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Full-Text Articles in Art and Design

Cultural Policy And The Rise Of Multiculturalism Study Of Fine Arts Exhibition In The 2000s, The National Gallery Of Indonesia, Citra Smara Dewi May 2020

Cultural Policy And The Rise Of Multiculturalism Study Of Fine Arts Exhibition In The 2000s, The National Gallery Of Indonesia, Citra Smara Dewi

International Review of Humanities Studies

This study focuses on the role of cultural policy in the rise of multiculturalism with a case study of the Indonesian Art Exhibition, Pameran Seni Rupa Nusantara (PSRN) 2000s, which was initiated by a cultural institution, the National Gallery of Indonesia (GNI). PSRN exhibition is one of the important programs of GNI because it gives space to the artists of the archipelago - not just Java and Bali - to present works of modern-contemporary art rooted in local wisdom. As a nation that has the characteristics of pluralism, the spirit of multiculturalism in art has become very significant, especially in …


Model Of Mural Painting In The Inpatient Room Of Fatmawati Hospital, Tri Aru Wiratno May 2020

Model Of Mural Painting In The Inpatient Room Of Fatmawati Hospital, Tri Aru Wiratno

International Review of Humanities Studies

The research model of mural painting in the children's ward of Fatmawati Hospital is interesting not only as a beauty but also the beauty it gives to patients. The model of mural painting as a form of instrumenta art works that aims and serves as the beauty of a child's inpatient room to further provide calm, coolness and peace to the pediatric inpatients. By using Terry Barrett's interpretation research method, the interpretation research method must include the contextualization of substantial creative work. And the development model of Borg and Gall, Dick and Carey. As a method that is integrated as …


Diplomasi Budaya Indonesia Dan Rusia Dalam Lirik Lagu Rayuan Pulau Kelapa Dan Versi Rusia Pesnja Ostrova Pal’M, Edelleit Rose Widyatmoko, Hendra Kaprisma Apr 2020

Diplomasi Budaya Indonesia Dan Rusia Dalam Lirik Lagu Rayuan Pulau Kelapa Dan Versi Rusia Pesnja Ostrova Pal’M, Edelleit Rose Widyatmoko, Hendra Kaprisma

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

The focus of this study is the aspects of cultural diplomacy in Pesnja Ostrova Pal’m, Russian version of Rayuan Pulau Kelapa. This song was translated into Russian in 1957 by Vladimir Korchagin as an editor at the Central Studio of Documentary Film, with language formulation according to Russian perspective. As a major theory, this study uses Norman Fairclough’s three-dimension critical discourse analysis theory approach (1997, 2003, and 2013)—text analysis, discursive practice, and social practice. The result of the study shows that the language transfer between Rayuan Pulau Kelapa and Pesnja Ostrova Pal’m was a major contribution to cultural diplomacy between …


The Emergence Of Anti-Hate Speech Activism In Japan: The Relevance Of Critical Race Theory’S Sociological Implications, Bachtiar Alam Apr 2020

The Emergence Of Anti-Hate Speech Activism In Japan: The Relevance Of Critical Race Theory’S Sociological Implications, Bachtiar Alam

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

As concern over hate speech grows into a global issue (Haraszti 2012), a recurring question confronting every democratic society is how it should restrict discriminatory speech without infringing upon the universally accepted principle of free speech. Japan’s recent experience in coping with growing hate speech presents a valuable case study. The country had staunchly protected the free speech principle enshrined in the post-World War II constitution and consistently been disinclined to pass any law that regulates hate speech. This, however, has changed dramatically in the last few years. The incidence of hate speech targeting ethnic Koreans exploded around 2012, which …


Konstruksi Maskulinitas Dalam Penari Balian Bawo Dayak Deah, Tri Sulapmi Dolina Ikeh, Aquarini Priyatna, Muhammad Adji Apr 2020

Konstruksi Maskulinitas Dalam Penari Balian Bawo Dayak Deah, Tri Sulapmi Dolina Ikeh, Aquarini Priyatna, Muhammad Adji

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

Balian Bawo dancer is an important figure in the traditional ceremony of the Dayak Deah tribe. A Balian Bawo is believed to be the link between humans and spirits. This dance should only be performed by a man. One representation of Dayak life is presented in the body of the dancer. This study has a qualitative design and examines the representation of masculinity that is manifested in the body of Balian Bawo dancers. Data collection was conducted by compiling photo and video documentation which was then analyzed using the theory of denotation semiotics and Roland Barthes connotations. The results of …


Pemberontakan Komunis Silungkang 1926–1927 Sebuah Gerakan Islam Revolusioner, Amri Marzali Apr 2020

Pemberontakan Komunis Silungkang 1926–1927 Sebuah Gerakan Islam Revolusioner, Amri Marzali

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

This article discusses what was called by the Dutch Colonial Government as ‘The Communist Uprisings of 1926-1927’. Instead of ‘the communist uprisings’, the writer tends to call this people’s resistance as ‘the Revolutionary Islamic Movement’. The writer finds the facts in which the dominant organization involved in the uprising was Sarekat Islam, a spilt faction of Sarekat Islam. The correction is based on different documents and reports, namely the resources issued by the colonial government, books written by political researchers of the West and by a local historian such as Mestika Zed, books and articles written by the local Silungkang’s …


Penerjemahan Novel Dracula Karya Bram Stoker Dari Bahasa Inggris Ke Dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Kasus Pengalihan Skema Budaya Divergen, Doni Jaya Apr 2020

Penerjemahan Novel Dracula Karya Bram Stoker Dari Bahasa Inggris Ke Dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Kasus Pengalihan Skema Budaya Divergen, Doni Jaya

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

Divergent cultural schema (DCS) is a collection of cultural knowledge required to interpret a text, which is assumed to be present in source readers (SR) but absent in target readers (TR). DCS typically takes the form of a highly concise source text without any sufficient information, so the translator applied various strategies. Bram Stoker’s Dracula, consisting of its English source text (ST) and Indonesian target text (TT), was chosen as data source due to its strong Victorian-European setting which contains many potential DCS. Data analysis generated several categories of results. The first is units of analysis (n = 758) which …


Kajian Sosio-Historis Tentang Pandangan Dunia Atoni Pah Meto Dalam Ritus Poitan Liana, Kristian E.Y.M Afi, Maglon F. Banamtuan Apr 2020

Kajian Sosio-Historis Tentang Pandangan Dunia Atoni Pah Meto Dalam Ritus Poitan Liana, Kristian E.Y.M Afi, Maglon F. Banamtuan

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

This article describes the world view of the people of South Central Timor Regency regarding Atoni Pah Meto in the Poitan Liana Rite. With qualitative descriptive methods, the paper formulated (1) Poitan Liana Rite means the kinship displayed in the role of Atoin Amaf in belief in Uis Neno, Uis Pah, and the ancestors through symbolic actions and speech; (2) Timorese view their life as an integral part of supernatural life, and the continuation of people’s lives in harmony between social order and cosmic order. Uis Neno, Uis Pah, and Ancestors are believed to be a supernatural power involved in …


Penelusuran Jejak Islam Di Belitung, Wahyu Rizky Andhifani, Nor Huda Ali Apr 2020

Penelusuran Jejak Islam Di Belitung, Wahyu Rizky Andhifani, Nor Huda Ali

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

One of the islands in Indonesia which has both tourist and mining interests is Belitung Island. Belitung Island is an island between Kalimantan Island and Bangka Island. The history of Belitung is said to have existed since the time of the Majapahit Kingdom, while in the Islamic Belitung era it had four kingdoms, namely: the Balok Kingdom (the oldest and largest), Belantu Kingdom, Badau Kingdom, and Buding Kingdom. This study aims to reveal the existence of Islam on Belitung Island, and this is because Belitung Island has many Islamic treasures, some of which have not been disclosed. This research uses …


Reading Between The Lines: Revealing Interiority, Paramita Atmodiwirjo, Yandi Andri Yatmo Jan 2020

Reading Between The Lines: Revealing Interiority, Paramita Atmodiwirjo, Yandi Andri Yatmo

Interiority

Words, texts and narratives have the potential to reveal the complexity of interiority; they can tell stories beyond the physical materiality of space to reveal spatial occupation, address social and cultural issues embedded in space and capture the trajectories of inhabitation over time. This issue of Interiority addresses writing and reading as a form of inquiry towards the idea of interiority being embedded within the represented forms of architecture and interior. The articles in this issue demonstrate various forms of inquiry concerning the idea of interiority through various media of ‘writing,’ then explore how their reading becomes a way of …


Slashed Interiors: Text/Space, Igor Siddiqui Jan 2020

Slashed Interiors: Text/Space, Igor Siddiqui

Interiority

This essay explores the relationship between text and space by considering the notion of writing interiors as a form of creative practice. The research focuses on the textual and spatial uses of the punctuation mark slash (/), as evidenced in a range of text-based works by Barbara Kruger, Glenn Ligon, Dom Sylvester Houédard, Anni Albers, and other artists. The first part of the essay surveys the typographic character’s varied uses in written language; the second part considers its role within artwork titles, namely how its presence shapes spatial interpretations of each artwork in question; in the third part, preceding the …


Buildings, Faces, Songs Of Alienation: How Interiority Transforms The Meaning Out There, Peter Marthinus De Kock Jan 2020

Buildings, Faces, Songs Of Alienation: How Interiority Transforms The Meaning Out There, Peter Marthinus De Kock

Interiority

This paper presents a theoretical framework that explores visual meaning in the design and use of interior space. It is comprised of three main parts. The first outlines the framework and draws on several key theories. The second introduces three very different constructs as case studies that in#uence (or are a product of) spatial quality, namely: buildings, faces, and songs of alienation. The third part is a discussion about how each of these three constructs are linked to each other as well as to the idea of interiority. While architectural forms are containers of meaning, the way in which interior …


Urban Interiority In The Anthropocene, Nerea Feliz Arrizabalaga Jan 2020

Urban Interiority In The Anthropocene, Nerea Feliz Arrizabalaga

Interiority

This paper explores how interior design could amplify the current discourse on sustainability within urban public space. The consideration of a number of contemporary authors that are questioning the traditional notion of interiority situates this paper within an expansive understanding of interiority in the context of the Anthropocene. Interiority is considered as a transferable condition based on modes of interior occupation, that can take place on the outdoors, and is often found in public spaces within dense urban areas. In the face of an upcoming biodiversity crisis, this text advocates for a necessary disciplinary shift away from traditional anthropocentric views, …


Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy And The Built Environment, Dak Kopec, Kendall Marsh Jan 2020

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy And The Built Environment, Dak Kopec, Kendall Marsh

Interiority

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) are often connected to the development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain disease commonly found in athletes, military veterans, and others that have a history of repetitive brain trauma. This formative exploratory study looked at person-centred design techniques for a person with CTE. The person-centred design method used for this study was based on a two-tiered reductionist approach; the first tier was to identify common symptoms and concerns associated with CTE from the literature. This information provided specific symptoms that were addressed through brainstorming ideations. Each singular ideation accommodated the singular, or small cluster …


The Local Festival Of Kampos: A Fictional Narrative Of Place, Space And Interiority, Maria Vidali Jan 2020

The Local Festival Of Kampos: A Fictional Narrative Of Place, Space And Interiority, Maria Vidali

Interiority

This article is created out of the architectural space and narratives of village life. The narratives concern the interiority of life in Kampos, a farming village on the Greek Cycladic island of Tinos, on the day when the village celebrates the Holy Trinity, its patron saint. The village area on this festive day is depicted in the movement of the families from their houses to the church, the procession from the patron saint’s church to a smaller church through the main village street, and, finally, in the movement of the villagers back to speci!c houses. Through a series of spatial …


On The Nature Of Public Interiority, Liz Teston Jan 2020

On The Nature Of Public Interiority, Liz Teston

Interiority

This essay explores the intersection between interiority, urbanism, and human perception. I view interiority as a condition of the senses rather than an indoor place. Revelations of interiority can be discovered within the urban realm, in public spaces, and in intimate interior conditions. I am especially interested in “public interiority” or these cases of interiority that can be found in exterior urban places. Understanding interiority as a perceived condition grounds the built environment in phenomenology, varied human experiences, and everyday conditions. Herein, I begin with an ontology of interiority, which focuses on various ways of perceiving the nature of things—phenomenology, …


Kasus Ujaran Kebencian Dalam Berita Surat Kabar Di Hindia Belanda, Fajar Muhammad Nugraha, Reynaldo De Archellie, Cresentia Carra Nethania Clement Jan 2020

Kasus Ujaran Kebencian Dalam Berita Surat Kabar Di Hindia Belanda, Fajar Muhammad Nugraha, Reynaldo De Archellie, Cresentia Carra Nethania Clement

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

This article is a preliminary study that explores past events of the Dutch East Indies colonial government, specifically describing criminal cases of hate speech or haatzaai depicted in newspaper news between 1879 and 1942. The Dutch East Indies colonial government controlled freedom of thought, expression, and politics of the native population by using the legal instruments Wetboek van Strafrecht voor Nederlandsch Indie, especially articles 154, 155, 156, and 157. These four articles are known as haatzaai artikelen. This regulation was published and enforced in the Dutch East Indies in 1918. This article uses twenty-eight newspaper news articles published in ten …


Decolonizing Gender Identities In Indonesia: A Study Of Bissu ‘The Trans-Religious Leader’ In Bugis People, Petsy Jessy Ismoyo Jan 2020

Decolonizing Gender Identities In Indonesia: A Study Of Bissu ‘The Trans-Religious Leader’ In Bugis People, Petsy Jessy Ismoyo

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is one of the pillars of Indonesia that has placed our nation and nationess to a diversity of identity, from genders, tribes, religions, to cultures. Indonesia has a long history of gender diversity that recognized various gender identities as part of the culture. Henceforth, In Indonesia, gender is not perceived in a binary way between male or female, masculine and feminine, without giving the ‘third space’ to other genders and sexuality. For example, Bugis people recognize five genders: oroané, makkunrai, calabai, calalai, and bissu, which will be examined further in this paper. In reality, a lively debate …


Eksistensi Dan Pewarisan Budaya Tuku Dalam Masyarakat Pulau Ndao (Orang Ndao) Kabupaten Rote Ndao Ntt, Daud Saleh Luji Jan 2020

Eksistensi Dan Pewarisan Budaya Tuku Dalam Masyarakat Pulau Ndao (Orang Ndao) Kabupaten Rote Ndao Ntt, Daud Saleh Luji

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

On Ndao Island, Ndao Nuse Subdistrict, Rote Ndao Regency, the people have two prominent skills and have become the livelihoods of the people on the island, namely weaving skills (manènnu) and craftsmen or silversmiths (tuku). The two skills of the above Ndao island community are passed on by parents with informal and non-formal education patterns, but the two cultures experience different developments. Manènnu culture is still developing today among women while tuku culture is almost extinct. To find out the existence and cause of near extinction of Tuku’s skills, this research was carried out with the formulation of the problem …


Melacak Akar Kreativitas Di Kota Bandung Masa Kolonial, Achmad Sunjayadi Jan 2020

Melacak Akar Kreativitas Di Kota Bandung Masa Kolonial, Achmad Sunjayadi

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

In 2007 Bandung was designated as a pilot project for the creative cities of Asia Pacific, and in 2015 Bandung was included in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. It is related to the development of the city of Bandung and the creativity of the population. Its creativity is formed through a process. This article traces the roots of this creativity since the beginning of its formation in the early 19th century to become the city of Bandung in the early 20th century. The method used is the historical method supported by creative cities’ and voluntary organization’s concepts. Primary sources were …


Representasi Perempuan Jawa Dalam Serat Wulang Putri: Analisis Wacana Kritis, Atin Fitriana Dec 2019

Representasi Perempuan Jawa Dalam Serat Wulang Putri: Analisis Wacana Kritis, Atin Fitriana

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

The Javanese culture has a specific perspective on the ideal figure of women. This perspective is generally manifested in the classical texts, for example, in Serat Wulang Putri Adisara. Written by Nyi Adisara. Serat Wulang Putri contains the teachings for royal daughters in living their life as Javanese women based on Javanese teachings. In this manuscript, the readers can see the women figure portrayed from the perspective of a woman writer. This paper discusses the ideal women’s discourse in Serat Wulang Putri using the approach of critical discourse analysis from van Dijk. The analysis is conducted by considering the text’s …


Wacana Nasionalisme Kritis Dalam Musik Banyuwangian Pada Masa Orde Baru, Albert Tallapessy, Ikwan Setiawan, Agus Sariono, Eko Suwargono Dec 2019

Wacana Nasionalisme Kritis Dalam Musik Banyuwangian Pada Masa Orde Baru, Albert Tallapessy, Ikwan Setiawan, Agus Sariono, Eko Suwargono

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

This article deals with the representation of critical nationalism discourse in Banyuwangian music in the New Order era. By juxtaposing representation and hegemony theory which emphasizes textual-contextual reading, we will analyze the constructions of local metaphors we assume supporting the establishment of nationalism. Such constructions intertwined with the mobilization of the uniqueness of local cultures that contributed to establishing the national culture through which nationalism got its “nutrition”. However, some songwriters constructed critical nationalism by representing unique metaphors related to the characteristics of subaltern subjects that in the midst of their problems songwriters still have, in their silence, critical view …


Pertarungan Jurnalisme Dan Sastra Dalam Menguak Kebenaran, Dessy Wahyuni Dec 2019

Pertarungan Jurnalisme Dan Sastra Dalam Menguak Kebenaran, Dessy Wahyuni

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

The existence of facts in journalism can be manipulated, while the truth settles in literature. Although both types of writing, namely news texts, which contain facts, and literary texts, which contain fiction, depart from the same reality, the estuary of the truth in it can be different because it is seen from different perspectives and interests. For these various interests, silencing in journalism often occurs. Facts are circumcised, overhauled, and arranged in such a way as to produce new facts. Meanwhile, in literature, facts are packaged using imagination to disguise the truth as if it did not happen. For this …


Kesesatan Berpikir Dalam Konteks Hukum Dan Masyarakat: Studi Kasus Politik Elektoral Dan Budaya Media Sosial Di Indonesia, Tanius Sebastian Dec 2019

Kesesatan Berpikir Dalam Konteks Hukum Dan Masyarakat: Studi Kasus Politik Elektoral Dan Budaya Media Sosial Di Indonesia, Tanius Sebastian

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

This article investigates the phenomena of electoral politics and culture of social media in the context of Indonesian law and society through a case study of Jakarta Gubernatorial Election in 2017. The main argument of this article is that the connection between electoral politics and culture of social media shows a fallacious logical thinking in the form of bias and ad populum reasoning. Those two forms of fallacy refer to sectarian politics and ideological polarization. In analyzing the fallacious thinking in some events of the 2017 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election, this article also shows how emotion, anxiety, and hate operate within …


Masyarakat Jejaring, Media Sosial, Dan Transformasi Ruang Publik: Refleksi Mengenai Fenomena Arab Spring Dan “Teman Ahok”, Satya Anggara, Herdito Sandi Pratama Dec 2019

Masyarakat Jejaring, Media Sosial, Dan Transformasi Ruang Publik: Refleksi Mengenai Fenomena Arab Spring Dan “Teman Ahok”, Satya Anggara, Herdito Sandi Pratama

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

The information technology revolution has produced a network society that Manuel Castells characterizes as space of flows and timeless time. Network logic is inclusive to various dimensions of human life and is exclusive to those who are not involved in the network. In a network society the public sphere is expanding, dynamic and increasingly interactive due to the Internet mediation. The transformation of public space also spreads political power amongst the public. An example is the birth of various volunteer groups that have extensive networks in a short time without face-to-face processes. There have also been various attempts to embrace …


Kosakata Musik Sebagai Ranah Sumber Ungkapan Metaforis, Adityarini Kusumaningtyas, Setiawati Darmojuwono Dec 2019

Kosakata Musik Sebagai Ranah Sumber Ungkapan Metaforis, Adityarini Kusumaningtyas, Setiawati Darmojuwono

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

In Indonesian, music vocabulary is not only used to describe music but also used to express various non-musical concepts. That means music vocabulary has the potential to occupy the source domain in metaphorical mapping. The study aims at describing the vocabulary of music as the source domain of metaphorical expressions in Indonesian and explaining the relation of metaphorical meanings to the music field. The study was qualitative research. The data of the study was collected from the corpus of Indonesian in the Sketch Engine. The data was Indonesian sentences having the vocabulary of nada, melodi, harmoni, and dinamika in which …


Apocalypse Lakardowo: Ecocritical Analysis In The Film Lakardowo Mencari Keadilan, Aulia Maulida, Abdul Basid Oct 2019

Apocalypse Lakardowo: Ecocritical Analysis In The Film Lakardowo Mencari Keadilan, Aulia Maulida, Abdul Basid

International Review of Humanities Studies

Human-nature interaction today enters a worrying stage. Film as a literary work begins to record this interaction. The film Lakardowo Mencari Keadilan to be one of them. This research uses the content analysis method with an ecocritical approach. This film is a research primary data source supported by various related references. The analysis emphasizes the study of environmental literature which focuses on apocalyptic reading with pastoral views that surround it through Creswell spiral analysis methods: data management, reading, and note-taking, classification and interpretation, then data visualization. In this research, Lakardowo's environment in the film Lakardowo Mencari Keadilan reflects the impact …


Loloda In Three Ternate-Dutch Treaty Manuscripts In 19th Century, Tommy Christomy, Rias Suharjo Oct 2019

Loloda In Three Ternate-Dutch Treaty Manuscripts In 19th Century, Tommy Christomy, Rias Suharjo

International Review of Humanities Studies

The impact of the relationship between Ternate and Europe affected the relation between Ternate and its surrounding area. As a result of the socio-political dynamics with the colonial, Ternate did not easily positioned itself as a sultanate which was neutral from the Dutch and the interest of its surrounding kingdoms, especially its neighbouring sultanate. Ternate was dragged into alliance with Dutch in order to secure access toward the natural resources needed by both parties. One of the tools used by Dutch in 19th century to secure access toward natural resources was the treaty. The treaty between Ternate and Dutch became …


An Annotated Translation From English Into Indonesian: The Soul Of The Indian By Charles Alexander Eastman, Trias Noverdi Aug 2019

An Annotated Translation From English Into Indonesian: The Soul Of The Indian By Charles Alexander Eastman, Trias Noverdi

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

This research is an annotated translation in which the researcher provides detailed explanation to account for his selection of translation equivalents. The data source in this research is The Soul of the Indian, a book by Charles Alexander Eastman. This study sought to identify problems encountered over the course of translation and offer the solutions thereto. The data for the study were derived from the problems thus identified and classified into categories of annotation. The qualitative method was employed using a comparative analysis translation model. The key findings of this research are twofold. First, out of 27 units of analysis, …


Terjemahan Beranotasi Buku Tokoh Tionghoa Dan Identitas Indonesia: Dari Tjoe Bou San Sampai Yap Thiam Hien (2010) Karya Leo Suryadinata Dari Bahasa Indonesia Ke Dalam Bahasa Tionghoa, Lu Xuanyi Aug 2019

Terjemahan Beranotasi Buku Tokoh Tionghoa Dan Identitas Indonesia: Dari Tjoe Bou San Sampai Yap Thiam Hien (2010) Karya Leo Suryadinata Dari Bahasa Indonesia Ke Dalam Bahasa Tionghoa, Lu Xuanyi

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

This research is an annotated translation study. The author conducted an Indonesian- Chinese translation of two chapters of the biography named Tokoh Tionghoa & Identitas Indonesia: dari Tjoe Bou San sampai Yap Thiam Hien and gave annotations to important and necessary parts. The specific purposes of this research can be described as follows: (1) find the appropriate method to translate this source text; (2) find out proper translation techniques and provide reasons for choosing equivalence. In translating this biography, the author uses communicative translation (Newmark, 1988) and considers the dynamic equivalence theory of Nida and Taber (1982) as the main …