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Development Of A 16s Rrna Gene Sequence As A Biomarker Specific To The Gastrointestinal Tract And Feces Of Swine Based On Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization, Autumn Sayre
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Fecal contamination of water bodies causes environmental issues and human health risks. Swine are a major contributor of fecal inputs to environmental waters due to their importance in American agriculture. Water quality currently is regulated using fecal coliforms, which have natural reservoirs in the environment and may not correlate with pathogens. In recent years there has been a shift towards microbial source tracking (MST). MST employs microbiological, genotypic, phenotypic and chemical methods to determine the source of fecal pollution in water bodies. Previous studies aimed at developing swine fecal biomarkers have had limited success. The overall objective of this research …
A Critical Spatial Econometric Counter Analysis Of The Impact Of New Toxic Facilities On Local Wages, Clinton E. Davis
A Critical Spatial Econometric Counter Analysis Of The Impact Of New Toxic Facilities On Local Wages, Clinton E. Davis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Hegemonic assumptions and industry claims regarding the benefits of new toxic industrial facilities on local wages are tested and challenged. Analysis is performed by applying GIScience and Spatial Econometric methods within a critical framework. A call is made to develop more broadly the practice of Counter Analysis, which is presented as an analogue of Counter-Mapping that repurposes Spatial Analytic methods for the pursuit of critical research agendas.
The Impact Of Service Learning On Leadership Skills Of Students Who Are Gifted And Talented In The Middle School, Patricia Anne Coon
The Impact Of Service Learning On Leadership Skills Of Students Who Are Gifted And Talented In The Middle School, Patricia Anne Coon
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This investigation relates to the impact of service learning on leadership skills of students who are gifted in the middle school while the students plan the project in-school and execute their goals out-of-school for their yearlong service learning project called Community Problem-Solving, or CmPS. Based on surveys, observations, and interviews from 25 students identified as gifted in the middle school, this study describes the student responses and observations from the researcher and teacher of the gifted. Findings show that most of the students in the study felt that their yearlong service learning project positively impacted their leadership skills. The data …
Association Of Individual And Combined Metabolic Risk Factors With Cancer, Ruchi Bhandari
Association Of Individual And Combined Metabolic Risk Factors With Cancer, Ruchi Bhandari
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Introduction: The prevalence of metabolic risk factors (MRFs), individually and in the aggregate, is growing rapidly. There is limited biologic and epidemiologic evidence indicating an association between MRFs and cancer. The goal of this dissertation was to examine the association between individual and combined MRFs with subsequent risk of overall and site-specific cancers of the breast, digestive system, and lung.;Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis on the association between metabolic syndrome (a cluster of MRFs) and breast cancer was conducted. In addition, associations between MRFs and risk of overall and site-specific cancers were assessed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression …
American Grail: Contemporary Federal Budget Reform, Velda Frisco
American Grail: Contemporary Federal Budget Reform, Velda Frisco
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Federal budget reforms initiated by the executive branch of government have been unsustainable. A commonality of these failed reforms is that they lack the support of Congress. The objective of this research is to determine whether the Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART), the most recent executive-initiated budget reform, was supported by Congress. The scope of this research includes an exploration of historic budget reforms, initiated from 1921 through 2008, to provide insight into previous reform sustainability.;Budget reforms provide context from which to view the power struggle between the executive and legislative branches of government; the tension of separate institutions sharing …
Influence Of Weight Loss On Metabolic And Mitochondrial Function In The Mature Horse, Jennie L. Zambito
Influence Of Weight Loss On Metabolic And Mitochondrial Function In The Mature Horse, Jennie L. Zambito
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Obesity causes a multitude of metabolic issues in the horse, yet stepwise alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial capacity and oxidant status during weight loss have yet to be analyzed. Skeletal muscle contains subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar (IFM) mitochondria, which respond differently to physiological stimuli, impacting tissue and whole body oxidant status. We hypothesized that 8 light-type horses would display improvements in skeletal muscle mitochondrial subpopulation function and decreases in circulating oxidant status markers during weight loss from an obese (7 to 8) to moderate (5) body condition score (BCS). Additionally, we hypothesized improvements in morphometric measurements, circulating metabolic …
A Base Modulated Synthesis Of Indoles And Quinolines, An Expedient Synthesis Of Salviadione, And Chemoselective Couplings En Route To Indoles And Pyrroloindoles, Matthew Marshall Cummings
A Base Modulated Synthesis Of Indoles And Quinolines, An Expedient Synthesis Of Salviadione, And Chemoselective Couplings En Route To Indoles And Pyrroloindoles, Matthew Marshall Cummings
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Palladium-catalyzed reductive N-heteroannulation of ortho-nitrostyrenes has become a synthetically useful method for the construction of indoles and indole-based heterocycles. Soderberg's elaboration of this methodology has been utilized in the synthesis of indoles and quinolines from a common precursor. The same protocol has also been employed in the synthesis of the indole alkaloid Salviadione. A systematic investigation of chemoselectivity in Kosugi-Migita-Stille coupling reactions provided the basis for the synthesis of isomeric pyrroloindoles through palladium-catalyzed reductive double N-heteroannulation of dinitro-dialkenyl benzenes.
Compositional Techniques In Hodie By Ralph Vaughan Williams, Ah Reum Han
Compositional Techniques In Hodie By Ralph Vaughan Williams, Ah Reum Han
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Hodie (This day) is Vaughan Williams's last large choral work. It is important because Vaughan Williams used not only complicated and innovative compositional techniques but also the largest instrumentation among his choral-orchestral compositions. It gives a challenging opportunity for composers who wish to learn innovative compositional techniques for vocal or choral-orchestral music. This research project will present Vaughan Williams's compositional techniques in a major choral-orchestral composition consisting of multiple movements. First, unification as a compositional method to link multiple movements by using recurring musical themes will be examined. Secondly, the treatment of biblical and non-biblical texts will be studied. Therefore, …
Robust Cross-Dock Location Model Accounting For Demand Uncertainty, Stephanie Spangler
Robust Cross-Dock Location Model Accounting For Demand Uncertainty, Stephanie Spangler
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of this thesis was to develop optimization models to locate cross-docks in supply chain networks. Cross-docks are a type of intermediate facility which aid in the consolidation of shipments, in which the goods spend little or no time in storage. Instead, the goods are quickly and efficiently moved from the inbound trucks to the outbound docks. Two deterministic facility location models were developed. One followed the p-median facility problem type, where only p facilities were opened in order to minimize total network costs. In the second model, as many cross-docks as necessary were opened and facility location costs …
Hydrologic Response Of Alternative Valley Fill Reclamation Designs, Michael W. Snyder
Hydrologic Response Of Alternative Valley Fill Reclamation Designs, Michael W. Snyder
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Mountaintop mining (MTM) is a widely practiced surface mining technique in Central Appalachian Conventional reclamation (Approximate Original Contour), involves the construction of valley fills of headwater systems. Recent research suggests that current MTM reclamation techniques increase stormflow response of the affected watersheds when compared to the original, undisturbed conditions. One method that has shown success in reclaiming surface mine sites in semi-arid regions of the western U.S. is geomorphic landform design. Geomorphic reclamation is based upon creating landforms that resemble the mature surrounding watersheds in both topography and hydrologic response. The objective of this research was to predict the hydrologic …
Using Bio-Chars As Potential Catalysts For Upgrading Wood Pyrolysis Vapors, Wenjia Jin
Using Bio-Chars As Potential Catalysts For Upgrading Wood Pyrolysis Vapors, Wenjia Jin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Pyrolysis is a promising thermochemical conversion method to process lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oil that can be further refined into chemicals and fuels compatible with current petrochemical fuels. However, bio-oils are highly reactive and unstable and therefore must be refined immediately, thereby reducing process sustainability. Catalytic modifications of pyrolysis vapors have been researched to improve bio-oil stability. However, using traditional highly active petroleum refining cracking catalysts for catalytic pyrolysis has shown some negative results, for example, increasing bio-oil moisture content and reducing its calorific value. Therefore, this project aims at understanding decomposition behavior of wood components, its chemical constituent polymers …
Exploring The Mechanism Of Shp2 And Egfr/Her2 Cooperation In Breast Cancer Cell Signaling, Zachary Raymond Hartman
Exploring The Mechanism Of Shp2 And Egfr/Her2 Cooperation In Breast Cancer Cell Signaling, Zachary Raymond Hartman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) has been established as a critical mediator of cancer-related cell signaling downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases like EGFR and HER2. As such, targeting of SHP2 is being recognized as a potentially viable therapeutic option in HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancers. In this report, I employed molecular and cellular biology techniques to further elucidate the role of SHP2 downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases in breast cancer cell lines. In this way, I was able to contribute knowledge to how SHP2 controls triple-negative cell motility. In addition, the mechanism of SHP2 control of …
American Indian Adolescents Access To And Involvement In In-School Extracurricular Activities In Relation To Substance Use Frequency And Risk Behaviors, Elizabeth A. Jones
American Indian Adolescents Access To And Involvement In In-School Extracurricular Activities In Relation To Substance Use Frequency And Risk Behaviors, Elizabeth A. Jones
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis looks at the protective benefits that involvement in adult-led in-school extracurricular activities had on the use of drugs and alcohol by 8th, 10th, and 12th grade American Indian adolescents in Arizona. This population has been chosen because they have a history of oppression, substance abuse, and prejudice. These adolescents represent an extremely at-risk population due to historical trauma and the present-day responses to this trauma. The researcher used data previously collected by the Arizona Youth Survey in 2010 and looked at it through the lens of Hirschi's Social Control Theory and the protective model of resilience. Hirschi's theory …
Using Active Learning Strategies To Investigate Student Learning And Attitudes In A Large Enrollment, Introductory Geology Course, Stacy Jane Berry
Using Active Learning Strategies To Investigate Student Learning And Attitudes In A Large Enrollment, Introductory Geology Course, Stacy Jane Berry
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There has been an increased emphasis for college instruction to incorporate more active and collaborative involvement of students in the learning process. These views have been asserted by The Association of American Colleges (AAC), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and The National Research Counsel (NRC), which are advocating for the modification of traditional instructional techniques to allow students the opportunity to be more cooperative (Task Group on General Education, 1988). This has guided educators and facilitators into shifting teaching paradigms from a teacher centered to a more student-centered curriculum. The present study investigated achievement outcomes and attitudes of learners in …
The West Virginia Friends Of Firewood Network: Engaging With And Exploring The Practices Of Firewood Producers, Elizabeth Basham
The West Virginia Friends Of Firewood Network: Engaging With And Exploring The Practices Of Firewood Producers, Elizabeth Basham
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Firewood is the oldest source of energy for cooking and home heating and remains a primary heating source for half of the world's population, yet the industry remains relatively undocumented and immature both in developing and technologically advanced countries. Firewood is an environmentally friendly and renewable resource that is becoming popular once again in U.S. homes, 2.5 million of which utilize it as a primary heating source. However, firewood is also a proven vector for invasive insects and pathogens that are threatening the health of U.S. forests. In order to address the increasing trend of firewood use and prevent further …
Adjustment Of Initial- And Terminal-Link Response Patterns To Suddenly Equivalent Terminal Links, Shrinidhi Subramaniam
Adjustment Of Initial- And Terminal-Link Response Patterns To Suddenly Equivalent Terminal Links, Shrinidhi Subramaniam
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Three pigeons were trained on concurrent-chain schedules. Concurrent variable-interval initial links produced fixed-interval (FI) terminal links. Occasional `no-food' terminal links were interspersed pseudorandomly to obtain stop times, a single-trial measure of temporal discrimination. In rapid-acquisition conditions, terminal links were FI 10 s and FI 20 s. Across sessions, the location of the initial link leading to the shorter terminal link varied pseudorandomly. Both terminal links were FI 15 s in a uniform condition. In the rapid-acquisition conditions, initial-link response allocation tracked relative terminal-link immediacy and stop times tracked terminal-link FIs. Initial- and terminal-link pecking stabilized within the first half of …
Response Of Continuous Steel I-Girder Bridges Subject To Temperature Variation, Christopher L. Beckett
Response Of Continuous Steel I-Girder Bridges Subject To Temperature Variation, Christopher L. Beckett
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Thermal deformation of the superstructure in continuous slab-on-girder bridges must be freely permitted to avoid potential adverse behavior due to the development of thermal forces. The use of fixed and guided bearings can introduce a significant amount of restraint against thermal deformation that, if not accommodated by the supporting piers, will lead to thermal stresses throughout the structure, most notably in substructure elements (piercaps, bearing assemblies, bearing anchor bolts). The potential effects of restrained thermal deformation in steel I-girder bridges have not been clearly demonstrated. Additionally, the method provided in AASHTO specifications for orienting guided expansion bearings on horizontally curved …
Determining A Total Dissolved Solids Release Index From Overburden In Appalachian Coal Fields, Jessica L. Odenheimer
Determining A Total Dissolved Solids Release Index From Overburden In Appalachian Coal Fields, Jessica L. Odenheimer
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Appalachian coal industry has been very successful in developing technologies to identify, handle, treat and isolate potentially acid-forming overburden materials at coal mines in the region. However, the techniques to predict acid mine drainage potential may not adequately predict the release of total dissolved solids (TDS). High concentrations of TDS have been linked to a decrease in survival of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Our objective was to determine the effect of different solutions on overburden dissolution, and to develop a TDS release index. Forty-one overburden samples were collected from surface mines in West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky. Samples were grinded to …
Structure Segmentation And Transfer Faults In The Marcellus Shale, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania: Implications For Gas Recovery Efficiency And Risk Assessment Using 3d Seismic Attribute Analysis, Emily D. Roberts
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Marcellus Shale has become an important unconventional gas reservoir in the oil and gas industry. Fractures within this organic-rich black shale serve as an important component of porosity and permeability useful in enhancing production. Horizontal drilling is the primary approach for extracting hydrocarbons in the Marcellus Shale. Typically, wells are drilled perpendicular to natural fractures in an attempt to intersect fractures for effective hydraulic stimulation. If the fractures are contained within the shale, then hydraulic fracturing can enhance permeability by further breaking the already weakened rock. However, natural fractures can affect hydraulic stimulations by absorbing and/or redirecting the energy …
Tender Evaluation For The Telecommunication Industry Using The Analytic Network Process, Ali Kalanaki
Tender Evaluation For The Telecommunication Industry Using The Analytic Network Process, Ali Kalanaki
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In the past few decades, tender evaluation has consistently dominated most of organizations' top strategic priorities. Additionally, the field of tender evaluation has generated a vast amount of research efforts, wherein most of these efforts center on methods enabling consideration of all affecting criteria together to make an appropriate decision. Despite the great deal of advances in the methods of tender evaluation based on technical view, there still lacks comprehensive and organizational-driven decision making tools to support organizations during the crucial task of choosing a suitable tender that best meets their business and technical needs.;Tender evaluation has a strategic role …
Evaluation Of Arsenic And Selenium Quantitation In Marcellus Shales And Flowback Saline Waters Using Thiol Cotton Fibre-Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy And Diffusive Gradient In Thin Film Techniques, Ronald S. Balaba
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Trace levels of arsenic and selenium can be toxic to living organisms yet their quantitation in high ionic strength or high salinity aqueous media is difficult due to the matrix interferences which can either suppress or enhance the analyte signal. The objective of this proposed study has been to apply and/or modify inexpensive, simple, and interference-free analytical methods for the sub-ppb to ppb quantification of both inorganic and bioavailable arsenic and selenium fractions in highly saline/salty waters such as flowback wastewater produced from natural gas well drilling sites in the Marcellus shale and/or simulated or artificial high-salinity prepared from deionized …
Liquid Chromatography -- Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques For Drugs Of Abuse As Applied To Bacterial And Forensic Toxicology, Stephanie Marie Martindale
Liquid Chromatography -- Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques For Drugs Of Abuse As Applied To Bacterial And Forensic Toxicology, Stephanie Marie Martindale
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The ability of bacterial species to transform complex chemical substances has been well documented. Some of these species are native to the human gastrointestinal tract and play an active role in the postmortem decomposition process. These species have potential to cause biotransformations that affect compound-to-metabolite ratios within the human body, especially after death. Postmortem changes such as these have rarely been evaluated or taken into consideration but they have potential to supply valuable information, especially concerning compound identification and confirmation.;The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium perfringens on drugs of …
Laser Induced Fluorescence Studies Of Electrostatic Double Layers In An Expanding Helicon Plasma, Jerry Carr Jr.
Laser Induced Fluorescence Studies Of Electrostatic Double Layers In An Expanding Helicon Plasma, Jerry Carr Jr.
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
We report the first evidence of a laboratory double layer (DL) collapsing in the presence of an instability studied by Chakraborty Thakur et al. 1 with the use of time resolved laser induced fluorescence (LIF) studies. Higher time resolution studies then provided the first statistically validated proof of the correlation between the ion acoustic instability and a DL. Time-frequency analysis in the form of time resolved cross power spectra and continuous wavelet transforms were used to provide insight into beam formation. The implications of this work is that in the creation of strong DLs in expanding plasmas for plasma propulsion …
Differences In Interpersonal Problems Among Bereaved Vs. Non-Bereaved College Students: The Impact Of Loneliness And Social Inhibition, Adam M. Moller
Differences In Interpersonal Problems Among Bereaved Vs. Non-Bereaved College Students: The Impact Of Loneliness And Social Inhibition, Adam M. Moller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study explored the differences in loneliness and social inhibition between parentally bereaved and non-bereaved college students. Participants from West Virginia and Montana State universities were recruited through flyers, newspaper advertisements, and Craigslist.com. Those who volunteered were directed to a website to complete an online survey that included basic demographic information, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the Socially Inhibited subscale of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-64. Bereavement status (bereaved vs. non-bereaved) and gender of participant (male vs. female) were the independent variables in the study. Loneliness and social inhibition were the dependent variables. A MANOVA was conducted to explore the …
Development Of Methods For The Detection Of Chemical And Biological Warfare Agents, Megan Rea Dejesus
Development Of Methods For The Detection Of Chemical And Biological Warfare Agents, Megan Rea Dejesus
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation sought to find conditions that enabled the characterization of weapons of mass destruction, be that chemical, explosives, or biological, and find unique ion signals for those materials. Chapter 2 examines how to improve the analytical capability of the pulsed glow discharge through an increased understanding of the ionization processes inherent to the technique. Results of a parametric evaluation of ionization processes in the plasma demonstrated that within the glow discharge ion source there are conditions that can be determined which will enhance the signal of the analytical ion. A key innovation was the determination, that in constant power …
Geospatial Framework For The Use Of Natural Resource Extraction In Public Private Partnerships, Juan De Dios Barrios
Geospatial Framework For The Use Of Natural Resource Extraction In Public Private Partnerships, Juan De Dios Barrios
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Resources for the maintenance and expansion of existing highway infrastructure are scarce. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are feasible solutions to the concern of lagging investment. PPP are increasingly used for the procurement of services and goods, because of their flexibility and ability to channel private resources. This research addresses the possible implementation of a barter approach in Public Private Partnerships (PPP), which includes natural resources for trade model to offset costs.;Federal law permits the extraction of coal when it is a byproduct of the construction process, coal which under normal circumstances would not be economically feasible to extract. West Virginia …
Modeling And Recognizing Binary Human Interactions, Ke Feng
Modeling And Recognizing Binary Human Interactions, Ke Feng
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recognizing human activities from video is an important step forward towards the long-term goal of performing scene understanding fully automatically. Applications in this domain include, but are not limited to, the automated analysis of video surveillance footage for public and private monitoring, remote patient and elderly home monitoring, video archiving, search and retrieval, human-computer interaction, and robotics. While recent years have seen a concentration of works focusing on modeling and recognizing either group activities, or actions performed by people in isolation, modeling and recognizing binary human-human interactions is a fundamental building block that only recently has started to catalyze the …
Characterizing Peripheral Cellular And Humoral Immune Responses To Haemonchus Contortus In Sheep, Jesica Rae Jacobs
Characterizing Peripheral Cellular And Humoral Immune Responses To Haemonchus Contortus In Sheep, Jesica Rae Jacobs
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Gastrointestinal nematode parasitism is the most widely reported health concern among sheep producers worldwide. The most concerning of which is Haemonchus contortus; a blood-sucking nematode found in the abomasum of sheep. Worldwide anthelminthic resistance has prompted exploration of alternative methods of parasite control. Many studies have shown St. Croix hair sheep posses an immunologically mediated resistance to H. contortus infection, however no studies have utilized a true parasite naive animal for immune characterization. In this study, development of peripheral immune response was characterized in parasite resistant St. Croix lambs and parasite susceptible Suffolk crossbred Lambs. Lambs were separated into three …
The Effects Of Artificial Photoperiod On Age At Puberty In Fall-Born Ewe Lambs, Matthew Lewis Deacon
The Effects Of Artificial Photoperiod On Age At Puberty In Fall-Born Ewe Lambs, Matthew Lewis Deacon
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A study, conducted in two replicates, examined the effects of an artificial photoperiod on puberty in fall-born ewe lambs. Replicate I was initiated in December 2011 with prepubertal Dorset ewe lambs (n = 44). Replicate II was initiated beginning in December 2012 and included prepubertal Dorset, Suffolk x Dorset and Texel x Dorset ewe lambs (n = 52). All lambs were weighed at the initiation of each replicate and randomized to one of two treatments, control or treated, based on age, weight, breed and type of birth and rearing. Control ewe lambs were housed in a barn with exposure to …
Effects Of Fixed And Mixed Delays On Responding Under Variable-Interval Schedules, James E. Cook
Effects Of Fixed And Mixed Delays On Responding Under Variable-Interval Schedules, James E. Cook
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Delays to reinforcement are ubiquitous in the natural environment, where those delays often vary. Still, most research examining delayed reinforcement has focused only on fixed delays. Little research has examined the effects of variable delays. Nonresetting fixed and mixed delays to reinforcement were imposed on the responding of 4 pigeons previously maintained on a multiple variable-interval (VI) VI schedule of immediate reinforcement. Mixed delays consisted of two alternating delay values, the mean of which equaled the value of the fixed delay. A progressive delay procedure was used, in which delay durations increased across successive sessions. Conditions included using unsignaled (Mixed-Change) …