Architectural Engineering Commons^™

Parametric Design As A Tool To Reduce Solar Penetration By Outdoor Shades In Hot Arid Climate, Rana O. Aboulfaraj, Iman O. Gawad, Mostafa Khalifa

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Conventional design methods and current tools infrequently link performance with the geometry of the design. These methods rarely enable backtracking through the design process and can't achieve full performance criteria. In this context, using both procedural geometry and information from numerical assessments and performance simulations should be discussed to support the search for effective solutions. Architects have gained control over the process of design by utilizing parametric methods to generate a sustainable design that interacts with sustainable, climatic, and environmental restrictions, particularly in hot arid zones where outdoor life is overlooked. This paper will discuss the performance-oriented design and a …

Distribution Fitting And Anova Test To Analyze Pavement Sensing Patterns For Condition Assessments, Dada Zhang, Chun-Hsing Ho

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the vehicle-based sensor effect and pavement temperature on road condition assessment, as well as to compute a threshold value for the classification of pavement conditions.

Design/methodology/approach – Four sensors were placed on the vehicle’s control arms and one inside the vehicle to collect vibration acceleration data for analysis. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to diagnose the effect of the vehicle-based sensors’ placement in the field. To classify road conditions and identify pavement distress (point of interest), the probability distribution was applied based on the magnitude values of …

Feature Engineering And Supervised Machine Learning To Forecast Biogas Production During Municipal Anaerobic Co-Digestion, Hunter W. Schroer, Craig L. Just

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Municipalities with excess anaerobic digestion capacity accept offsite wastes for co-digestion to meet sustainability goals and create more biogas. Despite the benefits inherent to co-digestion, the temporal and compositional heterogeneity of external waste streams creates operational challenges that lead to upsets or conservative co-digestion. Given the complex microbial bioprocesses occurring during anaerobic digestion, prediction and modeling of the outcomes can be challenging, and machine learning has the potential to improve understanding and control of co-digestion processes. Biogas flows are a surrogate for process health, and here, we predicted biogas production from historical data collected by a water resource recovery facility …

Characterizing Chemistry And Microbiomes During Continuous Anaerobic Codigestion Of Organics And Cattle Manure Digestate, Emily V. Schmitz, Hunter W. Schroer, Timothy E. Mattes, Craig L. Just

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

We characterized chemical and microbial responses to changes in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) and organic loading rate (OLR) during anaerobic codigestion (ACoD) of cattle manure digestate mixed with industrial organics. C:Ns of 25 and 35, both operating at OLRs ≤ 4 gVS L-1 d-1, sustained methane production averages of 0.36 ± 0.03 L gVS-1 d-1 and 0.32 ± 0.05 L gVS-1 d-1, respectively, throughout a 15-day period. Using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing coupled with PICRUSt2, taxonomy and predicted gene abundances were mapped to the major ACoD stages. C:N (25, 35) and the OLR (2, 4 gVS L-1 d-1) had minimal …

Natural Gas Induced Vegetation Stress Identification And Discrimination From Hyperspectral Imaging For Pipeline Leakage Detection, Pengfei Ma, Ying Zhuo, Genda Chen, Joel G. Burken

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Remote Sensing Detection of Natural Gas Leaks Remains Challenging When using Ground Vegetation Stress to Detect Underground Pipeline Leaks. Other Natural Stressors May Co-Present and Complicate Gas Leak Detection. This Study Explores the Feasibility of Identifying and Distinguishing Gas-Induced Stress from Other Natural Stresses by Analyzing the Hyperspectral Reflectance of Vegetation. the Effectiveness of This Discrimination is Assessed Across Three Distinct Spectral Ranges (VNIR, SWIR, and Full Spectra). Greenhouse Experiments Subjected Three Plant Species to Controlled Environmental Stressors, Including Gas Leakage, Salinity Impact, Heavy-Metal Contamination, and Drought Exposure. Spectral Curves Obtained from the Experiments Underwent Preprocessing Techniques Such as Standard …

Comprehensive Numerical Modeling Of Prestressed Girder Bridges Under Low-Velocity Impact, Mohamed T. Elshazli, Mohanad M. Abdulazeez, Mohamed Elgawady, Ahmed Ibrahim

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Accidental Collisions Involving Over-Height Trucks That Exceed Vertical Clearance Limits And Bridge Superstructures Frequently Happen, Resulting In Compromised Girders And Potential Threats To Structural Safety And Performance. The Numerical Simulation Of Large-Scale Prestressed Girder Bridge Collisions Poses Challenges Due To The Associated Nonlinearities, As Well As The Limited Availability Of Large-Scale Experimental Testing Data In The Literature Due To Cost And Complexity Constraints. This Study Introduces A Numerical Modeling Approach To Efficiently Capture The Response Of Prestressed Girder Bridges Under Lateral Impact Loads. A Finite Element (FE) Model Was Developed Using LS-DYNA And Meticulously Validated Against Experimental Data From The …

Methodology To Design Eco-Friendly Fiber-Reinforced Concrete For 3d Printing, Haodao Li, Alfred Addai-Nimoh, Eric Kreiger, Kamal H. Khayat

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Greater use of locally available supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) to reduce cement content and addition of fiber reinforcement can enhance the performance of 3D printing (3DP) technology in construction. In this study, three classes of eco-friendly 3D printable fiber-reinforced mixtures were targeted, namely ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), high-performance concrete (HPC), and conventional concrete (CC). A step-by-step methodology was proposed to maximize the substitution rate of cement with SCM and limestone filler and optimize fiber volume for the successful development of 3D printable fiber-reinforced materials. Binder combinations were initially investigated on the paste level to determine the packing density and robustness. Selected …

Reconstruction Of The Neglected: Cal Poly’S Old Powerhouse, Sophie Meier, Morgan Cuthbert, Luke Zamlich

Architectural Engineering

Cal Poly’s Old Powerhouse (BLDG 76) is the only remaining building from the original Polytechnic school left on campus. It was built in 1910 and placed on the national registry in 1993. The Powerhouse used to do exactly what its name implies, provide power to campus. After it retired from its purpose, it was used for many other use cases, particularly as a space for the College of Architecture and Environmental design. Through its time, it was used as a classroom space, pottery/creative space, a workshop, and even once contained a fishpond. The building was then abandoned in 1990, a …

A Novel And Enhanced Calibration Of The Tilting Weir As A Flow Measurement Structure, Joseph E. Pugh, S. Karan Venayagamoorthy, Timothy K. Gates, Céline Berni, Marie Rastello

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A large collection of laboratory measurements of piezometric head (h) and discharge (Q) were made over hydraulic models of a tilting weir at nine different angles, ranging from 25.7° to 90° within a 0.3-m-wide flume. These measurements were corroborated with additional laboratory data taken within a 1-m-wide flume across four inclination angles. The range of both inclination angle (θ) and flow scale examined in this study elucidate the nature of the head-discharge rating equation beyond previous work. Results show that as θ decreases under a constant Q, the h over the weir decreases in a monotonic fashion due to the …

Evolution Of Sbs-Modified Asphalt Performance Under Aging And Rejuvenation Cycle Conditions, Ke Shi, Feng Ma, Jenny Liu, Zhen Fu, Ruimeng Song, Dongdong Yuan, Aboudou Wassiou Ogbon

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Improving the poor long-term service performance of rejuvenated SBS-modified asphalt (REF-LT) is highly challenging. In this study, a blend of aged and virgin binders was used to rejuvenate REF-LT and the evolution of the asphalt performance was observed during regeneration and reaging processes. An SBS-modified asphalt (SBM) and base asphalt (BA) were mixed with REF-LT in specified ratios to prepare SBM- and BA-rejuvenated asphalts. The rejuvenated asphalts were subjected to short- and long-term aging. The high/low-temperature rheological properties, fatigue resistance, rejuvenation mechanism, and changes in the functional groups of the rejuvenated and reaged asphalts were characterized using a dynamic shear …

Characterization Of Alkali-Silica Reaction (Asr) Products And C-S-H Using Swir Spectroscopy For Nondestructive Detection Of Asr, Pengfei Ma, Wenyu Liao, Ying Zhuo, Hongyan Ma, Yanping Zhu, Genda Chen

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study explores the feasibility of characterizing alkali-silica reaction (ASR) products and calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) from short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy. ASR products and C-S-H samples with different Ca/Si ratios were synthesized and analyzed through XRD, 29Si nuclei magnetic resonance (NMR) and SWIR spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was collected to help interpret the results from the SWIR spectroscopy. The obtained spectroscopic features were applied to quantify the ASR product abundance denoted by the length expansion of mortar bars after an accelerated ASR test. The results show that the SWIR spectra of the synthetic ASR gels are similar regardless of …

Numerical And Experimental Investigation Of Negative Stiffness Beams And Honeycomb Structures, Yasser Darwish, Mohamed A. Elgawady

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Metamaterial structures that exhibit negative stiffness (MSNS) behavior have shown the potential to be used as energy dissipation systems in different applications. Negative stiffness honeycomb structures consist of multiple pre-buckled beams that snapping through from one pre-buckled mode to another buckled mode, when subjected to transverse loads, displaying negative stiffness, and dissipating a significant portion of the input energy. This paper presents finite element models (FEMs) developed to investigate the performance of negative stiffness pre-buckled beams and honeycombs. The FEMs were validated using experimental results of single pre-buckled beams and honeycomb structures. The experimental testing of the pre-buckled beams was …

Synergistic Effect Of Macro Synthetic Fiber And Shrinkage-Reducing Admixture On Engineering Properties Of Fiber-Reinforced Super-Workable Concrete, Jingjie Wei, Nima Farzadnia, Kamal H. Khayat

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study aims to enhance fiber-reinforced super-workable concrete (FR-SWC) by optimizing the system of shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA) and macro-synthetic fiber (MSF) for low shrinkage and uncompromised mechanical properties. A factorial design approach was employed to model the effect of fiber content, SRA dosage, and combined ratios of two types of MSF on performance of FR-SWC. MSF content had the greatest impact on mechanical properties, followed by SRA and MSF combination. Using MSF increased equivalent flexural strength ratio by 310% compared to the control mixture, regardless of MSF combination and SRA. SRA had the most significant effect on drying shrinkage, followed …

From Pumping To Deposition: A Comprehensive Review Of Test Methods For Characterizing Concrete Printability, Ali Fasihi, Nicolas A. (Ali) Libre

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology has gained significant attention in the construction industry due to its potential to revolutionize the way buildings are designed and constructed. However, successful application of 3DCP requires robust standard test procedures to characterize the printability of concrete. Printability is a measure of workability for a printing material in the 3DCP process, which is characterized by pumpability, extrudability, and buildability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the test methods that could be used for material characterization during various printing steps, including pumping, extrusion, and layer deposition. The underlying mechanisms relevant to each step, key governing …

Evolvement Of Excusable Delay Clauses In Government Contracts Since The Covid-19 Pandemic, Jung Hyun Lee, Yunping Liang, Seyed Mohammad Ehsan Tabatabaee, Bryce Riccitelli

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

Excusable delay clauses in government construction contracts, often considered boilerplate with minimal modifications, have increased in attention since the outbreak of COVID-19. Despite the studies enumerating triggering events of the clause in the background of the pandemic, it is necessary to capture insights into how the unprecedented event is systematically accommodated by contract languages. The overarching goal of this study is to identify changes in contract languages over the pre-and post-pandemic eras by state departments of transportation (DOTs), focusing on excusable delay clauses. This study conducts a content analysis and a comparative analysis of state DOT construction contract documents, including …

Hygrothermal Risk Assessment Of External Wall Insulation Retrofit To Non-Traditional Wall Types In An Irish Context, Using The Glaser Method And A Heat, Air And Moisture Transient Model, Gareth Mcdonnell, Joseph Little

Articles

The Climate Action Plan 2019 targets the low-energy retrofit of 500,000 existing Irish homes before 2030.1 Up to 80 per cent of building failures can be attributed to moisture risks.2 The literature indicated that external wall insulation (EWI, ETICS) failures are mostly due to moisture ingress at junctions and interfaces. A hygrothermal risk assessment of EWI on three walls with rendered concrete/concrete blockwork/cavity walls in Dublin, Belfast and Belmullet was undertaken using transient numerical simulation and the Glaser method. The guidance, common practice indicates a preference for Glaser. The initial simulation results were compared to assess the appropriateness of Glaser. …

Use Of Hybrid Fibers And Shrinkage Mitigating Materials In Scc For Repair Applications, Kamran Aghaee, Kamal H. Khayat

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is used to repair structural elements with congested reinforcement or restricted access to placement and consolidation. In addition to adequate flowability, passing ability, filling capacity, and stability, adequate bonding to the substrate and reinforcing bars, low shrinkage and cracking resistance are required for successful repair. This study employs various shrinkage mitigating materials, including expansive agent (EA), coupled use of EA with shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA), and EA with pre-saturated lightweight sand (LWS) to fulfill these requirements. The effect of these materials on the performance of SCC made with a hybrid synthetic (PP) fiber and a hybrid steel-synthetic …

The Influence Of Green Building Design On Tourists' Intention To Stay In Eco-Friendly Hotels: A Study On Perceptions And Preferences, Enas Al Sayed Salama Dr., Gehad Nasr Abdelsalam Dr.

Journal of Engineering Research

Green building design involves integrating sustainable and environmentally friendly practices into the construction and operation of buildings, including hotels, with the goal of minimizing the adverse impact on the environment. This paper delves into the pivotal role of green building design and eco-service provision within the context of green hotels. The aim is to investigate the interconnections among tourists' environmental concerns, their perceived significance of green building design, and their intention to choose green hotels.

To enhance the understanding of tourist behavior and its implications for tourism in Egypt, a questionnaire was administered in Sharm El Sheikh, a prominent Egyptian …

Visual Privacy As An Approach To Improve Human Needs In Residential Buildings In Egypt, Inas Samir Ibrahim, Walaa Nour, Mustafa Alwan

Journal of Engineering Research

Architecture reflects a nation’s cultural, social, and environmental characteristics. As a result of the recent globalization, countries have lost their distinctive architectural identities; due to this, it is difficult to identify A country’s unique identity locally and regionally. Specifically, in Egypt, houses in the traditional style are considered one of the most iconic architectural styles. There is an amazing local identity and a unique spatial quality in the region that characterizes Egypt. On the other hand, Western influences have caused many of the values and attributes of houses to fade. One of the most prominent values is the home’s loss …

The Effect Of Building Information Modeling Technology On The Future Of Architecture Education Development In Universities, Mohamed Abd Elnaser Hamoda, Mahmoud Ahmed Zaki, Marwa Ahmed Kamer Faculty Of Engineering, Tanta University

Journal of Engineering Research

At the beginning of the current century , and with the development of computer technology , a new system based on three-dimensional drawings and modeling appeared with an accurate definition and description of all the elements in the submitted design , with the big development of construction methods and the advancement of the related technology and software, the advantages of the new system were defined and became more specific and relied in many organizations , companies and in design and construction institutions , and this system was called the building information modeling (BIM) .

Despite the importance of the system …

Comparative Analysis Between The Performance Of Vernacular Articulations And Enhanced Architectural Articulations -Case Study Mashrabiya –, Reham Elsayed Altobaa, Ayman Gamal Abdeltawab, Walaa Mehanna

Journal of Engineering Research

Abstract- Architectural heritage is a powerful image of the community's identity and is only a natural result of human interaction with the surrounding environment. heritage–based -architectural articulations are a way to achieve human comfort in certain conditions and environments. This paper discusses the relationship between architectural heritage and community identity.

It also analyses the different parameters of vernacular articulations and enhanced vernacular articulations that control indoor human thermal comfort. In addition, the paper focuses on the factors affecting these articulations such as airflow, wind, temperature regulation, and light control. the results of this analytical process indicate how design configurations of …

Opportunities And Challenges Of Generative Ai In Construction Industry: Focusing On Adoption Of Text-Based Models, Prashnna Ghimire, Kyungki Kim, Manoj Acharya

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

In the last decade, despite rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) transforming many industry practices, construction largely lags in adoption. Recently, the emergence and rapid adoption of advanced large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT, Google’s PaLM, and Meta’s Llama have shown great potential and sparked considerable global interest. However, the current surge lacks a study investigating the opportunities and challenges of implementing Generative AI (GenAI) in the construction sector, creating a critical knowledge gap for researchers and practitioners. This underlines the necessity to explore the prospects and complexities of GenAI integration. Bridging this gap is fundamental to optimizing GenAI’s …

Diagnosis Of Disease Affecting Gait With A Body Acceleration‑Based Model Using Reflected Marker Data For Training And A Wearable Accelerometer For Implementation, Mohammad Ali Takallou, Farahnaz Fallahtafti, Mahdi Hassan, Ali Al‑Ramini, Basheer Qolomany, Iraklis I. Pipinos, Sara A. Myers, F. M. Alsaleem

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

This paper demonstrates the value of a framework for processing data on body acceleration as a uniquely valuable tool for diagnosing diseases that affect gait early. As a case study, we used this model to identify individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and distinguish them from those without PAD. The framework uses acceleration data extracted from anatomical reflective markers placed in different body locations to train the diagnostic models and a wearable accelerometer carried at the waist for validation. Reflective marker data have been used for decades in studies evaluating and monitoring human gait. They are widely available for many …

The Interpretative Structural Modeling For Stakeholder Involvement To Reduce Slum Settlements, Bich Hanes Bich, Ayomi Dita Rarasati

Smart City

The array of problems originating from slum settlements not only results in unwholesome environment, unlawful land utilization, and various internal challenges within the vicinity but also impacts the surrounding regions and the overall urban infrastructure network. In pursuit of Indonesia's 2045 Vision, which emphasizes on "equitable and integrated infrastructure development", the zero slums constitutes a pivotal component of the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing's overarching vision. Nonetheless, a disparity has been identified in addressing slum settlements in West Kalimantan, hindering the achievement of this objective. This research aims to identify the stakeholders and the priority factors in determining …

The Hydration, Microstructure, And Mechanical Properties Of Vaterite Calcined Clay Cement (Vc³), Yaqiang Li, Yue Li, Hongyan Ma, Jiaqi Li

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Limestone (calcite) calcined clay cement (LC3) is a promising low-CO2 binder, but the low activity of calcite cannot compensate the reduction in clinker factor, resulting in low one-day strength and limiting its broad applications. As recent carbon capture and utilization technologies allow scalable production of vaterite, a more reactive CaCO3 polymorph, we overcome the challenge by introducing vaterite calcined clay cement (VC3), inspired by the vaterite-calcite phase change. In the present study, VC3 exhibits higher compressive strengths and faster hydration than LC3. Compared to hydrated LC3, hydrated VC3 exhibits increased amount of hemi- and mono-carboaluminate formation and decreased amount of …

Quantifying The Role Of Insurance In Tornado-Impacted Community Recovery: A Survey And Simulation-Based Approach, Jie Zhao, Ji Yun Lee, Guirong Grace Yan, Fangjiao Ma

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Insurance against disasters plays a critical role in community recovery by providing policyholders with reliable and timely payments for repairing or reconstructing damaged houses. By allowing homeowners to transfer risk, insurance enables homeowners to address house without experiencing significant financial burdens. Although historical events have highlighted the importance of insurance, its quantitative impact on community recovery, particularly in tornado-impacted communities, is understudied. This study focuses on advancing our understanding of whether sufficiently insured houses can have a positive impact on the recovery of tornado-impacted communities (i.e., the main research question). This paper proposes a two-stage simulation framework to quantitatively evaluate …

Effect Of Concrete Mix Design Factors On Static Yield Stress Changes Due To Vibration, Ahmed Abd El Fattah, Dimitri Feys, Kyle Riding, Syed Imran

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Digital fabrication of concrete structures has gained substantial research traction over the last decade, enabling efficient material use and adding more architectural freedom. Current research focuses on chemical and mineral admixtures, as well as manipulating the cement hydration reaction to control the yield stress evolution with time in the cement paste. Instead of providing yield stress through the concrete fluid properties, a high yield stress can be provided by interparticle friction from the use of high aggregate volumes and large nominal maximum aggregate size, with flow enhanced for material extrusion by vibration. Granular physics was applied to concrete mixture design …

Prediction Of Carbonation Capacity Of Scms Using Ensemble Learning Method, Kangyi Cai, Jian Liu, Edward Mwanza, Mahelet G. Fikru, Hongyan Ma, Donald C. Wunsch

Economics Faculty Research & Creative Works

The utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) subjected to carbonation processing represents a viable strategy to mitigate anthropogenic CO₂ emissions associated with concrete production, potentially contributing to the achievement of carbon neutrality. However, existing studies have limitations in effectively predicting the varying carbonation capacities of different SCMs, a gap that this research aims to address. Recent research efforts focused on the carbonation of waste-material-sourced SCMs are reviewed, along with a comparative discussion on diverse carbonation methods. A detailed data set encapsulating the properties of SCMs, and carbonation configurations was compiled. At the same time, six ensemble learning models were …

A Concept Of Producing Aluminum In-Situ On The Moon Through Molten Salt Electrolysis, Jacob N. Ortega, Jeffrey Smith, Fateme Rezaei, David Bayless, William Schonberg, Daniel Stutts, Daoru Han

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents a concept of producing aluminum in-situ on the lunar surface, namely, the Lunar In-Situ Aluminum Production through Molten Salt Electrolysis (LISAP-MSE) method developed at Missouri University of Science and Technology. This paper aims to demonstrate the use of electro-deoxidation to reduce aluminum oxide (i.e., alumina) into aluminum and oxygen gas via electrolysis in a molten salt bath for the production of aluminum on the Moon. It is shown that with a steady supply of hydrogen chloride, this in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) method could supply several necessary materials consumed in the electro-deoxidation process except hydrogen chloride to produce …

Photogrammetry-Based Method For Measuring Volume Changes Of Soil Specimens During Critical Phases Of Triaxial Testing, Sara Fayek, Xiong Zhang, Pingxin Xia

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Triaxial tests has been routinely used to measure the stress–strain relationship for geomaterials. During triaxial testing, many sources of errors that cannot be completely avoided but are often ignored or approximated using empirical equations. This paper presents a systematic investigation of soil volume change, volume strain nonuniformity, and cross-sectional calculation along the specimen during triaxial testing using a photogrammetry-based method. Consolidated drained triaxial tests were performed in which two parallel measurements were taken: (1) relative volume using the conventional triaxial testing and (2) absolute volume using the photogrammetry-based method. The difference in the observed volume and void ratio measurements between …