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Articles 31 - 60 of 95
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Mixed Emotional Experience Is Associated With And Precedes Improvements In Psychological Well-Being, Jonathan Adler, Hal Hershfield
Mixed Emotional Experience Is Associated With And Precedes Improvements In Psychological Well-Being, Jonathan Adler, Hal Hershfield
Jonathan M. Adler
Background The relationships between positive and negative emotional experience and physical and psychological well-being have been well-documented. The present study examines the prospective positive relationship between concurrent positive and negative emotional experience and psychological well-being in the context of psychotherapy. Methods 47 adults undergoing psychotherapy completed measures of psychological well-being and wrote private narratives that were coded by trained raters for emotional content. Results The specific concurrent experience of happiness and sadness was associated with improvements in psychological well-being above and beyond the impact of the passage of time, personality traits, or the independent effects of happiness and sadness. Changes …
Adolescence, Emily Adler, Roger Clark
Adolescence, Emily Adler, Roger Clark
Emily S. Adler
Using Erikson's and Gilligan's theories of adolescent development, this paper presents a content analysis of the depiction of adolescent development in a sample of Newbery Medal winners and honor books. Some diversity was found among the major characters, but white males were overrepresented. Many of the characters underwent an identity crisis. Some passed through the identity versus role confusion stage; others, especially in the almost prototypical maleinitiation-rite stories, discovered ways to deal with nature (industry) which engendered a far clearer sense of self (identity). The major female characters experienced the two phases more or less simultaneously, but a similar fusion …
Children's Interpersonal Perceptions, Thomas Malloy, David Sugarman, Robin Montvilo, Talia Ben-Zeev
Children's Interpersonal Perceptions, Thomas Malloy, David Sugarman, Robin Montvilo, Talia Ben-Zeev
Robin K Montvilo
Children's interpersonal perceptions in an academic context were studied from the sociocultural perspective (L. S. Vygotsky, 1978). The authors predicted that with development, judgments of classmates would show increasing impact of the stimulus target (consensus) and decreasing impact of the perceiver's effect. A social relations analysis estimated perceiver and target effects. A 3-year cross-sequential design permitted study of age differences and longitudinal consistency of the effects. Children's interpersonal perceptions were consensual in middle childhood, and target effects increased with development, whereas perceiver effects declined. Target effects were more consistent than perceiver effects across a 3-year period. Target effects for behaviorally …
Authority Concepts Among Children And Adolescents In The Island Of Macao, Marta Laupa, Pamela Tse
Authority Concepts Among Children And Adolescents In The Island Of Macao, Marta Laupa, Pamela Tse
Marta Laupa
We examined the reasoning of children and adolescents in the island of Macao regarding the bases of legitimate authority across social contexts. We asked 101 children in 3rd, 5th, and 7th grades to evaluate the authority of persons issuing commands to children in two events. In one, persons with varying combinations of authority attributes issue a command that resolves a turn-taking dispute between children in school. In another, persons with varying social positions issue a command to children to stop playing ball across three contexts: school, home, and a public park. Results show that, although young Macanese reason in many …
Type 1 Diabetes And Its Effects On Active/Inactive Goal Priming For Exercise, Jason Themanson, Kevin Seske, '12
Type 1 Diabetes And Its Effects On Active/Inactive Goal Priming For Exercise, Jason Themanson, Kevin Seske, '12
Jason R. Themanson, Ph.D
No abstract provided.
Social Physique Anxiety, Self-Esteem, And Body Image: The Effects Of Exercising With The Opposite Sex, Jason Themanson, Alyssa Schardt, '12
Social Physique Anxiety, Self-Esteem, And Body Image: The Effects Of Exercising With The Opposite Sex, Jason Themanson, Alyssa Schardt, '12
Jason R. Themanson, Ph.D
No abstract provided.
Negative Affect And Its Effect On Neural Activity And Reaction Time, Jason Themanson, Katy Mccortney, '12
Negative Affect And Its Effect On Neural Activity And Reaction Time, Jason Themanson, Katy Mccortney, '12
Jason R. Themanson, Ph.D
No abstract provided.
Patterns Of Service Utilization, Thomas Kochanek, Stephen Buka
Patterns Of Service Utilization, Thomas Kochanek, Stephen Buka
Thomas T Kochanek
The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between service utilization patterns in early intervention programs and specific child, maternal, and service provider characteristics. Service utilization data for 133 infants and toddlers were gathered for 1 week out of every month for a 4 month duration. For each service encounter, the duration, location, type of service, and academic discipline of service provider was recorded. Findings revealed that families received an average of 1.7 hours per week of services (unduplicated hours). Older children (toddlers) and mothers with higher levels of education received significantly more service. Thirty-four percent of all services …
Influential Factors In The Utilization Of Early Intervention Services, Thomas Kochanek, Stephen Buka
Influential Factors In The Utilization Of Early Intervention Services, Thomas Kochanek, Stephen Buka
Thomas T Kochanek
The purpose of this study was to examine utilization rates of scheduled early intervention services. Service utilization data reported for 1 week out of every month over a 4-month period were analyzed for a cohort of 146 infants and toddlers. Major findings included: (a) 69% of the families used the majority of their services; (b) child and maternal characteristics were not significantly related to service utilization; (c) providers who were younger and close in age to mothers evidenced significantly higher utilization rates; (d) families in which therapists served as the primary service provider had the lowest utilization rates; and (e) …
Fulfilling The Promise Of Early Intervention, Thomas Kochanek
Fulfilling The Promise Of Early Intervention, Thomas Kochanek
Thomas T Kochanek
The purpose of this study was to examine utilization rates of infant-toddler services and to identify factors that significantly influenced the extent to which children and their families actually used planned services. This is an important policy implementation question for which there is scant information, and the authors of the study are to be commended for not only addressing the questions, but also using an existing, state-managed data base to probe for answers.
Dynamics Of Drug Use, Joan Rollins, Raymond Holden
Dynamics Of Drug Use, Joan Rollins, Raymond Holden
Joan H Rollins
This paper analyzes data from interviews with167 drug users in the community, including age, sex, birth order, education, family constellation, age of first drug use and circumstances of first drug use. Initial drug use was usually a social experience, with considerable influence from peers. Usually initial drug use began with marijuana or alcohol. The majority of subjects had tried to stop using drugs, but most of them had been unsuccessful at the time of the interview.
Developmental And Narrative Perspectives On Religious And Spiritual Identity Development For Clinicians, Paul Wink, Jonathan Adler, Michele Dillon
Developmental And Narrative Perspectives On Religious And Spiritual Identity Development For Clinicians, Paul Wink, Jonathan Adler, Michele Dillon
Jonathan M. Adler
Identity gives an individual a sense of sameness and continuity (Erikson, 1968) and provides answers to questions about the nature, purpose, and meaning of life (Kiesling, Sorell, Montgomery, & Colwell, 2006). William James (1910/1968) placed spiritual identity, encompassing intellectual, moral, and emotional development at the center of personality. Given that the search for personal meaning is a vital component of a person's identity, it is not surprising that religion and spirituality play a key role in the identity development of many Americans.
Personality And The Coherence Of Psychotherapy Narratives, Jonathan Adler, Joshua Wagner, Dan Mcadams
Personality And The Coherence Of Psychotherapy Narratives, Jonathan Adler, Joshua Wagner, Dan Mcadams
Jonathan M. Adler
The stories people construct about themselves and their social worlds are key aspects of their identities [Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100–122]. Whereas certain expected life experiences (e.g., leaving home, getting a job) may be relatively easy to narrate, more unexpected and difficult events, such as undergoing psychotherapy, may pose a challenge to successful narration. Yet it is especially important to successfully narrate one’s experience in psychotherapy in order to maintain the gains from treatment [Frank, J. D. (1961). …
The Successful Treatment Of Specific Phobia In A College Counseling Center, Jonathan Adler, Robin Cook-Nobles
The Successful Treatment Of Specific Phobia In A College Counseling Center, Jonathan Adler, Robin Cook-Nobles
Jonathan M. Adler
Specific phobias are highly prevalent among college students and can be quite debilitating. However, students often do not present for treatment for phobias and, when they do, often do not receive effective treatment. This article will present a case study of the effective treatment of specific phobia using cognitive-behavioral therapy with an emphasis on in vivo exposure. It will provide a template for how to conduct this efficient and effective therapy and suggest several benefits of incorporating this treatment into the repertoire offered by a college counseling center.
Telling Stories About Therapy: Ego Development, Well-Being, And The Therapeutic Relationship, Jonathan Adler, Dan Mcadams
Telling Stories About Therapy: Ego Development, Well-Being, And The Therapeutic Relationship, Jonathan Adler, Dan Mcadams
Jonathan M. Adler
We need narratives of relationships to understand them precisely because relationships have idiosyncratic meanings in a life. The authors looked at one of the best-researched and documented relationships within psychology--that of the psychotherapy relationship--and investigated the different ways in which this relationship is retrospectively narrated by different groups of people. They discovered that people high in ego development but low in well-being featured the therapeutic relationship prominently in their stories whereas those at high levels of both deemphasized the role of their therapist in their narratives. In this chapter, the authors raise questions about the narrative patterns of relational dynamics …
How Does Personality Develop?, Dan Mcadams, Jonathan Adler
How Does Personality Develop?, Dan Mcadams, Jonathan Adler
Jonathan M. Adler
There are good reasons to be skeptical about any efforts to bring together two fields of inquiry that have historically had little to do with each other - that is, personality psychology and the study of human development. Personality psychologists are by training, and maybe even temperament, suspicious of the idea of development, for to them it means change (i.s. instability, inconsistency), and personality is nothing if it is not at least somewhat enduring. Developmentalists, on the other hand, specialize in a certain kind of change - meaningful and orderly change over time.
Autobiographical Memory And The Construction Of A Narrative Identity: Theory, Research, And Clinical Implications, Dan Mcadams, Jonathan Adler
Autobiographical Memory And The Construction Of A Narrative Identity: Theory, Research, And Clinical Implications, Dan Mcadams, Jonathan Adler
Jonathan M. Adler
Going back to Freud, cliniciants have listened to, tried to understand, and tried to change the stories their patients tell them. Different therapeutic approaches have tended to privilege different kinds of stories to suggest different strategies interpretation and intervention. Classic psychoanalysis, for example, has traditionally sought to unmask the disguised meanings of manifest dream narratives. Carl Rogers taught an emphatic stance toward life narrative: Therapists were to encourage and affirm their clients' autobiographical recollections, holding back critical judgment and expressing the necessary unconditional positive regard through which a client might eventually actualize the good inner self.
The Role Of Personality In Psychotherapy For Anxiety And Depression, Richard Zinbarg, Amanda Uliaszek, Jonathan Adler
The Role Of Personality In Psychotherapy For Anxiety And Depression, Richard Zinbarg, Amanda Uliaszek, Jonathan Adler
Jonathan M. Adler
A trait approach to personality has many implications for psychotherapy. Given that traits contribute to the expression of symptoms of common psychiatric disorders, are moderately heritable, and relatively stable (yet also dynamic to some extent), long-term change in symptoms is possible but is likely to be limited. Analogous to the manner in which genes set the reaction range for phenotype, standing on certain traits may set the patient's “therapeutic range.” On the other hand, some of the same traits that may limit the depth of therapeutic benefits might also increase their breadth. In addition, taking the patient's standing on different …
The Most Important Fiction, Jonathan Adler
The Most Important Fiction, Jonathan Adler
Jonathan M. Adler
We are all protagonists in our own life story - and also the narrator. Crafting this most important fiction holds the key to real happiness. Especially in the wake of adversity.
The Political Is Personal: Narrating 9/11 And Psychological Well-Being, Jonathan Adler, Michael Poulin
The Political Is Personal: Narrating 9/11 And Psychological Well-Being, Jonathan Adler, Michael Poulin
Jonathan M. Adler
Making meaning out of negative experiences is one of the primary psychological challenges in the wake of adversity. Much of the empirical attention that psychologists have paid to meaning making has focused on personal hardships, but national tragedies similarly pose a challenge to meaning making. In the present study, which is grounded in the theoretical tradition of the narrative study of lives, a nationally representative sample of 395 adults wrote accounts about the 9/11 terrorist attacks approximately 2 months after 9/11. Accounts were coded for 3 narrative themes: closure, redemption, and contamination. Psychological well-being was significantly related to accounts that …
Rising To The Challenge Of Identifying And Analyzing Clients’ Narratives, Jonathan Adler
Rising To The Challenge Of Identifying And Analyzing Clients’ Narratives, Jonathan Adler
Jonathan M. Adler
Psychotherapy researchers and clinicians alike are faced with two primary challenges in the service of most effectively understanding the therapeutic process: first, they must identify the most generative elements from the rich flow of therapeutic dialogue; and second, they must select the most appropriate and productive tools for analyzing them. Singer and Bonalume (2010) have developed the Coding System for Autobiographical Memory Narratives in Psychotherapy (CS-AMNP), a trans-theoretical method for rising to these two challenges. In this commentary, the CS-AMNP is evaluated: its noteworthy contributions are highlighted, its potential limitations are discussed, and fruitful expansions are proposed in terms of …
The Narrative Reconstruction Of Psychotherapy, Jonathan Adler, Dan Mcadams
The Narrative Reconstruction Of Psychotherapy, Jonathan Adler, Dan Mcadams
Jonathan M. Adler
Going to psychotherapy represents an atypical, usually unanticipated, and often emotionally significant experience in the life course. As with many such events, people construct stories about therapy experiences in order to make sense out of them and to provide their lives with a sense of unity and purpose. Yet beyond these purposes, the storying of psychotherapy is also central to the maintenance of the therapeutic gains achieved during the course of treatment (e.g., Frank, 1961; Spence, 1982). In the present study, the psychotherapy stories of 76 community adults are assessed using grounded theory methodology to determine narrative patterns that distinguish …
Two Modes Of Thought: The Narrative/Paradigmatic Disconnect In The Bailey Book Controversy, Jonathan Adler
Two Modes Of Thought: The Narrative/Paradigmatic Disconnect In The Bailey Book Controversy, Jonathan Adler
Jonathan M. Adler
Alice Dreger’s compelling history of the controversy surrounding J. Michael Bailey’s book, The Man Who Would Be Queen, presents two opposing camps, each entrenched in aseemingly intractable and incompatible position. On one side are proponents of Blanchard’s theory and the scientific research supporting it that served as the basis for Bailey’s book. The theory suggests that a certain segment of natal men who undergo sex reassignment surgery to become women do so out of an autogynephilic sexual orientation—an erotic attraction to the idea of themselves as women. On the other side are the transwomen who strongly object to the theory, …
Encouraging Epistemological Exploration: Impacts On Undergraduates' Retention And Application Of Course Material, Jonathan Adler, Elizabeth Matthews
Encouraging Epistemological Exploration: Impacts On Undergraduates' Retention And Application Of Course Material, Jonathan Adler, Elizabeth Matthews
Jonathan M. Adler
Students bring an intact, if unarticulated, epistemological perspective into the classroom that influences how they receive and process new information. In this study, students who explored a wider range of perspectives had significantly improved learning outcomes as measured in 3 domains: retention of specific content, retention of general themes, and application of the course content to other courses, mass media information, and their sense of self.
Epistemological Tension In The Future Of Personality Disorder Diagnosis, Jonathan Adler
Epistemological Tension In The Future Of Personality Disorder Diagnosis, Jonathan Adler
Jonathan M. Adler
To the Editor: In August 2011, the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group posted an update presenting a hybrid dimensional-categorical model that attempts to embrace cutting-edge personality science while increasing clinical applicability and utility. These two aims pull in somewhat different directions, with personality science roughly represented by the dimensional component of the proposed model and clinical application and utility roughly represented by the categorical side. Pending field testing, this hybrid model may represent the future of personality disorder diagnosis. If so, it will not only transform DSM, but it will also reveal a deep epistemological tension in the …
The Narrative Reconstruction Of Psychotherapy And Psychological Health, Jonathan Adler, Lauren Skalina, Dan Mcadams
The Narrative Reconstruction Of Psychotherapy And Psychological Health, Jonathan Adler, Lauren Skalina, Dan Mcadams
Jonathan M. Adler
When people complete psychotherapy, they carry the story of the experience with them. This retrospective reconstruction serves several psychological purposes, including contributing to narrative identity and influencing the maintenance of therapeutic gains after termination. Based on a prior qualitative investigation of therapy narratives (Adler & McAdams, 2007a), a new sample of 104 former clients wrote about their psychotherapy after treatment end. Quantitative analyses indicated that the retrospective narratives of participants high in subjective well-being focused on the protagonist's agency in struggling with a discrete problem. In addition, the narratives of participants high in ego development described a coherent story of …
Defining And Measuring Self-Concept Change, Jonathan Gore, Susan Cross
Defining And Measuring Self-Concept Change, Jonathan Gore, Susan Cross
Jonathan Gore
The self-concept and the manners by which it changes are two of the most important, and challenging, areas of psychological study. In this review, we define the self-concept as a multifaceted psychological construct, composed of a variety of characteristics. People with low self-esteem, incremental theorists, self-monitors, and people with a high uncertainty orientation and relational self-construal are mentioned as some of the types of people who are likely to undergo change. Various approaches to measuring the self-concept and investigating it across cultures are also discussed. Recommendations for future research include utilizing an intraclass correlation coefficient measure of change, and accounting …
Acting In Our Interests: Relational Self-Construal And Goal Motivation Across Cultures, Jonathan Gore, Susan Cross, Chie Kanagawa
Acting In Our Interests: Relational Self-Construal And Goal Motivation Across Cultures, Jonathan Gore, Susan Cross, Chie Kanagawa
Jonathan Gore
Relationally-autonomous reasons (RARs) are motives for behavior that take into account one’s close relationships. A cross-cultural model tested the hypotheses that (a) people with a highly relational self-construal will pursue their goals for RARs, and (b) RARs will predict positive goal outcomes after controlling for variance explained by personally-autonomous reasons (PARs) and social support. One hundred seventy Americans and 219 Japanese completed a well-being and self questionnaire then generated and rated seven goals on several attributes. Results showed that relational self-construal was associated with RARs for goals. RARs predicted effort directly and predicted progress and purpose in life indirectly for …
Emerging From The Cave: Attributional Style And The Narrative Study Of Identity In Midlife Adults, Jonathan Adler, Emily Kissel, Dan Mcadams
Emerging From The Cave: Attributional Style And The Narrative Study Of Identity In Midlife Adults, Jonathan Adler, Emily Kissel, Dan Mcadams
Jonathan M. Adler
It has been widely documented that individuals who explain negative life events with a depressogenic attributional style (stable, global attributions) tend to have increased rates of depression and other poor outcomes (e.g., Sweeny, Anderson, & Bailey, 1986). The Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE) is a method of assessing attributional style in spontaneously-generated causal attributions appearing in accounts of real events (Peterson, Schulman, Castellon, & Seligman, 1992). Seventy life story interviews obtained from a diverse community sample of midlife adults were coded for attributional style with the CAVE technique and also for the theme of contamination (scenes in which good …
Modernization And Status Change Among Aged Men And Women, Roger Clark
Modernization And Status Change Among Aged Men And Women, Roger Clark
Roger D. Clark
This study investigates the differences between the relationship between elderly occupational status and modernization for men and women. Consonant with previous findings [1], it finds that economic development is associated with relative losses of elderly men in professional and technical occupations. Augmenting those findings, however, it finds an even stronger association between development and such losses for women. In accounting for the differences, several explanations are advanced and tested, using data from fifty-one nations.