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Evaluating And Predicting The Risk Of Algal Blooms In A Freshwater Lake Through A 4-Dimensional Approach: A Case Study On Lake Mitchell, Sumit Kumar Ghosh 2021 South Dakota State University

Evaluating And Predicting The Risk Of Algal Blooms In A Freshwater Lake Through A 4-Dimensional Approach: A Case Study On Lake Mitchell, Sumit Kumar Ghosh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Excessive algal growth in freshwater lakes can negatively impact ecosystems, recreation, and human health. Though algae are a natural part of freshwater ecosystems, elevated nutrient loading from anthropogenic and natural sources can lead to algal blooms. Both algae and blue-green algae (BGA) are responsible for algal blooms; however, BGA (cyanobacteria) is more dangerous. The first objective of this research was to prepare a conceptual model to understand how various environmental variables affect algae. This conceptual model was used to choose the environmental variables that help increase or decrease algae in the water environment. The second objective was to develop empirical …


A Techno-Economic Comparison Of Battery Electric And Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Transit Bus Fleet Options For Humboldt County, California, Aditya S. Kushwah Mr. 2021 Cal Poly Humboldt

A Techno-Economic Comparison Of Battery Electric And Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Transit Bus Fleet Options For Humboldt County, California, Aditya S. Kushwah Mr.

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

This study analyzes the techno-economic feasibility of converting the conventional transit bus fleet of the Humboldt Transit Authority (HTA) into a battery-electric or a hydrogen-fueled bus fleet. The study identifies which of these technologies represents the more economically viable investment for HTA by analyzing the costs and benefits associated with each pathway. Both pathways involve zero-emission or low-emission technologies.

The study outcomes suggest that the conversion of the HTA’s current conventional fleet to an electric fleet is more feasible than conversion to a hydrogen fuel cell bus fleet. The total discounted cost (3% rate) of converting the 21-bus conventional fleet …


The Influence Of Channel Deepening On Tides, River Discharge Effects, And Storm Surge, S. A. Talke, Ramin Familkhalili, D. A. Jay 2021 Old Dominion University

The Influence Of Channel Deepening On Tides, River Discharge Effects, And Storm Surge, S. A. Talke, Ramin Familkhalili, D. A. Jay

Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

We combine archival research, semi-analytical models, and numerical simulations to address the following question: how do changes to channel geometry alter tidal properties and flood dynamics in a hyposynchronous, strongly frictional estuary with a landward decay in tidal amplitudes? Records in the Saint Johns River Estuary since the 1890s show that tidal range has doubled in Jacksonville, Florida. Near the estuary inlet, tidal discharge approximately doubled but tidal amplitudes increased only ∼6%. Modeling shows that increased shipping channel depths from ∼5 to ∼13m drove the observed changes, with other factors like channel shortening and width reduction producing comparatively minor effects. …


Optimisation Of Retrofit Wall Insulation: An Irish Case Study, Rakshit D. Muddu, D M. Gowda, Anthony James Robinson, Aimee Byrne 2021 Technological University Dublin

Optimisation Of Retrofit Wall Insulation: An Irish Case Study, Rakshit D. Muddu, D M. Gowda, Anthony James Robinson, Aimee Byrne

Articles

Ireland has one of the highest rates of emissions per capita in the world and its residential sector is responsible for approximately 10% of total national CO2 emissions. Therefore, reducing the CO2 emissions in this sector will play a decisive role in achieving EU targets of reducing emissions by 40% by 2030. To better inform decisions regarding retrofit of the existing building stock, this study proposes Optimum Insulation Thicknesses (OIT) for typical walls in 25 regions in Ireland. The calculation of OIT includes annual heat energy expenditure, CO2 emissions, and material payback period. The approach taken is based on Heating …


To What Extent Can Lean Construction Processes And Principles Be Utilised In The Design Stage Of A Bim Project In The Irish Design And Construction Industry, BIM TUDublin, Barry Sheramn 2021 Technological University Dublin

To What Extent Can Lean Construction Processes And Principles Be Utilised In The Design Stage Of A Bim Project In The Irish Design And Construction Industry, Bim Tudublin, Barry Sheramn

Capstone Reports

Although different in many ways, Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Lean Construction are two processes that are having a significant impact on the Design & Construction Industry. In recent years, the Irish AECO industry has seen a tenfold increase across numerous construction disciplines with the adoption of new workflows and processes centred around both BIM and Lean methodologies. Existing literature identifies a strong synergistic relationship between the two processes and highlights the opportunity for Lean processes and principles to be implemented into the design stage workflow. This paper investigated existing literature relating to several lean processes currently implemented in the …


Large-Scale Variation In Wave Attenuation Of Oyster Reef Living Shorelines And The Influence Of Inundation Duration, Rebecca L. Morris, Megan K. La Peyre, Bret M. Webb, Danielle A. Marshall, Donna M. Bilkovic, Just Cebrian, Giovanna McClenachan, Kelly M. Kibler, Linda J. Walters, David Bushek, Eric L. Sparks, Nigel A. Temple, Joshua Moody, Kory Angstadt, Joshua Goff, Maura Boswell, Paul Sacks, Stephen E. Swearer 2021 Old Dominion University

Large-Scale Variation In Wave Attenuation Of Oyster Reef Living Shorelines And The Influence Of Inundation Duration, Rebecca L. Morris, Megan K. La Peyre, Bret M. Webb, Danielle A. Marshall, Donna M. Bilkovic, Just Cebrian, Giovanna Mcclenachan, Kelly M. Kibler, Linda J. Walters, David Bushek, Eric L. Sparks, Nigel A. Temple, Joshua Moody, Kory Angstadt, Joshua Goff, Maura Boswell, Paul Sacks, Stephen E. Swearer

Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

One of the paramount goals of oyster reef living shorelines is to achieve sustained and adaptive coastal protection, which requires meeting ecological (i.e., develop a self-sustaining oyster population) and engineering (i.e., provide coastal defense) targets. In a large-scale comparison along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, the efficacy of various designs of oyster reef living shorelines at providing wave attenuation was evaluated accounting for the ecological limitations of oysters with regards to inundation duration. A critical threshold for intertidal oyster reef establishment is 50% inundation duration. Living shorelines that spent less than half of the time ( …


Momentum Towards Incorporating Global Responsibility In Engineering Education And Accreditation In The Uk, Jonathan Truslove, Emma Crichton, Shannon Chance, Katie Cresswell-Maynard 2021 Engineers Without Borders UK

Momentum Towards Incorporating Global Responsibility In Engineering Education And Accreditation In The Uk, Jonathan Truslove, Emma Crichton, Shannon Chance, Katie Cresswell-Maynard

Conference papers

CONTEXT Engineering is uniquely placed to help address global challenges such as those surrounding the climate crisis, and the sustainable use and management of resources. However, studies have found UK engineering companies that have adopted sustainability strategies do not have enough staff with the skills to achieve them. There is an urgent need to upskill the current workforce and prepare future generations to operate in a responsible and ethical manner in tackling today's challenges. Recent updates to the standard of engineering accreditation in the UK provide notable opportunities to transform university curricula to create globally responsible engineers.

PURPOSE This preliminary …


Impact Of Blended Salt Anti-Icers/Deicers On Properties Of Asphalt Binders, Nurudeen A. Abidoye 2021 Geogia Southern University

Impact Of Blended Salt Anti-Icers/Deicers On Properties Of Asphalt Binders, Nurudeen A. Abidoye

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Anyone who has ever attempted to remove a layer of ice from a roadway or sidewalk by plowing or shoveling knows it is no easy task when the ice is firmly bonded to the asphalt/concrete surface. Winter anti-icing/deicing operations are moral choices that mankind has made to combat winter storms. This research is aimed at evaluating the macro and nano structural impacts of (anti-icing/de-icing) salt on aged and unaged asphalt binders. The macro structural impacts focused on the rheological and creep properties, and the nano structural impacts focused on the surface topography, adhesion force, and modulus of asphalt binders. Rheological …


Recovery Of Phosphorus From Florida Phosphatic Waste Clay, Amir Eskanlou 2021 West Virginia University

Recovery Of Phosphorus From Florida Phosphatic Waste Clay, Amir Eskanlou

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This MS thesis examines the recovery of phosphorus (P) from Florida waste clay (WC). A comprehensive literature review revealed that: (i)-The most important values being lost to WC are P and rare earth elements (REEs). For the recovery of these values from WC, two crucial attempts are the removal of extremely fine-sized clays, followed by the recovery of phosphate content, which can pave the path for the recovery of REEs; (ii)-Any scientific/ technological solution should, at the same time, be economically and environmentally attractive to the industry. As such, moving from mostly chemical separation processes to the primarily physical/ physicochemical …


Erosion And Sediment Controls On Reclaimed Mine Refuse Impoundments, Sara Dalen 2021 West Virginia University

Erosion And Sediment Controls On Reclaimed Mine Refuse Impoundments, Sara Dalen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

To ensure the sustainable use of one of West Virginia’s precious resources, conscientious long-term management of residual waste is of immense importance. This thesis examined two main topics: i) the dewatering process of acid mine drainage (AMD) sludge, and ii) an investigation of soil loss predictions of a reclaimed coal refuse impoundment.

The first aspect of this thesis addresses clarification and remediation of AMD prior to disposal is a prominent component to preventing runoff and seepage of environmentally detrimental byproducts. To examine the effects of flocculation and dewatering more closely by means of geotextiles, an AMD sludge was analyzed. The …


Combining Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction And Anammox For Treatment Of Nitrate-Rich Wastewater: A Short Review, Xinyi Zou, Chongjun Chen, Changhong Wang, Qun Zhang, Zhuowei Yu, Haiping Wu, Chao Zhuo, Tian C. Zhang 2021 Suzhou University of Science and Technology

Combining Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction And Anammox For Treatment Of Nitrate-Rich Wastewater: A Short Review, Xinyi Zou, Chongjun Chen, Changhong Wang, Qun Zhang, Zhuowei Yu, Haiping Wu, Chao Zhuo, Tian C. Zhang

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: Faculty Publications

Treatment of nitrate-rich wastewater is important but challenging for the conventional biological denitrification process. Here, we propose combining the electrochemical reduction and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes together for treatment of nitrate-rich wastewater. This article reviews the mechanism and current research status of electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonium as well as the mechanism and applicability of the anammox process. This article discusses the principles, superiorities, and challenges of this combined process. The feasibility of the combined process depends on the efficiency of electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonium and the conditions in the anammox process to use the reduced ammonium …


Predicting The Impacts Of Climate Change On The Great Lakes Water Levels Using A Fully Coupled 3d Regional Modeling System, Miraj Kayastha 2021 Michigan Technological University

Predicting The Impacts Of Climate Change On The Great Lakes Water Levels Using A Fully Coupled 3d Regional Modeling System, Miraj Kayastha

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

The Great Lakes of North America are the largest surface freshwater system in the world and many ecosystems, industries, and coastal processes are sensitive to the changes in their water levels. The recent changes in the Great Lakes climate and water levels have particularly highlighted the importance of water level prediction. The water levels of the Great Lakes are primarily governed by the net basin supplies (NBS) of each lake which are the sum of over-lake precipitation and basin runoff minus lake evaporation. Recent studies have utilized Regional Climate Models (RCMs) with a fully coupled one-dimensional (1D) lake model to …


Mapping Michigan's Historic Coastlines, Ryan A. Williams 2021 Michigan Technological University

Mapping Michigan's Historic Coastlines, Ryan A. Williams

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

This five-year project, sponsored by the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, is working to map how Michigan’s Great Lakes shorelines have changed over the past 80+ years. Products of this project include publicly available digital, georeferenced, historic aerial photography datasets, as well as map layers depicting the locations of historic shorelines and bluff lines from 1938, 1980, 2009, 2016, 2018, and 2020. Additional products include bluff retreat risk areas, shoreline rate of change map layers, and tools to assist in the development of future Coastal Vulnerability Index projects for the Great Lakes. All products are available as …


Case Study Of Gravity-Fed Mountain Spring Tap System In Ha Leronti, Lesotho, Africa, Sarah Peterson 2021 Michigan Technological University

Case Study Of Gravity-Fed Mountain Spring Tap System In Ha Leronti, Lesotho, Africa, Sarah Peterson

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Water security has been declining rapidly in Lesotho, Africa in recent years. Lack of water has led to food insecurity, livestock deaths, and the spread of disease. Rural Basotho depend on rainfall to sustain their livelihoods; however, precipitation variability has recently increased due to climate change. For those who reside in the highlands of Lesotho, mountain springs can be a clean source of water. The tap system in the village of Ha Leronti relies on gravity to distribute water from two mountain springs to the ten village taps and nearby school campus. However, it is incapable of transporting the basic …


วิธีการจัดการของเสียแผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ชนิดผลึกซิลิกอนจากโรงไฟฟ้าพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ที่เหมาะสมสำหรับประเทศไทย, อิงฉัตร สุภาพยาม 2021 คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์

วิธีการจัดการของเสียแผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ชนิดผลึกซิลิกอนจากโรงไฟฟ้าพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ที่เหมาะสมสำหรับประเทศไทย, อิงฉัตร สุภาพยาม

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

นับตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2545 ประเทศไทยเริ่มมีการลงทุนผลิตไฟฟ้าจากแผงพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ และมีการติดตั้งใช้งานเพิ่มขึ้นต่อเนื่องโดยเฉพาะแผงในกลุ่มผลึกซิลิกอน ในอนาคตประเทศไทยมีแนวโน้มที่จะเผชิญกับปัญหาจากของเสียแผงในปริมาณมาก ดังนั้นงานวิจัยนี้จึงมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อการคาดการณ์ปริมาณของเสียแผง และประเมินแนวทางการจัดการของเสียแผงชนิดผลึกซิลิกอน ผลการดำเนินงานพบว่าปริมาณของเสียแผงสะสมที่จะเกิดขึ้น ในปี พ.ศ. 2582 จากทั้ง 2 มุมมอง (1. แผงหมดอายุการใช้งานเมื่อครบ 20 ปี 2. แผงที่ชำรุดรวมกับแผงหมดอายุการใช้งานเมื่อครบ 20 ปี) มีปริมาณอยู่ในช่วง 237,394 - 322,856 ตัน ซึ่งเป็นกระจกมากเกินครึ่งของปริมาณของเสียที่เกิดขึ้นสะสมอยู่ในช่วง 163,921 – 222,932 ตัน สำหรับวัสดุพอลิเมอร์ (วัสดุห่อหุ้ม แผ่นปิดด้านหลัง และซิลิโคน) มีปริมาณรวมกันอยู่ในช่วง 31,384 – 42,682 ตัน และจากการประเมินแนวทางการจัดการทั้ง 3 (1.แนวทางที่ใช้ในปัจจุบัน 2.แนวทางการบดหยาบ 3.แนวทางการอบแยก) พบว่าทุกแนวทางมีรายได้มากกว่าต้นทุนการจัดการเบื้องต้น แสดงให้เห็นถึงความเป็นไปได้ของระบบเศรษฐกิจหมุนเวียน และในแนวทางการอบแยกที่มีการใช้ความร้อนจะทำให้เกิดการสลายตัวของวัสดุพอลิเมอร์ ในรูปค่าความร้อนของเชื้อเพลิง โดยวัสดุห่อหุ้มมีค่าความร้อนมากที่สุดอยู่ในช่วง 38.46 – 40.54 เมกะจูลต่อกิโลกรัม (มีค่าใกล้เคียงกับไบโอดีเซล 40.2 เมกะจูลต่อกิโลกรัม) มีโอกาสที่จะนำเอาพลังงานที่เกิดขึ้นกลับคืนมาใช้ในกระบวนการ เพื่อช่วยลดการใช้เชื้อเพลิง และจากการนำกลับของวัสดุในปริมาณที่มากที่สุด จะช่วยชดเชยผลกระทบทางสิ่งแวดล้อมที่เกิดขึ้น ถือเป็นเครดิตที่เกิดขึ้นจากการประเมินผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อม


Removal Of Ferrous And Arsenic From Contaminated Groundwater By Co-Precipitation Coupling With Membrane Separation Process, Bonita Pen 2021 Faculty of Engineering

Removal Of Ferrous And Arsenic From Contaminated Groundwater By Co-Precipitation Coupling With Membrane Separation Process, Bonita Pen

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This work aimed to​ treat contaminated groundwater with arsenic and ferrous iron pollutants to be drinking water standard following by WHO by co-precipitation process and membrane separation process. The relative effect of different solid media types (scouring sponge, scouring pad, plastic ring, and activated carbon foam) and operating conditions on oxygen mass transfer coefficient (KLa) and hydrodynamic bubble parameters was studied. The optimization process of ferrous oxidation and arsenic removal was observed by Design of Experiment (DOE) with Central Composition Design of Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RSM). Lastly, separation process was experimented with conventional process and membrane technology, i.e., settling process, …


Chlorination As Drinking Water Disinfection Technique And Disinfection By Products: A Scientometric Analysis, Sapna Ramchandra Shinde, Sayali D. Apte Dr, Kanchan C. Khare Dr, Philipp Otter Mr 2021 Symbiosis International University

Chlorination As Drinking Water Disinfection Technique And Disinfection By Products: A Scientometric Analysis, Sapna Ramchandra Shinde, Sayali D. Apte Dr, Kanchan C. Khare Dr, Philipp Otter Mr

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2015, defined to achieve a better and more sustainable future, contains goal number 6 related to safe and affordable drinking water facility for all till 2030. The rural and remote areas in the developing countries predominantly face the scarcity of pathogen free drinking water leading to water borne diseases and deaths due to consumption of contaminated water indicating a need of advancement in the drinking water disinfection techniques. The paper discusses scientometric analysis of publication trends in chlorination as a popular disinfection techniques and research related to the Disinfection By Products (DBPs) that are produced …


การเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการจัดการพลาสติกรีไซเคิลโดยใช้ระบบ Gis กรณีศึกษา: ชุมชนในจังหวัดระยอง, ชยานนท์ เทียนธนานุรักษ์ 2021 คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์

การเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการจัดการพลาสติกรีไซเคิลโดยใช้ระบบ Gis กรณีศึกษา: ชุมชนในจังหวัดระยอง, ชยานนท์ เทียนธนานุรักษ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาการจัดการขยะบรรจุภัณฑ์พลาสติกระดับชุมชนในพื้นที่จังหวัดระยองและสร้างแบบจำลองการแลกเปลี่ยนข้อมูลการรับซื้อขายขยะพลาสติกโดยใช้ระบบสารสนเทศทางภูมิศาสตร์ (Geographic information system; GIS) เพื่อช่วยในการจัดการขยะพลาสติกอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพและหมุนเวียนกลับมาใช้ประโยชน์สูงสุดตามหลักเศรษฐกิจหมุนเวียน ด้วยวิธีการสำรวจและรวบรวมข้อมูลชนิด ปริมาณขยะพลาสติกและที่ตั้งร้านรับซื้อในพื้นที่กรณีศึกษา 3 แห่ง ได้แก่ เทศบาลนครระยอง หมู่4 เทศบาลทับมา และชุมชนบ้านเอื้ออาทรวังหว้า ผลการวิจัยพบว่าการจัดการขยะพลาสติกในชุมชนกรณีศึกษาทั้ง 3 แห่งยังขาดความเชื่อมโยงในการจัดการขยะพลาสติกของผู้มีส่วนได้เสียตลอดห่วงโซ่คุณค่า และยังไม่ทราบช่องทางติดต่อการซื้อขายหรือตำแหน่งที่ตั้งของร้านรับซื้อหรือโรงงาน ดังนั้นงานวิจัยนี้ช่วยให้ทราบถึงพิกัดร้านรับซื้อขยะพลาสติกประเภทต่าง ๆ ในชุมชนกรณีศึกษาโดยใช้ระบบ GIS และเสนอแบบจำลองการแลกเปลี่ยนข้อมูลการรับซื้อขายขยะพลาสติกในจังหวัดระยอง ซึ่งพบว่าปัจจุบันเส้นทางการขนส่งขยะพลาสติกของชุมชนกรณีศึกษาทั้ง 3 แห่ง ของเทศบาลนครระยอง ชุมชนหมู่4 เทศบาลทับมาและชุมชนบ้านเอื้ออาทรวังหว้าจากธนาคารขยะไปยังร้านรับซื้อขวด/ถุงพลาสติก และส่งต่อไปโรงงานรีไซเคิลมีระยะทางขนส่งเท่ากับ 430.55 , 286.91 และ 458.51 กิโลเมตร ตามลำดับ จึงนำเสนอทางเลือกการเปลี่ยนร้านรับซื้อขวด/ถุงพลาสติก และโรงงานรีไซเคิล พบว่าสามารถลดระยะทางขนส่งลงเท่ากับ 165.58, 149.65 และ 348.81 กิโลเมตร ตามลำดับ คิดเป็นร้อยละ 61.54, 47.84 และ 23.93 ตามลำดับ สามารถลดการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกลงร้อยละ 92.94 , 83.85 และ 77.35 ตามลำดับ ดังนั้นหากสามารถเปลี่ยนมาใช้เส้นทางการขนส่งที่เสนอแนะได้จะสามารถช่วยลดการใช้เชื้อเพลิงและการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกสู่ชั้นบรรยากาศได้


Communities Of Nitrifying Microorganisms From Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (Rass) Under Different Ammonium Concentration And Salinity, Preeyaporn Pornkulwat 2021 Faculty of Engineering

Communities Of Nitrifying Microorganisms From Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (Rass) Under Different Ammonium Concentration And Salinity, Preeyaporn Pornkulwat

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Bioaugmentation of nitrifying cultures can accelerate nitrification during startup and transition periods of recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) operations. To formulate nitrifying cultures for RASs, impacts of ammonia and salinity (NaCl) on culturing nitrifying microorganisms were comprehensively investigated by including currently known groups of nitrifying microorganisms (ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), comammox, Nitrospira, and Nitrobacter). Initially, community structure of nitrifying microorganisms was observed in biofilters from water recirculation units of shrimp holding tanks operated at two different salinities of 2 and 15 g/L. Unique patterns of nitrifying communities consisting of AOA, comammox, and Nitrospira (without AOB and Nitrobacter) were …


Treatment Of Cutting Oil Via Fe0/Air And Al0/Air Using Waste From Auto Parts Manufacturing, Warangkana Srimoke 2021 Graduate School

Treatment Of Cutting Oil Via Fe0/Air And Al0/Air Using Waste From Auto Parts Manufacturing, Warangkana Srimoke

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Used shot blast and aluminium dross wastes generated from auto part manufacturing were applied as catalysts under the modified-air Fenton (MAF) system to treat synthetic cutting oil wastewater. Experimental designs were applied to find optimum conditions in terms of size and amount of catalyst, initial pH, initial cutting oil concentration, air flow rate, and mixing speed. Fe0 and Al0 forms were found in used shot blast and aluminum dross, respectively, according to XRD and XRF results, and the element contents of Fe and Al were found to be 96.37 % and 37.13 %, respectively. For used shot blast under the …


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