Digital Commons Network^™

Primaquine For Prevention Of Malaria In Travelers, J. Kevin Baird, David J. Fryauff, Stephen L. Hoffman

United States Public Health Resources

An expanding risk and range of endemic malaria threatens travelers. Primaquine is an old drug recently demonstrated to offer effective prophylaxis. Clinical trials conducted in Indonesia, Kenya, and Colombia showed that a primaquine base (30 mg per day) had protective efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax of 85%–93%. Among 339 children (age, >8 years) and adults taking this regimen for 12– 52 weeks, there was no greater risk of adverse symptomatic events among primaquine users than among recipients of placebo in double-blind studies. Among 151 subjects evaluated after 20 or 52 weeks of daily primaquine therapy, methemoglobinemia was found …

Malaria In A Cohort Of Javanese Migrants To Indonesian Papua, United States Naval Medical Research Unit #2, H. Basri, D. J. Fryauff, M. J. Barcus, M. J. Bangs, E. Ayomi, H. Marwoto, I. R.F. Elyazar, T. L. Richie, J. Kevin Baird

United States Public Health Resources

The epidemiology of infection by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax was investigated among Javanese migrants to an endemic region of Papua, Indonesia. A cohort of 243 migrants from Java was followed for malaria in a new settlement village in the endemic Armopa area of north–eastern Papua, beginning on the day each migrant arrived in the village. The subjects were monitored during home visits (three/week) and by the twice-monthly production of bloodsmears that were checked for malarial parasites. At the end of 33 months, 159 (65%) of the subjects remained under follow-up. The prevalence of parasitaemia in the village declined from …

Onset Of Clinical Immunity To Plasmodium Falciparum Among Javanese Migrants To Indonesian Papua, J. Kevin Baird, United States Naval Medical Research Unit #2, M. J. Barcus, I. R.F. Elyazar, J. D. Maguire, D. J. Fryauff, T. L. Richie, National Center For Health Research, W. Kalalo

United States Public Health Resources

Onset of clinical immunity to Plasmodium falciparum occurred among Javanese migrants to Indonesian Papua. Surveillance of the 243 migrants investigated began on the day of their arrival in Indonesian Papua and continued for 33 months. Asexual parasitaemia without fever constituted objective evidence of clinical immunity. Compared with .rst infection, the odds ratio (OR) for not having fever at the fourth infection within 24 months was 3.2 [95% con.dence interval (CI)=1.03–10.2; P=0.02]. The corresponding OR with fewer infections within 24 months was not distinguishable from 1.0. The level of the fourth parasitaemia within 24 months (N=58) was classified …

Primary Infection By Plasmodium Falciparum Or P. Vivax In A Cohort Of Javanese Migrants To Indonesian Papua, M. J. Barcus, United States Naval Medical Research Unit #2, I. R.F. Elyazar, H. Marwoto, T. L. Richie, H. Basri, I. Wiady, D. J. Fryauff, J. D. Maguire, M. J. Bangs, J. Kevin Baird

United States Public Health Resources

The clinical and parasitological characteristics of the .rst naturally acquired malarial infection have rarely been documented in humans. When 243 migrants from non-endemic Java were followed from the day of their arrival in Indonesian Papua, 217 (89%) were found to become infected with Plasmodium falciparum and/or P. vivax before they were lost to follow-up. The incidence of malarial infection in the children investigated (who were aged 6–10 years) was indistinguishable from that in the adults (aged >20 years), with 1.10 and 1.14 P. falciparum infections/person-year (relative risk=0.97; 95% con.dence interval=0.72–1.29) and 1.47 and 1.49 P. vivax infections/person-year (relative risk=0.99; 95% …

The Ascendancy Of Amblyomma Americanum As A Vector Of Pathogens Affecting Humans In The United States, James E. Childs, Christopher D. Paddock

United States Public Health Resources

Until the 1990s, Amblyomma americanum was regarded primarily as a nuisance species, but a tick of minor importance as a vector of zoonotic pathogens affecting humans. With the recent discoveries of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and “Borrelia lonestari,” the public health relevance of lone star ticks is no longer in question. During the next 25 years, the number of cases of human disease caused by A. americanum-associated pathogens will probably increase. Based on current trajectories and historic precedents, the increase will be primarily driven by biological and environmental factors that alter the geographic distribution and intensity of …

A Preliminary Linkage Map Of The Hard Tick, Ixodes Scapularis, A. J. Ullmann, J. Piesman, M. C. Dolan, W. C. Black Iv

United States Public Health Resources

Blackwell Publishing Ltd. A linkage map of the Ixodes scapularis genome was constructed, based upon segregation amongst 127 loci. These included 84 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, 32 Sequence-Tagged RAPD (STAR) markers, 5 cDNAs, and 5 microsatellites in 232 F₁ intercross progeny from a single, field-collected P₁ female. A preliminary linkage map of 616 cM was generated across 14 linkage groups with one marker every 10.8 cM. Assuming a genome size of ~ 10 ⁹ bp, the relationship of physical to genetic distance was found to be ~ 300 kb/cM in the I. scapularis genome.

Absence Of Interferon-Γ–Inducible Gene Igtp Does Not Significantly Alter The Development Of Chagasic Cardiomyopathy In Mice Infected With Trypanosoma Cruzi (Brazil Strain), A. P. De Souza, B. Tang, H. B. Tanowitz, S. M. Factor, V. Shtutin, J. Shirani, G. A. Taylor, L. M. Weiss, L. A. Jelicks

United States Public Health Resources

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) contributes to host resistance during acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas’ disease. Inducibly expressed guanosine triphosphatase (IGTP), a 48-kDa guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), is a member of a family of GTPase proteins inducibly expressed by IFN-γ. The expression pattern of IGTP suggests that it may mediate IFN-γ–induced responses in a variety of cell types. IGTP has been demonstrated to be important for control of Toxoplasma gondii infection but not for resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. We evaluated the role of IGTP in development of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy in IGTP null mice and C57X129sv (wild …

Estimated Risk Of Transmission Of The West Nile Virus Through Blood Transfusion In The Us, 2002, Brad J. Biggerstaff, Lyle R. Petersen

United States Public Health Resources

BACKGROUND: The West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in 2002 in the US saw over 3300 reported human cases of WNV disease, with over 2300 reported cases of WNV encephalitis and meningitis. The first documented cases of transfusion transmission of WNV through voluntary blood donation also occurred.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Case onset dates from the 2002 WNV epidemic in the US were used to estimate the risk of transfusion-associated transmission with statistical resampling. An easily computed approximating formula for the mean risk was derived. Estimates were computed for six high-incidence states and metropolitan areas.

RESULTS: Mean and …

Very High Risk Of Therapeutic Failure With Chloroquine For Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum And P. Vivax Malaria In Indonesian Papua, Iwa W. Sumawinata, Provincial Health Service, Abepura, Papua, Indonesia, Budhi Leksana, Awalludin Sutamihardja, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, American Embassy, Jakarta, Indonesia, Budi Subianto, Infectious Disease Research Center, Ministry Of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia, David J. Fryauff, J. Kevin Baird

United States Public Health Resources

Chloroquine remains the first-line therapy for uncomplicated malaria in Indonesia. Among a series of trials of chloroquine for malaria on this archipelago conducted since 1990, we now report the highest risk of therapeutic failure yet observed. A clinical trial of standard chloroquine therapy for uncomplicated malaria at Arso PIR V in northeastern Indonesian Papua was conducted during 1995. We enrolled 104 non-immune subjects infected with Plasmodium falciparum (n=55), P. vivax (n=29), or P. falciparum plus P. vivax (n=20) and administered supervised standard chloroquine therapy (10 + 10 + 5 mg/kg at 24-hour intervals). The 28-day cumulative incidence of therapeutic failure …

Prevalence Of Chronic Wasting Disease And Bovine Tuberculosis In Free-Ranging Deer And Elk In South Dakota, Christopher N. Jacques, Jonathan A. Jenks, Allen L. Jenny, Steven L. Griffin

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Heads of hunter-harvested deer and elk were collected throughout South Dakota (USA) and within established chronic wasting disease (CWD) surveillance areas from 1997–2002 to determine infection with CWD and bovine tuberculosis (TB). We used immunohistochemistry to detect CWD-infected individuals among 1,672 deer and elk sampled via geographically targeted surveillance. A total of 537 elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), 813 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and 322 mule deer (O. hemionus) was sampled for CWD. Estimated overall prevalence and associated confidence intervals (95%) in white-tailed deer was 0.001% (0–0.007%). Similarly, estimated overall prevalence in elk and mule …

Mycobacterial Diseases In Wildlife, Gary Witmer, Thomas J. Deliberto, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Peter Butchko

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Mycobacterium infections occur in numerous wildlife species worldwide and this bacterial genus can also cause disease in humans and livestock. Two Mycobacterium species and one subspecies that infect wildlife are important from a wildlife damage management perspective. Mycobacterium avium, avian tuberculosis, is a ubiquitous and cosmopolitan disease of wild and domestic birds. Wild and domestic ruminants are host to M. avium paratuberculosis, also known as Johne’s disease. Finally, Mycobaterium bovis, bovine tuberculosis, is primarily associated with domestic and wild bovines and ungulates, but also infects many other species of mammals. Eradicating these diseases from wildlife populations is …

Mycobacterial Diseases In Wildlife, Gary W. Witmer, Thomas J. Deliberto, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Peter Butchko

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Mycobacterium infections occur in numerous wildlife species worldwide and this bacterial genus can also cause disease in humans and livestock. Two Mycobacterium species and one subspecies that infect wildlife are important from a wildlife damage management perspective. Mycobacterium avium, avian tuberculosis, is a ubiquitous and cosmopolitan disease of wild and domestic birds. Wild and domestic ruminants are host to M. avium paratuberculosis, also known as Johne’s disease. Finally, Mycobaterium bovis, bovine tuberculosis, is primarily associated with domestic and wild bovines and ungulates, but also infects many other species of mammals. Eradicating these diseases from wildlife populations is …

The Plha-Friendly Achievement Checklist: A Self-Assessment Tool For Hospitals And Other Medical Institutions Caring For People Living With Hiv/Aids (Plha), Horizons Program, Sharan

HIV and AIDS

The Population Council/Horizons (New Delhi and Washington, DC) and the Society for Service to Urban Poverty (New Delhi) are conducting an operations research study in three New Delhi hospitals. The study, entitled “Improving the hospital environment for HIV-positive clients in India,” is endorsed by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) of India. The main objective is to assess factors that affect the quality and type of care received by the general patient population, with special emphasis on patients with HIV. Another objective is to assess and address factors that affect staff safety with respect to infectious diseases. As part of …

The Smart Border: Food Safety And Bioterrorism - Canadian Speaker, John Mcnamara

Canada-United States Law Journal

No abstract provided.

The Tampa Incident: Imo Perspectives And Responses On The Treatment Of Persons Rescued At Sea, Frederick J. Kenney Jr., Vasilios Tasikas

Washington International Law Journal

The duty to provide aid to fellow seafarers in distress has long been enshrined in maritime tradition. The modem formalization of this duty in international law, however, has created a division between the duty to "provide assistance" and the obligation to "rescue." This division has created ambiguity and friction as the former duty applies to individuals and vessels whereas the latter obligation applies to states. In recent years, incidents involving two commercial vessels, the Tampa and the Castor, have starkly illustrated the extent to which this ambiguity and friction in international law translates into negative effects in the real …

Intercountry Adoption: Toward A Regime That Recognizes The Best Interests Of Adoptive Parents, Donovan M. Steltzner

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

Service Beyond The Comfort Zone, Kathryn Wolford

Intersections

No abstract provided.

Full Issue, Number 18, Fall 2003, The Congregational And Synodical Mission Unit, The Evangelical Lutheran Church In America

Intersections

No abstract provided.

Dc-Sign (Cd209) Mediates Dengue Virus Infection Of Human Dendritic Cells, Boonrat Tassaneetrithep, Timothy H. Burgess, Angela Granelli-Piperno

Publications

Dengue virus is a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus that productively infects human dendritic cells (DCs) primarily at the immature stage of their differentiation. We now find that all four serotypes of dengue use DC-SIGN (CD209), a C-type lectin, to infect dendritic cells. THP-1 cells become susceptible to dengue infection after transfection of DC-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), or its homologue L-SIGN, whereas the infection of dendritic cells is blocked by anti-DC-SIGN antibodies and not by antibodies to other molecules on these cells. Viruses produced by dendritic cells are infectious for DC-SIGN- and L-SIGN-bearing THP-1 cells and other permissive cell lines. …

The Global Dimensions Of Development, Robert Picciotto

Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations

No abstract provided.

Aids, Orphans, And Development In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review Of The Dilemma Of Public Health And Development, Joe Lugalla

Institute for Educational Development, East Africa

HIV/AIDS is having devastating consequences on families, young children, and other vulnerable social groups. In this paper, I review the impact of HIV/AIDS on families and development in sub-Saharan Africa. I begin by showing the magnitude of the problem and the factors that have led to rapid spread of HIV/AIDS in this sub-continent. I discuss gender inequality, poverty, social inequality, and globalization, and show how these facilitate the rapid spread of the epidemic. I show how AIDS is creating a mass of orphans on the one hand, and how it is impacting development and creating new public health contradictions on …

The Potential Impact Of Genetic Sequencing On The American Health Insurance System, Frederick Levy, Joseph F. Lawler

Journal of Health Care Law and Policy

No abstract provided.

Excess Embryos: Is Embryo Adoption A New Solution Or A Temporary Fix?, Naomi D. Johnson

Brooklyn Law Review

No abstract provided.

Reactions And Overreactions: Smallpox Vaccination, Complications, And Compensation, George Conk

Fordham Environmental Law Review

No abstract provided.

Health Practices Of Homeless Women, Margaret Chaney Wilson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Homeless women and female-headed families represent the fastest growing subgroups of homeless individuals. To expand the body of knowledge and provide further insight into the complex area of homelessness and health, health practices of homeless women were investigated using a cross-sectional, descriptive, and non-experimental design using Pender's Health Promotion Model as the theoretical framework. Homeless women (N=137) were recruited from five shelters in northeastern Indiana. Homeless women in this study were found to be highly educated, mostly unemployed, and primarily single. A greater number of African Americans than represented in the local population were found to be shelter residents. Health …

Uab Magazine - Spring 2003, University Of Alabama At Birmingham

UAB Magazine

No abstract provided.

Uab Magazine - Fall 2003, University Of Alabama At Birmingham

UAB Magazine

No abstract provided.

Evaluation Of Bacteriophage And Viral Persistence During Alkaline Stabilization In Sludge And Biosolids Intended For Land Application, Jacqueline Joy Brabants

Doctoral Dissertations

The use of lime to reduce or eliminate pathogen content is a cost-effective treatment method currently being employed in many Class B biosolids production plants in the United States. A bench scale model of lime stabilization was designed to evaluate pathogen persistence. The survivability of poliovirus type 1, fecal coliforms, Salmonella, adenovirus type 5, rotavirus Wa, and the male-specific bacteriophage MS-2 was evaluated under lime stabilization conditions in various matrices. Salmonella and fecal coliforms were evaluated at 28°C and poliovirus and MS-2 were evaluated at both 28°C and 4°C for survivability under lime stabilization conditions in a sludge matrix. All …

Assessment Of The Fate Of Cryptosporidium Parvum, Giardia Lamblia And Ascaris Lumbricoides In Class A Composting And Class B Lime Stabilization Biosolids Treatment Processes, Christine L. Bean

Doctoral Dissertations

The management of biosolids in the United States has become an issue of public health concern in regard to disposal. Congress created the Clean Water Act in 1972 to protect waters in the United States and as a result, no longer can human waste be dumped into oceans or rivers. Means of disposal of biosolids are focused on land application today. The practice of land application takes into consideration the classification of the biosolids material and management practices to control access to and growth of crops on the land. Biosolids are classified as either Class A or Class B depending …

2022 Legislative Review, Emilie Keturakis

Animal Law Review

No abstract provided.