Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons^™

The Cost Of Happiness: The Implications Of Utilitarianism On Economics, Adam Opp

Liberty University Journal of Statesmanship & Public Policy

Bentham and Mill proposed the utilitarian theory, which has moral and economic applications. Bentham and Mill differed slightly in their ideologies, as Mill critiqued Bentham and argued that man is in a separate category from beasts. To assess this, one must study human nature and if man really is different from the beasts. To this end, utilitarianism will be discussed, but also Aristotle’s discussion on virtue, the magnanimous man, and generosity. The next critical area to discuss is what differentiates humans from beasts, and if humans are distinct. Several characteristics that differentiate men from beasts include mental, psychological, moral, and …

Limitation For Liberty: A Commentary On Federalism And The Tenth Amendment, Riley Banker

Senior Honors Theses

The concept of Federalism is essential to the very survival of the United States. However, recent decisions by the Supreme Court have illustrated attempts by the federal government to expand its authority and undermine the balance of power created by Federalism. This thesis will explore the concept of Federalism to demonstrate how it can best be protected. First, this thesis will address the origins of Federalism. Second, it will show how the principles of Federalism are manifested within the founding documents of the United States. Finally, this thesis will analyze current events including Supreme Court cases to demonstrate a concerning …

Cognitive Ethology, Animals And Society, And The American Sociological Association, Arnold Arluke

Animal Sentience

Griffin’s The Question of Animal Awareness (1976) and Animal Minds (2001) enabled and emboldened other disciplines to expand their research to include non-human animals. The creation of a dedicated section on human-animal relationships in sociology’s national professional organization is but one example.

When To Save The Baby: A Fundamental Conditions Approach, S. Matthew Liao, Jordan Liebman, Corine Astroth

Pace Law Review

Parents and physicians often grapple with the agonizing decision of whether to continue life-sustaining treatment for critically ill infants. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework called the Fundamental Conditions Approach (FCA) to guide these difficult choices. Building on S. Matthew Liao’s work, the FCA evaluates whether an infant possesses or can develop the fundamental capacities necessary for engaging in basic activities that constitute a good life. These capacities include the ability to think, respond to facts, develop interpersonal relationships, and interact with one’ environment. We argue that if an infant lacks nearly all of these fundamental capacities and …

Ethical Risk Of Frontier S&T And Its Governance

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

No abstract provided.

Ethical Risks And Challenges Of Chatgpt Applications In Education, Jingbo Fan, Hui Liang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

ChatGPT is a typical application in the field of natural language processing, with the potential to empower and revolutionize education. It can serve not only as a digital tutor for students but also as a virtual assistant for teachers, driving the transformation of student learning methods and teaching paradigms. Additionally, ChatGPT shows a wide range of applications in the research field. However, while bringing opportunities for educational development, ChatGPT also poses ethical risks and challenges to educational equity. Firstly, ChatGPT may exacerbate the digital divide, leading to unequal educational opportunities. Secondly, it presents risks such as knowledge alienation, algorithmic black-box …

Ethical Risks Of Frontier Science And Technology: An Escalating Threat, Xiao Lu, Huihui Liu, Rui Li, Jiaofeng Pan

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Science and technology (S&T) are not only powerful tools for development, but also a source of risk. The new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are accelerating in current times. It deeply influences and fundamentally reshapes human production and life, which can raise a range of known and unknown ethical risks, involving individual rights and interests, social stability, national security, as well as sustainable development of mankind. This study summarizes the characteristics of ethical risks in frontier S&T, including the dependence on related fields, high uncertainty, social reconstruction, and ultimate challenge. Considering the risks in various fields, …

Artificial Intelligence Foundation Model Risk Identification And Governance Model From Esg Perspective, Jincheng Shi, Guoyu Wang, Yingchun Wang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The application ecology of artificial intelligence foundation model is rapidly expanding. The environment, society, and governance are facing new challenges and opportunities. Exploring the construction of a governance framework for the development risks of foundation model has important theoretical value and practical significance for promoting the healthy and sustainable development of artificial intelligence. Based on the theories of ESG and artificial intelligence governance, this study analyzes the development benefits and typical risks of foundation model from the perspective of ESG and then constructs a risk governance framework and implementation strategies for artificial intelligence foundation models. This study shows that a …

Participatory Ethical Regulations: Risk Challenges Of Artificial Intelligence Era And Construction Of Governance Logic, Chenggang Zhang, Lu Pan

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Participatory ethical norms emphasize the involvement of diverse stakeholders, aiming to construct a more comprehensive and balanced ethical governance framework. The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is leading society through unprecedented transformations, significantly impacting ethical perspectives, social governance models, and the symbiotic relationship between humans and technology. The participatory ethical norms, characterized by multi-stakeholder participation, interactivity, and openness, represent a crucial pathway for addressing the challenges posed by the rapid development of AI technology. Constructing an AI governance framework based on participatory ethical norms provides solutions for the sustainable, fair, and transparent development of AI from multiple aspects …

Integrating Humanities Into Cybersecurity Education: Enhancing Ethical, Historical, And Sociopolitical Understanding In Technical Training, Joseph Frusci

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

The increasing complexity of cybersecurity challenges necessitates a holistic educational approach that integrates both technical skills and humanistic perspectives. This article examines the importance of infusing humanities disciplines such as history, ethics, political science, sociology, law, and anthropology—into cybersecurity education. Through a pilot course developed for Staten Island Technical High School, aligned with the New York State K-12 Computer Science and Digital Fluency Standards, students were introduced to an interdisciplinary curriculum that combined technical cybersecurity training with historical analysis, ethical reasoning, and sociopolitical context. The results of pre- and post-course assessments demonstrated significant improvements in critical thinking, ethical decision-making, and …

Ethical Responsibility In The Design Of Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Systems, David K. Mcgraw

International Journal on Responsibility

This article aims to provide an overview of the ethical questions surrounding the responsibilities of designers of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. First, the author delves into the philosophical underpinnings of this responsibility, examining various ethical theories to grasp the moral obligations individuals have towards others and society. The author contends that designers of technology bear the responsibility of considering the broader societal implications of their creations. Subsequently, the author scrutinizes the fundamental question of whether AI systems present unique ethical concerns compared to conventional technologies, pinpointing factors such as complexity, opacity, autonomy, unpredictability, uncertainty, and the potential for significant social …

The Universal And The Unique, Martin Zwick

Complex Systems Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper explores the abstract dyad of universality and uniqueness. It notes that the two might be complementary and even synergistic, or that they might be alternatives that oppose one another. It also explores how the unique might be an emergent from a primal universality, as well as how the universal might be an emergent from a primal uniqueness. Finally, it offers an interpretation of this dyad in which the universal and the unique are equivalent transforms of one another and thus two sides of the same coin.

Keywords: Universality, uniqueness, general and particular, similarity and difference, fundamental dyad, dualism

Donald Griffin, Sentience, And Animal Research Ethics, John Gluck

Animal Sentience

Recollection of early encounters with Donald Griffin’s pioneering work on animal awareness, provoking intense, often hostile academic responses, later forgotten.

Can We Use Judgement Bias To Assess The Welfare Of Fish In Aquariums And Zoos?, Culum Brown

Animal Sentience

This commentary examines the potential of tests of judgment bias to assess fish welfare in aquariums and zoos. Judgment bias offers a non-invasive approach to interpreting affective states in animals, using cognitive responses to ambiguous stimuli as indicators of mental wellbeing. Despite the constraints of captive environments—such as limited handling and species diversity in exhibits—recent adaptations of judgment-bias protocols make them suitable across taxa, including fishes. Collaborations with progressive zoos and aquariums could facilitate this research, based on the shared goal of enhancing animal welfare and promoting public education.

Don’T Be Cruel: Cruelty, Complicity, Self-Knowledge, And Growth, Sherman J. Clark

Articles

The papers in this symposium, and the larger body of scholarship to which this symposium is a contribution, ask us to attend to the often brutal and inhumane conditions in American jails and prisons. But why should we do that? Why should we confront the suffering of the incarcerated? Why should we ask ourselves whether that suffering is unjust, unnecessary, or even unconstitutional? The main reason, of course, is that we want to remedy those injustices. We care about the suffering of our fellow human beings, and people do not cease to be our fellow human beings merely because they …

Notes From The Editor

International Dialogue

No abstract provided.

Table Of Contents

International Dialogue

NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

INTERVIEW

Analysis of the PLO and Hamas: Interview with Sir John Jenkins Raphael Cohen-Almagor

REVIEW ESSAYS

What Freedom? Edward Sankowski and Betty J. Harris

Ethnocratizing the “Holy Land” Curtis Hutt

BOOK REVIEWS

Rochelle Terman The Geopolitics of Shaming: When Human Rights Pressure Works—and When It Backfires Brett J. Kyle

Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origin of Durable Authoritarianism Joseph L. Derdzinski

POETRY

Arabic قصیدة بلا عنوانأسماء عزایزة

English Untitled Poem Asmaa Azaieh

What Freedom? Freedom-A Disease Without Cure. Slavoj Žižek. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2023. Pp. 328., Edward Sankowski, Betty J. Harris

International Dialogue

Slavoj Žižek's outpouring of books continues, including the volume, Freedom-A Disease Without Cure (2023). The title is somber, but the contents do not signal an unrelievedly depressed attitude on the part of the author. Rather, the book manifests expanding curiosity and far-reaching originality. That is, however, supplemented by some self-criticism, e.g., when the author broods about the apathy in himself and others that he claims is a result of the hyperactivity enjoined by and observed in contemporary capitalism. We hope to go beyond critical interpretation and evaluation of Žižek, to express our own new insights beyond those formulated or hinted …

The Geopolitics Of Shaming: When Human Rights Pressure Works—And When It Backfires Rochelle Terman. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023. Pp. 216., Brett J. Kyle

International Dialogue

In The Geopolitics of Shaming: When Human Rights Pressure Works—and When It Backfires (Princeton University Press, 2023), Rochelle Terman takes on the important and interesting question of the effectiveness of states’ denunciation of each other in the enforcement of human rights. “Naming and shaming” states for their human rights abuses has long been a feature of international relations. Despite its consistent presence in the international arena, it is often met with skepticism by IR scholars and seen as nothing more than power politics in disguise. Rather than seeking to downplay or push back against this criticism of norm enforcement, Terman …

Ethnocratizing The “Holy Land” The Politics Of Sacred Places: A View From Israel-Palestine Nimrod Luz. London, New York And Dublin: Bloomsbury Academic, 2023. Pp. 223., Curtis Hutt

International Dialogue

In this review essay, I will engage with some critical issues raised by Nimrod Luz in his recent book, The Politics of Sacred Places: A View From Israel-Palestine. This is a follow up to earlier articles that I have written for ID: International Dialogue and elsewhere related to holy sites as well as pilgrimage to, from, and within what is commonly known in the Western Christian world for the last one thousand years as the “Holy Land.” 1 It is also a companion piece to a recent review I have written of Marshall J. Breger and Leonard M. Hammer’s landmark …