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Full-Text Articles in Art and Design

A More-Than-Human Right-To-Repair, Michael Stead, Paul Coulton Jun 2022

A More-Than-Human Right-To-Repair, Michael Stead, Paul Coulton

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Whilst the recent introduction of the Right-to-Repair to European citizens is undoubtedly a step forward in tackling planned obsolescence, and the resultant deluge of electronic product waste – the efficacy of this new legislation is reliant on consumers availing themselves of this right. Given that repairing and maintaining devices will often require specialist knowledge and skills, it is difficult to assess how effective this right may prove to be in practice. To address this concern, we draw from the expanding infusion of datafication and Artificial Intelligence into everyday products and services via the Internet of Things to consider alternative futures …


Performative Modes Of Inquiry As Everyday Theatre, Maria Foverskov Jun 2022

Performative Modes Of Inquiry As Everyday Theatre, Maria Foverskov

DRS Biennial Conference Series

I aim to strengthen Social Design inquiries by introducing lenses from Performance Studies and Design Anthropology for acquiring better understandings of how social designers navigate performative processes of practice research. I draw upon experiences in co-producing performative modes of inquiries as an everyday theatre. A design research project supporting citizens, public and private partners in different ways in which communities of senior citizens could be supported in organizing and meeting up for social and outdoor exercise activities on an ad-hoc basis. I show how knowledges is bodily co-produced and performed through multiple partners co-scripting the performance of an everyday theatre, …


Participatory Tool For Productive Citizenship In A Regional Maker Network, Luca D'Elia, Lina Monaco, Viktor Malakuczi Jun 2022

Participatory Tool For Productive Citizenship In A Regional Maker Network, Luca D'Elia, Lina Monaco, Viktor Malakuczi

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The various types of fab-labs and makerspaces distributed in the urban context can be recognised as an organism capable of optimizing resources, producing ideas and artefacts in a participatory culture, that is also a tool for citizen engagement and self-organisation. This contribution reports on a series of surveys aimed at identify-ing and evaluating the network of urban manufacturers and users across the maker culture in Italy’s Lazio region. These actors are inserted in a framework of public and private initiatives, and they cover a social role within the urban fabric. Based on the regional context of inquiry, the ongoing research …


Positioning Design In Transdisciplinary Collaborations: Experiences From A Smart City Consortium Project, Anouk Geenen, Deger Özkaramanli, Julieta Matos-Castaño, Mascha Van Der Voort Jun 2022

Positioning Design In Transdisciplinary Collaborations: Experiences From A Smart City Consortium Project, Anouk Geenen, Deger Özkaramanli, Julieta Matos-Castaño, Mascha Van Der Voort

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper explores the positioning of design in transdisciplinary collaborations. Design is increasingly positioned as a promising way of working in complex, multi-stakeholder collaborations. In this paper, we want to deepen and challenge this positioning in order to better clarify the contribution of design. Building on literature and experiences from an ongoing consortium-type research project in the context of smart cities, we concep-tualize five preliminary roles that design adopts in collaborative settings: (1) generator; (2) communicator; (3) facilitator; (4) mediator and (5) provocateur. We argue that the latter two roles, namely the mediator and provocateur, are the most recent and …


Spatialized Video Communication Platforms: Applications In Design Education And Conferencing, Bjorn Sommer, Ayn Sayuti, Zidong Lin, Shefali Bohra, Emre Kayganaci, Jenny Hu, Caroline Yan Zheng, Chang Hee Lee, Seán O'Donoghue, Ashley Hall, Paul Anderson Jun 2022

Spatialized Video Communication Platforms: Applications In Design Education And Conferencing, Bjorn Sommer, Ayn Sayuti, Zidong Lin, Shefali Bohra, Emre Kayganaci, Jenny Hu, Caroline Yan Zheng, Chang Hee Lee, Seán O'Donoghue, Ashley Hall, Paul Anderson

DRS Biennial Conference Series

During the pandemic, the impact of video communication platforms drastically increased. But in front of a screen, flexible and serendipitous interactions known from real-life settings were reduced to a minimum. Zoom fatigue occurred very quickly and early on developments were started to provide more flexible alternatives to video-focused platforms. Spatialized Video Communication Platforms (SVCP) reintroduce more flexibility, serendipity and improved dynamic group forming by providing game-like environments. After a brief review on SVCPs, we are focusing here on the highly-customizable Gather.town platform. We developed an Open-Source pipeline to create 3D-based environments that meet the demand for visual requirements from design-engineering …


Design Research At The Border Of Art, Technology, And Healthcare: Interdisciplinary Challenges Of Games For Health Research, Aslihan Tece Bayrak Jun 2022

Design Research At The Border Of Art, Technology, And Healthcare: Interdisciplinary Challenges Of Games For Health Research, Aslihan Tece Bayrak

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Healthcare research is increasingly becoming more multidisciplinary with the involvement of various disciplines outside the medical sciences including but not limited to engineering, computer science, human computer interaction, and games. Since game development is interdisciplinary, games for health (G4H) encloses transitions between technology, humanities, social sciences, and health & rehabilitation. At an overlapping discourse of multi-disciplinarity, inter-disciplinarity, and trans-disciplinarity, this paper presents design research as a core research methodology for G4H research via reflecting on a G4H project. The aims of the paper are (1) motivating the use of design research for G4H, (2) reflecting on the challenges of interdisciplinary …


Fuzzy Logic Evaluation Of Customer Loyalty In Local, Community, And International Cafes In Hong Kong, Bharati Das, Sylvia Xihui Liu Jun 2022

Fuzzy Logic Evaluation Of Customer Loyalty In Local, Community, And International Cafes In Hong Kong, Bharati Das, Sylvia Xihui Liu

DRS Biennial Conference Series

It is a company’s paramount goal to achieve customer loyalty and expand its business. The effectiveness of these business strategies is relative to customer loyalty which is often pursued through a binary approach. This paper primarily focuses on a non-binary approach using Mamdani Fuzzy logic to measure customer loyalty and compares the outcomes with a binary approach. Also, the customer loyalty factors, including repeat patronage and relative attitude, are explored. Further, a comparison of loyalty towards various cafe categories in Hong Kong is presented. Customer Loyalty Matrix has been used to classify the above cafes based on the loyalty factors. …


Regeneration In Action: Toward A New Path For Sustainable Research Projects, Caroline Nowaki, Marguerite Foissac Jun 2022

Regeneration In Action: Toward A New Path For Sustainable Research Projects, Caroline Nowaki, Marguerite Foissac

DRS Biennial Conference Series

As COP26 just ended with moderate commitments from governments to keep global warming under 1.5°C, how can designers contribute to fight climate change? Systemic design has proposed to change design perspective from the user to the system in which the user and the designer operate to envision better our social and environmental impact. Regenerative design adds that we should aim for positive instead of net-zero impact and change our mindset and practices to create the conditions for all forms of life to thrive. If regenerative guidelines exist in urban design, it is unclear how UX-UI designers should change their practices …


Value-Drive Design Approach To Envision Speculative Futures, Yihyun Lim, Bumjin Kim Jun 2022

Value-Drive Design Approach To Envision Speculative Futures, Yihyun Lim, Bumjin Kim

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper presents a design approach that brings together speculative design, value-sensitive design, and emotion-based ethnographic method to identify value-experiences for the design of value-driven speculative futures. The paper discusses the approach in five steps; 1) emotion-based design ethnography, 2) visual mapping and value-extraction, 3) secondary research of technology and socio-cultural trends and filtering of technologies based on its interpreted value-experiences, 4) design of value-driven future scenarios, 5) materializing scenarios as discursive prototypes. We explore COVID19 pandemic as a context of research-through-design inquiry in developing this approach.


How Might We Evaluate Co-Design? A Literature Review On Existing Practices, Zixuan Wang, Tingting Jiang, Jiawen Huang, Yixuan Tai, Paola Maria Trapani Jun 2022

How Might We Evaluate Co-Design? A Literature Review On Existing Practices, Zixuan Wang, Tingting Jiang, Jiawen Huang, Yixuan Tai, Paola Maria Trapani

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Background: In recent years, co-design has seen exponential adoption in response to complex socio-technical transitions. However, the appraisal around co-design still lacks development, making its quality, effect, and value ambiguous. Aim: This study aims to encourage more research and practice in co-design evaluation by summarizing existing attempts. Method: We first conducted an integrative literature review in Scopus by analyzing and comparing existing methods used for assessing co-design. Then we iteratively coded the reviewed articles in ATLAS.ti following grounded theory. Through critical reflection and synthesis of the codes, we formed higher-level themes describing different aspects of co-design assessment. Based on these, …


The Future Of Money As A Design Material, Chris Speed, Jonathan Rankin, Chris Elsden, John Vines Jun 2022

The Future Of Money As A Design Material, Chris Speed, Jonathan Rankin, Chris Elsden, John Vines

DRS Biennial Conference Series

For many years the primary representation of value has been money. However complex we perceive its material, social and symbolic characteristics, money is now undergoing significant change as it becomes data. This paper explores the implications for design as a series of technological and regulatory shifts are taking place that are changing the representation of money into data. The paper anticipates that it won’t be long before personal bank accounts will be better understood to be personal data stores, and monies held within them are connected to data-driven systems to ‘pay’ for services that we require. By charting the changes …


Empathy In The Design Of Assistive Devices For Older Adults: An Exploratory Study With Portuguese Women, Daniela Silva, Alison Burrows, Paula Trigueiros Jun 2022

Empathy In The Design Of Assistive Devices For Older Adults: An Exploratory Study With Portuguese Women, Daniela Silva, Alison Burrows, Paula Trigueiros

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Assistive Devices (AD) aim to enhance the autonomy of their users, among whom are older adults. However, older adults often have negative feelings towards these products, such as the fear of dependence, which in turn influence their acceptance and use. These feelings can result from the use of design approaches that focus merely on users’ physical abilities. This article argues for the importance of rethinking approaches to the design of AD by focusing on a holistic and empathic view of older people. It also seeks to contribute to a richer understanding of what independence and dependence means to older people. …


Designing With Chemical Haptics, Jasmine Lu Jun 2022

Designing With Chemical Haptics, Jasmine Lu

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Designers have developed a vast array of rich interactions to stimulate the mind and body. While much of the focus has been on creating visual systems (such as in VR), there is increasing interest in developing ways to reproduce touch sensations. This turn suggests a desire to create interactive experiences that involve our whole bodies and not solely our visual senses. However, a major part of the human sensorium has been neglected: our chemosensory systems, the sensory pathways that respond to chemical stimuli. Chemical receptors exist all throughout our body and are embedded throughout our skin. In this paper, I …


Whose Place Is It? Enacted Territories In The Museum, Jennie Andersson Schaeffer, Ksenija Komazec, Elsa Vaara, Andreea Strineholm, Helena Tobiasson Jun 2022

Whose Place Is It? Enacted Territories In The Museum, Jennie Andersson Schaeffer, Ksenija Komazec, Elsa Vaara, Andreea Strineholm, Helena Tobiasson

DRS Biennial Conference Series

There is a growing trend to embrace the idea of public participation in the work of museums, from exhibition design to collections. To further develop participatory cultures in museums, these negotiations and emerging practices should be examined more closely. This paper explores a museum’s whole-hearted attempt to engage with the societal issue of climate change and work with a high degree of participation from civic society when staging a temporary exhibition. We investigate experiences in the process of building, measuring, separating and transgressing during the collaboration. Based on these explorations the paper presents three emerging and interconnected territories in the …


Envisioning Personal Finance And Expense Tracking For A Sustainable Future, Young-Ae Hahn, Jiyoun Lee, Minhyuk Kim Jun 2022

Envisioning Personal Finance And Expense Tracking For A Sustainable Future, Young-Ae Hahn, Jiyoun Lee, Minhyuk Kim

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Young Koreans who are financially inexperienced and unconcerned about environmen-tal and social issues cannot achieve balanced goals—economic self-sufficiency, envi-ronmental-health sustainability and ethical consumption—for a sustainable future. Although current personal finance apps provide daily, weekly and monthly spending trends, they do not effectively raise awareness of these goals. In response, we envi-sioned an alternative expense tracking app UI with two reference points against which a user can compare his/her current spending: (1) the user’s peer age/household/income group spending averages and (2) expert recommendations on the appropriate savings rate, energy consumption limits and ethically manufactured products. According to a survey questionnaire that …


Filling In The Gaps: Navigating The Human Experience Of Covid-19, Christopher Rice, Xinrui Xu, Lara Chehab, Santosh Basapur, Serena Jing, Sean Molloy, Aalap Doshi, Kim Erwin Jun 2022

Filling In The Gaps: Navigating The Human Experience Of Covid-19, Christopher Rice, Xinrui Xu, Lara Chehab, Santosh Basapur, Serena Jing, Sean Molloy, Aalap Doshi, Kim Erwin

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Our international study team of health design professionals applied human-centered design methods to compare the COVID recovery experiences of 28 hospitalized and 30 community-managed patients in five hospital-affiliated sites across Canada and the United States. This study identified three drivers of the COVID patient recovery experience — gaps in care; uncertainty (largely driven by unclear or missing information); and isolation and loneliness. An examination of patient responses to these drivers identified six types of supports needed to facilitate healing and recovery: interpersonal, spiritual, information and communication; technology and access, direct healthcare, and basic needs supports. We link the absence, presence, …


On The Importance Of An Enlarged ‘Design For Policy’ Framework Within The Public Policy Cycle, Rui Monteiro, Bruno Giesteira, Anne Boddington, Cristina Farinha Jun 2022

On The Importance Of An Enlarged ‘Design For Policy’ Framework Within The Public Policy Cycle, Rui Monteiro, Bruno Giesteira, Anne Boddington, Cristina Farinha

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper aims to reinforce the importance of looking at ‘design for policy’ in an enlarged perspective, encompassing the entirety of the public policy cycle. This is substantiated with a re-examination of ‘design for policy’ foundational literature, by highlighting a narrative which we argue to have set its expectations mostly on processes for (co-)creating new policies. In turn, the later stages of the policy cycle have not been getting sufficient attention, leading to an unbalanced ‘design for policy’ approach. We also contrast this interpretation with recent literature, further attesting to its fragmentation. Furthermore, this is analysed considering evidence emerging within …


Making-With The Environment Through More-Than-Human Design, Berilsu Tarcan, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Ferne Edwards Jun 2022

Making-With The Environment Through More-Than-Human Design, Berilsu Tarcan, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Ferne Edwards

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Current climate and ecological crises require questioning currently dominant under-standings and relations to nonhumans. While design is a human-centered field and practice, many intruders or competing theories challenge human-centered ap-proaches and propose ways to include nonhumans in design. This article explores different perspectives for post-anthropocentric design approaches and focuses on how design can approach the notion more-than-human as an intruder to human-centered design. Proposing practice-based studies of making-with the environment as an alternative to human-centered design, it explores how to design beyond ideas of “human progress”. Firstly, more-than-human and related concepts are introduced. Secondly, how human-centered design can be challenged …


North-South Design Education: Integrating Māori Knowledge In Design Using The Blend Approach, Luke Feast, Kei Hoshi Jun 2022

North-South Design Education: Integrating Māori Knowledge In Design Using The Blend Approach, Luke Feast, Kei Hoshi

DRS Biennial Conference Series

We investigated how to align design education that integrates mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) with the knowledge development aim of modern university education. Our main idea was to use culture-based knowledge as a source of creativity rather than socialization. We share insights from two critical cases where we tested whether the blend approach is a useful design method for integrating Māori knowledge in design education. The insights show that conceptual blending is an effective method for students to understand culture-based knowledge through creative design activity.


Audiovisual Sonifications: A Design Map For Multisensory Integration In Data Representation, Valentina Caiola, Sara Lenzi, Dina Riccò Jun 2022

Audiovisual Sonifications: A Design Map For Multisensory Integration In Data Representation, Valentina Caiola, Sara Lenzi, Dina Riccò

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In the field of data sonification, the construction of meaning is hampered by the lack of shared perceptual codes derived from common modes of perception, as it happens for the visual register. In this paper, we re-organize knowledge from previous experimental projects to build the foundations of future work in data representation. This experimental investigation aims to identify patterns in the translation process from different sensory modalities. To this end, 80 audiovisual sonifications have been collected and analyzed through phenomenological analysis with the goal of recording sensory correspondences. The resulting cross-sensory design map is a visual synthesis of the analysis, …


Designers In Action: Insights And Design Opportunities For Supporting Embodied Learning In Climbing, Hakan Yılmazer, Aykut Coşkun Jun 2022

Designers In Action: Insights And Design Opportunities For Supporting Embodied Learning In Climbing, Hakan Yılmazer, Aykut Coşkun

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Action sports have been under research spotlight due to increase in research opportunities and popularity. Though previous work focused on performance and success metrics, research on mental and emotional aspects, which make up an important part of the learning experience of action sports is still lacking. By focusing on climbing and climbers’ learning experiences, we aimed to extract user insights into learning practices of sportspeople and identify design opportunities to enhance these practices. Initially we gave climbing lectures to interaction designers, as a first-hand experience of learning processes. Then we conducted co-creation sessions with climbers and designers to identify learning …


Embedding Authentic Feedback Literacy In Design Students: A New Model For Peer Assessment, Michael Edward Parker, David Parkinson Jun 2022

Embedding Authentic Feedback Literacy In Design Students: A New Model For Peer Assessment, Michael Edward Parker, David Parkinson

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Design-based subjects consistently perform poorly in relation to assessment and feedback in measures such as the National Student Survey (UK), which prompts educators to consider more effective ways of engaging design students in the assessment and feedback process. There is a growing field of research supporting the view that exercises can be designed to deliver authentic experiences and enhance student assessment and feedback literacy. Through a literature review of this emerging field, this study establishes a framework for designing a peer-assessment and feedback exercise aimed specifically at developing authentic feedback literacy in design students, through emulating real-world experiences of the …


Thinking Outside The Bag: Worker-Led Speculation And The Future Of Gig Economy Delivery Platforms, Ben Kirman, Oliver Bates, Carolynne Lord, Hayley Alter Jun 2022

Thinking Outside The Bag: Worker-Led Speculation And The Future Of Gig Economy Delivery Platforms, Ben Kirman, Oliver Bates, Carolynne Lord, Hayley Alter

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Gig economy is presented as disruptive, technologically driven, and forward think-ing. Design is explicit in this framing, through use of slick apps to reduce friction and simplify experience for customer and worker. However, this framing is often driven by the platforms, and does not fully recognize the actual experience of work. In this paper we report on a collaborative design process on developing concepts for the future of gig work from a worker-centric perspective. This explicitly does not involve the platforms as stakeholders and uses design fiction as a tool for workers to ex-press fears, joys, and the aspects of …


Storing Cultural Archives In Synthetic Dna: An Integrated Prospective Design Investigation, Emily Groves, Romain Talou, Andrea Schneider, Nicolas Henchoz Jun 2022

Storing Cultural Archives In Synthetic Dna: An Integrated Prospective Design Investigation, Emily Groves, Romain Talou, Andrea Schneider, Nicolas Henchoz

DRS Biennial Conference Series

As cultural institutions digitize their archives, they become more accessible and versatile. However, there are significant economic and environmental costs to maintaining large databases over time. Synthetic DNA is an emerging technology that can store data at high density, with almost no energy, for thousands of years. Yet, as technical advances bring DNA storage closer to everyday use, little has been done to understand how we will interact with the technology and accept it into society. We developed an integrated prospective design approach to investigate these challenges. This included participative workshops, narrative building and the design of three tangible DNA …


Crafting In The Backstage: Materiality And The Changing Work Of Designers, Natalja Laurey, Marleen Huysman, Maura Soekijad Jun 2022

Crafting In The Backstage: Materiality And The Changing Work Of Designers, Natalja Laurey, Marleen Huysman, Maura Soekijad

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Drawing on Goffman’s metaphor of frontstage and backstage, this article analyses the role of materiality in day-to-day work practices of craftspersons. The study is based on an ethnographic study of 17 months at a design firm which was amid a shift from product to service design. This means that instead of tangible products, the designers at the firm created intangible services. This shift in work practices reduced crafting to making visualizations for reports and presentations. As a response, the designers sought ways to spend more time on manually crafting in their work. In the backstage, when among trusted peers and …


Ethics Through Design, Maria Alejandra Luján Escalante, Luke Moffat, Monika Büscher Jun 2022

Ethics Through Design, Maria Alejandra Luján Escalante, Luke Moffat, Monika Büscher

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Ethics through Design (EtD) uses co-design methods to create, facilitate and nurture anticipatory capabilities for research and innovation, responsive to both society and environment. In practice, EtD problematizes both Ethics and Design. This paper draws upon ethics of technology, specifically the work of Gilbert Simondon, to formulate principles of co-design facilitation. EtD understands ethics, beyond regulation and administrative ticking-box exercises, as contextual, creative and participatory ongoing processes. EtD has been developed within Disaster and Risk Management (DRM) and Emergency Response domains, over 7 years of working in partnership with emergency response practitioners, policymakers, academics across disciplines, standardization organizations and key …


Design, One Piece Of The Puzzle: A Conceptual And Practical Perspective On Transdisciplinary Design, Mieke Van Der Bijl-Brouwer Jun 2022

Design, One Piece Of The Puzzle: A Conceptual And Practical Perspective On Transdisciplinary Design, Mieke Van Der Bijl-Brouwer

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Transdisciplinary research is claimed to be essential in tackling today’s complex societal challenges. Transdisciplinarity includes collaboration and integration across academic disciplines, non-academic ways of knowing, and the ‘real world’ of citizens, professionals and other stakeholders. Design can contribute to transdisciplinarity by framing complex challenges, integrating knowledge towards synthesizing solutions, and providing participatory practices to engage with the real world. However, for design to be successful in transdisciplinary research contexts, a better understanding of transdisciplinarity and design is required. In this paper I present a conceptual and practical perspective on transdisciplinary de-sign. I show how design relates to three different conceptions …


Fragments Of Frictions: A Route To Spatial Manoeuvres For Uplifting Wellbeing In School Environments, Ruth Stevens Jun 2022

Fragments Of Frictions: A Route To Spatial Manoeuvres For Uplifting Wellbeing In School Environments, Ruth Stevens

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In the context of design for human flourishing (DfHF), this paper reports on a two-week research-by-design-and-built project by master students in (interior) ar-chitecture. A cocktail of qualitative research experiments was executed to function as a seismograph that registered fragments of frictions in the wellbeing of K-8 pupils. This particular study firstly explains how the research cocktail was designed, based on the ethnographic, participatory and immersive methods infused by the theoretical guidelines of DfHF theory, and secondly seeks to reveal how an analysis of the well-being related results from the experiment cocktail can lead to a novel type of design problem …


Multitudes: Widening The Research Agenda For Personal Informatics Design, Emily Winter, Bran Knowles, Daniel Richards, Kim Snooks, Chris Speed Jun 2022

Multitudes: Widening The Research Agenda For Personal Informatics Design, Emily Winter, Bran Knowles, Daniel Richards, Kim Snooks, Chris Speed

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The personal informatics field claims many potential benefits for users, from self-reflection to self-improvement. However, despite this focus on the self, the personal informatics literature has given little attention to how the self is conceptualised in tool design. From a starting point that all notions of the self are socially constructed, we draw on critiques of the PI literature to track three key conceptualisations of the self that are prevalent in the personal informatics literature – the unitary self, the lacking self, and the knowable self. For each of these, we suggest a possible design space opened by embracing an …


Augmented: Design And Ethnography In/Of An Architecture, Computer Science, And Textile Research-Creative Collective, Claire Nicholas, James Forren, Derek Reilly Jun 2022

Augmented: Design And Ethnography In/Of An Architecture, Computer Science, And Textile Research-Creative Collective, Claire Nicholas, James Forren, Derek Reilly

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper introduces a multi-disciplinary research-creation project that examines the embodied and social nature of textile design and making at different structural scales – from beaded accessories to architectural components. Bringing together anthropology, architecture, computer science, and textile craft, “Gesture and Form” seeks to develop effective and ethical pedagogies for teaching design and handcraft with new materials and technologies. Specifically, the project explores the potentialities and limitations of a head-worn augmented reality (AR) system that documents, encodes, and later guides making practices. The discussion first introduces different disciplinary frameworks for understanding and researching embodied knowledge, before sketching the multi-disciplinary research …