponsors
Organizing Committee
« Ceindre La Terre » : Sur Quelques Tours Du Monde, Jean-François Duclos
« Ceindre La Terre » : Sur Quelques Tours Du Monde, Jean-François Duclos
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
« La vie est ronde », écrit Joë Bousquet en 1946. Le constat, cela va sans dire, est le même s’agissant de la Terre et nourrit l’imaginaire depuis qu’on tient le fait pour acquis. « Métaphore du cercle » de Robert Poulet, « phénoménologie du rond » de Gaston Bachelard, et depuis quelque temps l’idée de « planétarité » : chaque époque offre le moyen de spéculer sur ce que, dans leur essai intitulé « The Planetary Condition », Elias et Moraru décrivent comme « a structure of awareness1 ». Se soumettre à l’évidence de cette géométrie constitue une manière …
Ce Que Le Mirage Doit À L’Oasis De Yasmina Khadra: Comment Devient-On Enfant Du Sahara ?, Brigitte Tsobgny
Ce Que Le Mirage Doit À L’Oasis De Yasmina Khadra: Comment Devient-On Enfant Du Sahara ?, Brigitte Tsobgny
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Être un enfant du Sahara, est-ce seulement être capable d’escalader pieds nus les barkhanes brûlantes ? Dans Ce que le mirage doit à l’oasis, Yasmina Khadra invite le lecteur à découvrir son Sahara natal à travers différents personnages. Pour les uns, le Sahara c’est l’ennui, le silence, l’immobilité. Pour d’autres, c’est un lieu d’inspiration, de méditation, de prières ou d’apaisement. Pour d’autres encore, c’est un terrain vague juste bon pour les courses automobiles ou des essais nucléaires. Les narcissiques y voient une terre de conquête, les jihadistes ont fait de ses grottes des repaires d’assassins. La culture ou l’époque peuvent-elle …
The Returns Of The Roman De La Terre : Défricheurs And Their Migrant Others In The Canadien Imaginary, Alvin Y. Chuan
The Returns Of The Roman De La Terre : Défricheurs And Their Migrant Others In The Canadien Imaginary, Alvin Y. Chuan
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
The theme “parler la terre” presents an opportunity to reconsider Québec’s romans de la terre—farm novels from the turn of the Nineteenth Century into the Twentieth that are often considered to be the inaugural works of the province’s literary canon. Variously known as the “roman du territoire” or the “roman paysan”, this genre, with its idealized depictions of colonization and rural life, helped articulate what literary historian Dorothee Scholl would call the mythe du terroir—or in her own words, “the mythologizing of the soil as the site of French-Canadian national identity (103).” At the height of their popularity, these …
Reading Antelme With Levinas: Recreational Activities In Concentration Camps, Arwa Reda
Reading Antelme With Levinas: Recreational Activities In Concentration Camps, Arwa Reda
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Whether humanities humanize or not has always been a question that gathered both its proponents and opponents. Between those who confirm the statement and those who adamantly repudiate it, history has provided instances that simultaneously bear out both positions. Rather than attempting to prove or to deny the humanizing aspect of language and literature, this article looks at the matter from a different angle. Instead of the either-or argument, I propose the how as a bedrock of understanding the way humanities can humanize. Many camp survivors extolled what could be qualified as a redemptive force of language and literature. A …
La Terre Natale : À La Source De L’Écriture, Chez Sidonie Gabrielle Colette, Michèle Druon
La Terre Natale : À La Source De L’Écriture, Chez Sidonie Gabrielle Colette, Michèle Druon
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
"Mais le pays natal est moins une étendue qu’une matière ; c’est un granit ou une terre, un vent ou une sécheresse, une eau ou une lumière ; c’est par lui que notre rêve prend sa juste substance ; c’est à lui que nous demandons notre couleur fondamentale." --Gaston Bachelard, L’Eau et les Rêves.
Tout au long de son oeuvre, Colette a cherché à ressusciter dans ses textes le « paradis terrestre » de son pays natal, la Bourgogne, et le rêve profond qui lui est attaché. Déjà évoquée dans les scènes campagnardes du premier Claudine (Claudine à l’Ecole, …
Migrant Necropolitics At The Table: "Civilized Cannibalism" In Mahi Binebine's Cannibales, Taïeb Berrada
Migrant Necropolitics At The Table: "Civilized Cannibalism" In Mahi Binebine's Cannibales, Taïeb Berrada
CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
In Cannibales, the Maghrebi Francophone author Mahi Binebine revisits the encounter between the so-called “cannibals” and the European colonizer in the context of illegal immigration where bodies become commodities exchangeable for social improvements creating a different form of cannibalism. It is no longer the usual dichotomy between the civilized and the savage that is at work but rather a “civilized” European imperialist who feeds himself on a migrant’s flesh. This article argues that this representation works as a “colonial fragment” from the past but contextualized in today’s globalization. Binebine’s morbid depiction of an ambivalent postcolonial cannibalistic encounter translates as …
Reconceptualizing Time, Space And Social Relationships: Queer Acts Of Resistance By An Aids Patient In Hervė Guibert’S To The Friend Who Did Not Save My Life, Salvador Lopez-Rivera
Reconceptualizing Time, Space And Social Relationships: Queer Acts Of Resistance By An Aids Patient In Hervė Guibert’S To The Friend Who Did Not Save My Life, Salvador Lopez-Rivera
20th and 21st Century French and Francophone Studies International Colloquium
Although Hervé Guibert’s poignant account of his life as an AIDS patient in his 1990 novel with autobiographical elements To the Friend Who Did Not Save My Life (original French title: À l’ami qui n’a pas sauvé ma vie ) earned him staggering critical and commercial success in his native France, the novel’s highly personal depiction of the AIDS crisis did not please French AIDS crisis activists, who criticized that it favored the author’s individual experiences with AIDS rather than documenting the sociopolitical processes that led to its development as a public health crisis disproportionately affecting sex and gender minorities …
Colonial Patronage: Evolutions In The Critique Of Sartre’S “Orphée Noir”, Gus Huiskamp
Colonial Patronage: Evolutions In The Critique Of Sartre’S “Orphée Noir”, Gus Huiskamp
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
One of the most interesting and controversial episodes in the history of the Négritude literary and philosophical movement came when two white, French authors prefaced the texts of two of the movement’s most significant authors. Jean-Paul Sartre’s “Orphée noir” is one of these texts in question, and it served as the preface for Léopold Sédar Senghor’s Anthologie de le nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française. In one sense, one might characterize Sartre as a friend to the Négritude movement, exposing it to the francophone mainstream and thereby helping it gain traction in Western academia. Viewed a different way, …
Unlearning Don Carlos: Historical And Fictional Elements Of Innovation In César Vichard De Saint-Réal’S 'Dom Carlos, Nouvelle Historique,' Friedrich Schiller’S 'Don Karlos, Infant Von Spanien,' And Giuseppe Verdi’S 'Don Carlos', Maria-Cristina Necula
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
The story of the sixteenth-century Spanish prince, Don Carlos, has inspired numerous literary and musical adaptations that, despite the artistic limitations of historically-based content, reflect an astonishing scope of creative freedom. The myth created around Don Carlos originated in European consciousness as early as 1568. Various theories recorded in political reports and in historical works insinuated that the prince had been murdered while incarcerated by orders of his father, King Philip II. Simultaneously, hatred of Spain, intensified by Philip’s violent suppression of the revolt in the Netherlands, determined exiled Flemish nobles to launch an anti-Philip propaganda. The mystery of Don …
"If They Don't Tell You, The Hair Will": Hair Narrative In Contemporary Women's Writing, Darina Pugacheva
"If They Don't Tell You, The Hair Will": Hair Narrative In Contemporary Women's Writing, Darina Pugacheva
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The history of colonial and racial oppression made hair stories and testimonials fundamental to understanding hair as a unifying element particular for women of African descent in the post-slavery era. Seen as such, their hair narrations provide the first-person perspective of their life experiences while at the same time inviting a critical investigation of colonial and racial oppression. Contemporary women writers develop these types of narrations into a special language of hair that helps them tell a story that is not apparent or straightforward. This literary device that uses hair to uncover deeper social and political issues is bound up …
Looking At Shadows: Four French Texts In English Translation, Kalena M. Hermes
Looking At Shadows: Four French Texts In English Translation, Kalena M. Hermes
World Languages and Cultures
This project present four French texts in English translation that share the theme of loss. This theme is perhaps one of the most poignant and relevant; loss is an experience that every human will encounter, and as people we continue across time to grapple with what it means for us and how to deal with it. These four texts will bring the perspectives of four authors to light in English. When we study how other countries and cultures deal with common human issues, we are able to gain new views on these issues. This project will make these texts accessible …
The Child Ethnographer In The Field: Examples From English, Spanish, And French Caribbean Literature, Emily Ann O'Dell
The Child Ethnographer In The Field: Examples From English, Spanish, And French Caribbean Literature, Emily Ann O'Dell
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In this dissertation I consider the child to be an ethnographer in works of fiction and autofiction from the Caribbean islands. Through their liminality as culturally and developmentally betwixt or between, their cultural malleability, their linguistic fluidity, and their curiosity, the child becomes a "native" ethnographer who is capable of translating the culture (both linguistically and culturally) for the reader in order to establish understandings of Caribbean cultures. This is accomplished through the creation of hybridized or creolized texts that have many of the same characteristics as postmodern ethnographies.
In the English Caribbean Xuela provides an ethnographic perspective of Dominican …
Amédée Pichot And Walter Scott’S Parrot: A Fabulous Tale Of Parroting And Pirating, Céline Sabiron
Amédée Pichot And Walter Scott’S Parrot: A Fabulous Tale Of Parroting And Pirating, Céline Sabiron
Studies in Scottish Literature
Describes the background and origin of Le perroquet de Walter Scott (Paris, 1834), by the French writer and translator Amédée Pichot, who had visited Scott (and Scott's home at Abbotsford) in 1822, discussing the complex interrelationship in Pichot's work between parody, translation, and piracy, and also considering more briefly Pichot's work as anticipating the better-known parrots in Flaubert and Julian Barnes.
In Between Realms: The Search For Feminine Selfhood In The Essais Of Montaigne, Anna Suarez
In Between Realms: The Search For Feminine Selfhood In The Essais Of Montaigne, Anna Suarez
Comparative Woman
My purpose is to explore factors of the Renaissance that determined women’s selfhood in Montaigne’s Essais. I argue that the shift into modernity is responsible for the loss of women’s autonomy as well as the anxiety experienced by men regarding their power as well as their potential. Montaigne and Renaissance discourse defines women only by their bodies (sexual organs) and I explore the elements that established biological essentialism. This paper exemplifies comparative literature in the sense that it combines literature, theory, and art for the purpose of creating a well-researched examination of the root causes for why women were …