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Articles 1261 - 1290 of 1527
Full-Text Articles in Art and Design
Systemic Assessment As A Tool For The Design Process, Juan De La Rosa
Systemic Assessment As A Tool For The Design Process, Juan De La Rosa
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper introduces the idea of a systemic issue of misrepresentation of certain factors in the design process that could lead to ignoring the complexity and pos-sible impact of some design actions and artefacts in the system. By analyzing dif-ferent cases from literature, professional practice, and design research, a frame-work of initial analysis of the different factors that can assess some of the com-plexity of a project is presented, and a reflection is made regarding their signifi-cance and the elements they could evaluate from different cases.
A Product-Service System Design Approach For The Frame Innovation Of Food And Beverage On Board Of Civil Aviation Aircraft, Paola Maria Trapani, Jiao Mo, Ke Ma
A Product-Service System Design Approach For The Frame Innovation Of Food And Beverage On Board Of Civil Aviation Aircraft, Paola Maria Trapani, Jiao Mo, Ke Ma
DRS Biennial Conference Series
A multidisciplinary research team from the College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University in Shanghai, in collaboration with Boeing, developed research on the future of in-flight Food & Beverage (F&B). The goal was to outline four possible scenarios, illustrating distinct product-service systems and highlighting how Boeing could help airlines create value for passengers. The research addresses three questions: How to guarantee F&B health and safety while reducing disposable packaging and food waste? How to optimize the aisle use during service without making the cabin crew's work more cumbersome? How to meet passengers' demands while staying on a budget? Dorst's (2015) …
Musings On Vocabulary Choices When Proposing Design Towards Profound Systems Change, Gwendolyn Kulick
Musings On Vocabulary Choices When Proposing Design Towards Profound Systems Change, Gwendolyn Kulick
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The search for an imaginative vocabulary that encourages mind and behaviour shifts is not an easy task in processes of formulating design trajectories towards profound systems change. At the same time many design concerns are embedded in larger ecological, social, economical or political systemic crises and call for generating systems change across multiple dimensions. A prolonged terminology search when describing the theoretical and practical results of a PhD research into Pakistan’s craft sector through the systems lens triggered the interest in penning this paper about the entanglements of language and expanded design horizons and methods. While it can only offer …
Birds, Bees And Bats: Exploring Possibilities For Cohabitation In The More-Than-Human City, Ferne Edwards, Ida Maria Corsepius Melen, Anna Caroline Syse, Ida Nilstad Pettersen
Birds, Bees And Bats: Exploring Possibilities For Cohabitation In The More-Than-Human City, Ferne Edwards, Ida Maria Corsepius Melen, Anna Caroline Syse, Ida Nilstad Pettersen
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Urbanization pressures are creating conditions for greater urban density. However, cities are home for both humans and a diversity of nonhuman natures, where heightened proximity between species can cause friction and conflict. This paper explores possibilities for convivial multispecies cohabitation in more-than-human cities. It grounds more-than-human theory through the application of three case studies – birds, bees and bats – based in the city of Trondheim, Norway. Drawing on three related studies, these creatures help illuminate what kind of spaces, needs and considerations are required beyond a human-centric focus in the urban environment. Issues to consider include disease, insecure land …
From Explanations To Shared Understandings Of Ai, Iohanna Nicenboim, Elisa Giaccardi, Johan Redström
From Explanations To Shared Understandings Of Ai, Iohanna Nicenboim, Elisa Giaccardi, Johan Redström
DRS Biennial Conference Series
A key challenge in the design of AI systems is how to support people in understanding them. We address this challenge by positioning explanations in everyday life, within ongoing relations between people and artificial agents. By reorienting explainability through more-than-human design, we call for a new approach that considers both people and artificial agents as active participants in constructing understandings. To articulate such an approach, we first review the assumptions underpinning the premise of explaining AI. We then conceptualize a shift from explanations to shared understandings, which we characterize as situated, dynamic, and performative. We conclude by proposing two design …
New Perspectives In Fashion Sustainability Through The Use Of Bacterial Cellulose, Patrizia Bolzan, Daria Casciani, Arianna Regaglia
New Perspectives In Fashion Sustainability Through The Use Of Bacterial Cellulose, Patrizia Bolzan, Daria Casciani, Arianna Regaglia
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Fashion constitutes a sector with a high environmental impact, particularly because of shorter product life cycles and an exponential increase in the speed of production and in the number of goods created, sold, or unconsumed and thrashed. This paper aims to explore new perspectives of design and production processes toward environmental, social, and cultural sustainability through bio-fabrication. After an analysis of the context of reference and a review of existing literature, the research focuses on experimentation with bacterial cellulose (BC) to investigate the limits and potentials of controlled growth, waste processing and integration, accessories creation and recyclability, and the assembly/disassembly …
Is This Alive? Towards A Vocabulary For Understanding And Communicating Living Material Experiences, Hazal Ertürkan, Elvin Karana, Ruth Mugge
Is This Alive? Towards A Vocabulary For Understanding And Communicating Living Material Experiences, Hazal Ertürkan, Elvin Karana, Ruth Mugge
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Living materials are a nascent material class where living organisms are embedded and kept alive in the design outcome to achieve novel functionalities, expressions, and interactions. Experiential characterisation studies with potential end-users will provide insights for developing these novel materials for meaningful material applications. Nevertheless, the current literature lacks a vocabulary to communicate and discuss living materials in user studies. To bridge this gap, our paper presents the development of a “Living Materials Vocabulary” consisting of 45 descriptive items. Through a term frequency analysis of relevant literature and in-depth interviews with eight biodesigners, we identified a set of descriptions which …
Deep Listening: A Framework For Collaborative Climate Adaptation, Eric Gordon, Yihyun Lim, James Paradis, Tomas Guarna, Gabriela Degetau, Mona Vijaykumar
Deep Listening: A Framework For Collaborative Climate Adaptation, Eric Gordon, Yihyun Lim, James Paradis, Tomas Guarna, Gabriela Degetau, Mona Vijaykumar
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This article introduces Deep Listening, a novel transdisciplinary research agenda and framework for collaborative climate adaptation. It argues for the urgency to develop a communication approach in understanding how frontline communities interact with mediating institutions. Deep Listening is presented in five components: 1) knowledge sharing (mutually agreed upon protocols for data production and use); 2) holding space (co-creating spaces where institutional actors and communities can exchange, learn from each other and discuss); 3) the production and sharing of climate imaginaries (where local or Indigenous knowledge and community values are respected); 4) sensemaking with a diversity of perspectives and scientific data; …
Digital Toys As Tangible, Embodied, Embedded Interactions, Nicole Vickery, Dannielle Tarlinton, Yuehao Wang, Alethea Blackler
Digital Toys As Tangible, Embodied, Embedded Interactions, Nicole Vickery, Dannielle Tarlinton, Yuehao Wang, Alethea Blackler
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Our research aims to explore the potential that tangible, embedded, embodied interactions (TEIs) has in enabling children’s (age 3-5 years old) active play. This paper describes our study of 66 commercially available digitally augmented toys that have the potential to get children moving, and how these digital toys may be conceptualised as TEIs. During our analysis, the type and persistence of digital feedback from the toys was an important factor in our conceptualisation of these toys as tangible and embodied. We also encounter issues when conceptualising children’s toys, particularly toys for pretend play, as embedded interaction. These findings offer the …
Exploring Diversity Perceptions In A Community Through A Q&A Chatbot, Peter Kun, Amalia De Götzen, Miriam Bidoglia, Niels Jørgen Gommesen, George Gaskell
Exploring Diversity Perceptions In A Community Through A Q&A Chatbot, Peter Kun, Amalia De Götzen, Miriam Bidoglia, Niels Jørgen Gommesen, George Gaskell
DRS Biennial Conference Series
While diversity has become a debated issue in design, very little research exists on positive use-cases for diversity beyond scholarly criticism. The current work addresses this gap through the case of a diversity-aware chatbot, exploring what benefits a diversity-aware chatbot could bring to people and how do people interpret diversity when being presented with it. In this paper, we motivate a Q&A chatbot as a technology probe and deploy it in two student communities within a study. During the study, we collected contextual data on people's expectations and perceptions when presented with diversity. Our key findings show that people seek …
Towards A Heuristic Model For Experiential Ai: Analysing The Zizi Show In The New Real, Drew Hemment, Martin Zeilinger, Matjaz Vidmar, Jake Elwes, Holly Warner, David Sarmiento, Robin Hill
Towards A Heuristic Model For Experiential Ai: Analysing The Zizi Show In The New Real, Drew Hemment, Martin Zeilinger, Matjaz Vidmar, Jake Elwes, Holly Warner, David Sarmiento, Robin Hill
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Based on the rapid pace of evolving creative practice in AI arts, we identify an urgent need to develop frameworks for analysing the critical dimensions (including social/political) of this emerging field. This paper offers a comprehensive case study of The Zizi Show, by Jake Elwes, developed as part of The New Real and Experiential AI programme at the Edinburgh Futures Institute within the University of Edinburgh. Based on this case study analysis, we propose the structuring of distinct project characteristics into four categories (socio-cultural and institutional aspects; technology and media; artistic experience and affect; and audience and staging) which form …
Designing Hair, Saúl Baeza, Kristina Andersen, Oscar Tomico
Designing Hair, Saúl Baeza, Kristina Andersen, Oscar Tomico
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Hair forms an evolving boundary between the inside and the outside of the body, it is both separate from us and a part of us. At the same time it is strongly directed by culture and norms. With this project, we disturb and shift these norms by describing a set of speculative design explorations on hair. We describe these explorations and outline the practices and techniques that are emerging. As such this paper constitutes a report of a set of explorations and points towards the possibility of hair as an arena for designerly work.
Spatial Design + Service Design: Framing A Transdisciplinary Perspective, Annalinda De Rosa, Gea Sasso
Spatial Design + Service Design: Framing A Transdisciplinary Perspective, Annalinda De Rosa, Gea Sasso
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Design-driven praxis aimed at the transformation of spaces in relation to social and relational practices confront design researchers with the need to develop transdisciplinary approaches. If, on one side, it is impossible to envision a space without its subject matter – encounters, relations, and interactions between human and non-human entities –, on the other any type of service designed to be part of that place relies on a spatial dimension and its material reality is inevitably influences. This assumption raises questions for the design discipline: what happens when the design of spaces and services is intertwined? How can we design …
Design Capabilities For Community Resilience: Towards Dialogic Practices And Policies, Mariana Fonseca Braga, Emmanuel Tsekleves
Design Capabilities For Community Resilience: Towards Dialogic Practices And Policies, Mariana Fonseca Braga, Emmanuel Tsekleves
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper draws on a pilot study insight into Brazilian informal-settlement communities’ problems, adaptative strategies and needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although communities play a noteworthy role in resilience, emergency and recovery plans often lack sufficient community engagement. This contributes to leaving particularly disadvantaged communities behind. Inequalities were further exacerbated during the pandemic, urging the deployment of plural and sustainable measures, which can promote equity in a global health crisis. Design can play a meaningful role in tackling inequalities in emergency and recovery. However, this role of design is still under-researched in resilience. We expand on related work analyses to …
Design Elements In Data Physicalization: A Systematic Literature Review, Žarko Dumičić, Katja Thoring, Hermann W. Klöckner, Gesche Joost
Design Elements In Data Physicalization: A Systematic Literature Review, Žarko Dumičić, Katja Thoring, Hermann W. Klöckner, Gesche Joost
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Data physicalization is a growing research field that focuses on data representation and communication through the geometry or materials of physical objects. As part of this paper, we aim to contribute to the design-centric physicalization research by presenting a systematic literature review on the topic. We have identified and included 163 published and peer-reviewed conference papers and journal articles with primary data on physicalization artifacts. We have analyzed the sources from the point of view of conceptual and practical design elements. The results provide an insight into the state-of-the art research on design elements in data physicalization. This review is …
Teixint Superilles: A Grassroots Project Of Participatory Design For Inclusive Public Spaces, Clément Rames, Mireia Lozano Carbassé, Lea Karrasch, Roger Guilemany Casas
Teixint Superilles: A Grassroots Project Of Participatory Design For Inclusive Public Spaces, Clément Rames, Mireia Lozano Carbassé, Lea Karrasch, Roger Guilemany Casas
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper presents the Teixint Superilles project which developed participatory design activities to create more inclusive public space. Our hypothesis was that when citizens have the opportunity to participate in placemaking activities, they gain not only greater awareness of their environment, but also a sense of agency over their city. Through a series of workshops, we have been experimenting with diverse methodologies for civic participation while confronting a wide range of participants with topics of gender, functional diversity, cross-generational inclusivity, and sustainability. We facilitated workshops in three different environments, thus reaching a wide range of participants: a public park, a …
Reframing Homelessness, Danielle Arets, Jessy De Cooker, Vera Boonman, Lia Van Doorn, Manon Van Hoeckel, Marleen Van Der Kolk
Reframing Homelessness, Danielle Arets, Jessy De Cooker, Vera Boonman, Lia Van Doorn, Manon Van Hoeckel, Marleen Van Der Kolk
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The persistent negative framing surrounding homelessness in the Netherlands hinders constructive policymaking and has a damaging effect on the self-esteem of the young homeless (van Steenbergen, 2020). So far, no strategies have been developed to think beyond this persistent framing. In the design research trajectories Bouwdepot [building depot] & Beelddepot [image depot] journalism researchers, design researchers, social researchers, policymakers, and formerly homeless young adults, co-designed methods to develop new ways of representing homelessness. Utilizing Frame Innovation (Dorst, 2015), we co-designed and reimagined solutions going forward including the perspectives of policymakers, journalists, and people with lived experiences in homelessness. We have …
Metaphors For Designers Working With Ai, Dave Murray-Rust, Iohanna Nicenboim, Dan Lockton
Metaphors For Designers Working With Ai, Dave Murray-Rust, Iohanna Nicenboim, Dan Lockton
DRS Biennial Conference Series
In this paper, we explore the use of metaphors for people working with artificial intelligence, in particular those that support designers in thinking about the creation of AI systems. Metaphors both illuminate and hide, simplifying and connecting to existing knowledge, centring particular ideas, marginalising others, and shaping fields of practice. The practices of machine learning and artificial intelligence draw heavily on metaphors, whether black boxes, or the idea of learn-ing and training, but at the edges of the field, as design engages with computational practices, it is not always apparent which terms are used metaphorically, and which associations can be …
What Legal Design Is As Opposed To Could/Should Be, Sankalp Bhatnagar
What Legal Design Is As Opposed To Could/Should Be, Sankalp Bhatnagar
DRS Biennial Conference Series
How come legal designers keep relying on design things that make change appear possible when we know that legal things are more reliable at making change actually possible? We argue for an understanding of what legal design is as opposed to could / should be in terms of actual change (sensed as changes of a world) and the appearance of change (sensed as changed in the world). We describe what things and background practices are and do, what design things and legal things are and do, and what designers and lawyers or judges are and tend to do. We conclude …
Organizational Learning Through Collaborative Project-Based Service Design Course: The Flip Side Of The Coin, Suzan Boztepe
Organizational Learning Through Collaborative Project-Based Service Design Course: The Flip Side Of The Coin, Suzan Boztepe
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Collaborating with public or private sector organizations in project-based courses equips design students with key skills to future-proof their careers, but this gives only one side of the story as the key feature of these partnerships is that they are mutualistic collaborations. However, the benefits to organizations of collaborating are not fully explored. This paper presents a case study of partnerships with four different public organizations in a service design course over a five-year period. It argues that collaborating in project-based courses serves as risk-free experimentation and paves the way for organizational learning. The paper first reviews the existing research …
Towards A Standard: Designing An Open-Source Clay Measuring Tool, Tavs Jorgensen, Sonny Lightfoot
Towards A Standard: Designing An Open-Source Clay Measuring Tool, Tavs Jorgensen, Sonny Lightfoot
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper describes early stage research into the development of a common standard for measuring clay hardnesses in craft and design practice. The research has emerged in the context of the development of 3D printing with ceramic paste. The paper initially provides the wider context and motivation for research followed by a review of the development of this new area of practice – an area of innovation that has largely been driven by individual design practitioners through an open source approach. The paper also outlines existing approaches for measuring the plasticity and hardness of clay. The paper presents key re-search …
Tree Box: Designing Embedded And Embodied Interaction For Contemplative Experiences In Nature-Rich Environments, Sónia Matos, Daniel Sousa
Tree Box: Designing Embedded And Embodied Interaction For Contemplative Experiences In Nature-Rich Environments, Sónia Matos, Daniel Sousa
DRS Biennial Conference Series
We present Tree Box, an interactive artefact designed to connect users to nature-rich environments through contemplation. The object draws on recent debates that juxtapose the benefits of meditation and mindfulness practices with exposure to nature-rich environments. Combining both with embedded and embodied interaction, we hope to add to the growing importance of designing for human well-being and planetary health. Technically, Tree Box uses Bluetooth wireless technology to locate spots for contemplation in natural surroundings. The prototype also uses a vibrating motor and an accelerometer sensor to invite users to stop in each location. By drawing on the literature that informed …
Arabic Type In Urban Environments: A Graphic Heritage, Shaima Elbardawil
Arabic Type In Urban Environments: A Graphic Heritage, Shaima Elbardawil
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Graphic design as a cultural object can contribute to the design of heritage in various ways. This study investigates the meaning of heritage and graphic design in relation to culture and communication. It discusses cultural heritage in Arab states with reference to Arabic type and introduces Naskh-style typefaces in wayfinding systems and signage as a graphic urban heritage. This is done using a framework for analyzing urban graphic heritage alongside empirical field study from the United Arab Emirates and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The study reveals that graphic design provides a unique framework toward understanding the role of typographic …
Secret Dance And Bring Light: Enhancing User Autonomy With Directional Ambiguity In Positive Emotion Regulation Interventions, Jeremy Faulk, Oluwanifemi Oluwadairo, Jungkyoon Yoon
Secret Dance And Bring Light: Enhancing User Autonomy With Directional Ambiguity In Positive Emotion Regulation Interventions, Jeremy Faulk, Oluwanifemi Oluwadairo, Jungkyoon Yoon
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This case study summarizes the development of a self-administered behavioral inter-vention for positive emotion regulation (PER) that gives users the freedom to choose their own positive behaviors. In contrast to the predominant practice of prescribing pos-itive behaviors (e.g., “keep a gratitude journal”), we explore whether – and how – open-ended instructions could permit users to self-select such behaviors themselves. Employ-ing a research-through-design approach over 4 iterations, our interventions utilize am-biguous prompts (e.g., ‘secret dance’ and ‘bring light’) intended to inspire users to first envision and then perform self-selected positive behaviors during their day-to-day lives. The authors engage in self-reflective exercises …
Talking About Food: Reflecting On Transitions Of Practice In People With Lived Experience Of Food Poverty, David Perez, Roger Whitham, Gemma Coupe, Leon Cruickshank
Talking About Food: Reflecting On Transitions Of Practice In People With Lived Experience Of Food Poverty, David Perez, Roger Whitham, Gemma Coupe, Leon Cruickshank
DRS Biennial Conference Series
In this paper, we deploy a practice theory lens to explore how co-design activities have enabled individuals to transition to new and different advocacy, inquiry and engagement practices. The co-design project we describe sought to bring about change in a national network of organisations addressing food poverty in the UK. The aim of the project was to collaborate with young people and adults from different communities of the North of England to co-design tools for gathering stories and enabling advocacy relating to food insecurity. We use a practice theory lens to describe the relationships between co-design activities and transitions in …
Functional And Sensible: Patient Monitoring Alarm Tones Designed With Those Who Hear Them, Avery Sen, Yoko Sen, Matt Barile, Sage Palmedo, Andreas Walden, Vitor Vicente Antunes
Functional And Sensible: Patient Monitoring Alarm Tones Designed With Those Who Hear Them, Avery Sen, Yoko Sen, Matt Barile, Sage Palmedo, Andreas Walden, Vitor Vicente Antunes
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This is a case study in participatory design of alarm tones for the Philips IntelliVue patient monitoring system. Through interviews and workshops, we asked clinicians and other stakeholders what mattered to them as we designed new tones. We distilled responses into criteria with which to evaluate new tone options that we created by adjusting the tones’ pitch, timbre, and other parameters. In surveys, participants compared these options using the criteria distilled from interviews. The results were: 1) new tones that stakeholders judged to be improvements over the originals, and 2) criteria for evaluating future tones, based on “functionality” (i.e., their …
Framing Scenario Thinking In A Mode Of Futures By Design Inquiry, Corbin Raymond, Andrew Morrison, Henry Mainsah
Framing Scenario Thinking In A Mode Of Futures By Design Inquiry, Corbin Raymond, Andrew Morrison, Henry Mainsah
DRS Biennial Conference Series
In Transdisciplinary Design inquiry, the conceptual and ideational need to be clarified when relational and qualitative methodologies are enacted. This is crucial concerning complex, emergent, and urgent matters of climate change, sustainability, and collective citizenship. Theoretically, this paper covers conceptualizing scenarios as part of future-orientated envisioning and sits between design, anticipation, and foresight studies. We then propose three scenario thinking devices based on initial literature review and conceptual positioning to engage scenario thinking. The paper proposes a reframing of scenario thinking by design research as a means to inform clearer scenario building for long term sustainable collaborative futures. Methodologically, we …
Values Arising From Participatory Inclusive Design In A Complex Process, Stella Boess, Floris Jansen
Values Arising From Participatory Inclusive Design In A Complex Process, Stella Boess, Floris Jansen
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper addresses inclusive design in a situation of complexity and how to improve it. The focus is on the inclusive design of a complex process and its tools, which is increasingly an issue in systemic design challenges. The current situation of climate change means we need to work on sustainability and inclusion at the same time. The paper presents a case study of an energetic renovation process and the stakeholders’ activities and views in it. In a research-through-design process, the paper traces the possibilities to intervene in the process with communication tools to increase inclusivity of both process and …
Decolonizing Cultural Safety Education In The Healthcare System Through Cultural Immersion In Indigenous Knowledge Sharing & Material Practice, Marlene Erickson, Darlene Mcintosh, Brenda Crabtree, Connie Watts, Zoe Laycock, Nicole Preissl, Nadia Beyzaei, Jean Chisholm, Caylee Raber, Sari Raber
Decolonizing Cultural Safety Education In The Healthcare System Through Cultural Immersion In Indigenous Knowledge Sharing & Material Practice, Marlene Erickson, Darlene Mcintosh, Brenda Crabtree, Connie Watts, Zoe Laycock, Nicole Preissl, Nadia Beyzaei, Jean Chisholm, Caylee Raber, Sari Raber
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This project explores Indigenous-led arts and material practice workshops as a form of cultural safety education by fostering dialogue between non-Indigenous healthcare students and Indigenous students in the Lheidli T’enneh Territory (Prince George, Canada). Uniquely, this project is led by an art and design university, and combines Indigenous and designerly ways of knowing to consider an approach to cultural safety education that is not solely focused on the healthcare student or practitioner as the learner, but includes the community as key contributors to the learning experience. Core to the workshop model is the combination of sharing Indigenous histories and the …
Weaving Design As A Practice Of Freedom: Critical Pedagogy In An Insurgent Network, Bibiana Oliveira Serpa, Frederick M.C. Van Amstel, Marco Mazzarotto, Ricardo Artur Carvalho, Rodrigo Freese Gonzatto, Sâmia Batista E Silva, Yasmin Da Silva Menezes
Weaving Design As A Practice Of Freedom: Critical Pedagogy In An Insurgent Network, Bibiana Oliveira Serpa, Frederick M.C. Van Amstel, Marco Mazzarotto, Ricardo Artur Carvalho, Rodrigo Freese Gonzatto, Sâmia Batista E Silva, Yasmin Da Silva Menezes
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Design can be both a practice of freedom or a practice of oppression, depending on who designs and whose intentions are prioritized. When this practice underestimates, excludes, disrespects, or deceives people who are part of oppressed groups, it intensifies oppression. Design as a practice of freedom takes more than a new design method. It requires the union of the oppressed. This paper describes the weaving of the Design & Oppression network, which responded to the growth of political authoritarianism and naive consciousness in design. The network's goal is to establish bonds of solidarity between all struggles against oppression that cut …