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Articles 31 - 60 of 77
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
The Effect Of Relational Training On The Near-Miss Effect In Slot Machine Platers, Becky L. Nastally, Mark R. Dixon
The Effect Of Relational Training On The Near-Miss Effect In Slot Machine Platers, Becky L. Nastally, Mark R. Dixon
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
In the current study, six slot machine players were exposed to two concurrently available computer simulated slot machines (one yellow and one blue). The blue slot machine produced a high frequency of near-miss outcomes and the yellow slot produced no such outcomes. Both machines produced reinforcement on a random-ratio 10 schedule and response options were presented in a free operant paradigm. After a 50-trial exposure, participants completed multiple exemplar training and testing as well as a stimulus-sort task to form a relation between the color blue and ‘worse-than’ and then were re-exposed to the slot machine task for another 50 …
The Impact Of Derived Relational Responding On Gambling Behavior, Simon Dymond, Bryan Roche
The Impact Of Derived Relational Responding On Gambling Behavior, Simon Dymond, Bryan Roche
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The present article describes existing research on the impact of derived relational responding on gambling behavior. First, it is argued that a greater understanding of the role of verbal behavior in gambling behavior is made possible by research findings and theoretical advances in research on derived relational responding generally, and the transformation of stimulus functions in particular. Second, the findings of several recent studies are described in order to describe the key features of this contemporary approach for verbal events. Finally, implications for the verbally based treatment of disordered gambling are outlined.
Concurrent Validity Of The Gambling Functional Assessment (Gfa):Correlations With The South Oaks Gambling Screen (Sogs)And Indicators Of Diagnostic Efficiency, Joseph C. Miller, Mark R. Dixon, Amanda Parker, Ashley M. Kulland, Jeffrey N. Weatherly
Concurrent Validity Of The Gambling Functional Assessment (Gfa):Correlations With The South Oaks Gambling Screen (Sogs)And Indicators Of Diagnostic Efficiency, Joseph C. Miller, Mark R. Dixon, Amanda Parker, Ashley M. Kulland, Jeffrey N. Weatherly
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Concurrent validity of the recently introduced Gambling Functional Assessment (GFA) was assessed by comparison with the long-used South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) in two nonclinical adult samples (N = 201, 49% female; N=101, 74% female). Correlations between GFA total scores and its four content scores with SOGS scores were promising (r = .04 to .61), with the content score relating to Escape yielding the highest correlations (.45, .61) and the score relating to Attention yielding the lowest. Performance in the second sample, where the SOGS-defined base rate of pathological gambling (28.7%) was high, was best for Escape scores, which efficiently …
Investigating The Relationship Between Escape And Gambling Behavior, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Kevin S. Montes, Danielle M. Christopher
Investigating The Relationship Between Escape And Gambling Behavior, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Kevin S. Montes, Danielle M. Christopher
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Recent research suggests that there is a potentially strong relationship between gambling as a means of escape and the presence of pathological gambling. The goal of the present study was to establish whether there was a correlation between endorsing gambling as a means of escape and how participants played video poker in a laboratory setting. Forty eight participants completed several questionnaires and then played video poker. Results demonstrated that endorsement of gambling as a means of escape, as measured by the Gambling Functional Assessment (Dixon & Johnson, 2007), was significantly positively correlated with number of credits risked during video-poker play. …
Recreational And Pathological Gamblers Preferences For Slot Machines Yielding Unequal Reinforcement, Mark R. Dixon, Kelly N. Paulson, Becky L. Nastally
Recreational And Pathological Gamblers Preferences For Slot Machines Yielding Unequal Reinforcement, Mark R. Dixon, Kelly N. Paulson, Becky L. Nastally
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The present study examined the effects of relational training and the transformation of stimulus function on the slot machine preferences of non-problem an problem gamblers. In order to extend previous research, the present study programmed the slot machines with unequal payouts values and employed a relational training reversal phase in order to enhance experimental control. Results showed no significant differences between the response allocations of nonproblem and problem gamblers; however, results did indicate significant differences in response allocations between the three slot machine tasks.
Sogs Scores Correlate With Rates Fo Delay Discounting Of Hypothetical Monetary Amounts, But Not Non-Monetary Outcomes, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Adamn Derenne
Sogs Scores Correlate With Rates Fo Delay Discounting Of Hypothetical Monetary Amounts, But Not Non-Monetary Outcomes, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Adamn Derenne
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Although several studies have reported that gamblers display steeper rates of delay discounting than non-gamblers, other research has failed to find a systematic relationship between self-reported frequency of gambling and discounting of different outcomes. One hundred fifty six college students self-reported their frequency of gambling, completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), and then completed a delay-discounting task involving five different outcomes. Self-reported frequency of gambling was correlated with discounting of one outcome (finding an ideal dating partner) and the correlation was in the opposite direction of what would be expected from the literature. SOGS scores were significantly and positively …
A Review Of Petry & Madden’S Chapter Discounting And Pathologicalgambling In Impulsivity: The Behavioral And Neurologicalscience Of Discounting, Becky L. Nastally
A Review Of Petry & Madden’S Chapter Discounting And Pathologicalgambling In Impulsivity: The Behavioral And Neurologicalscience Of Discounting, Becky L. Nastally
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Petry and Madden contribute a revealing chapter on the relationship between discounting and pathological gambling to Madden and Bickel’s (2010) Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Within the chapter, the authors note the increased interest in the topic of delay discounting and gambling while presenting some obscurities in the existing body of literature further research will need to address, including the co-occurring role of substance abuse in pathological gamblers. Additionally, the chapter outlines theoretical interpretations of discounting as they relate to gambling behavior as well as highlights the need for further research in the area of probability discounting …
Temporal Discounting And Gambling: A Meaningful Relationship?, Jeffrey N. Weatherly
Temporal Discounting And Gambling: A Meaningful Relationship?, Jeffrey N. Weatherly
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Pathological gambling is an important and large societal problem. Theorists and researchers have linked pathological gambling to rates of temporal discounting, although not all attempts to do so have been successful. Unfortunately, popular measures of temporal discounting each have weaknesses, and studies of discounting have tended to focus on one particular commodity – hypothetical monetary rewards. Evidence exists to suggest that problem and pathological gambling is also linked to escape contingencies. If so, these findings could potentially explain the link that has been found between temporal discounting and gambling. Implications and predictions of this possibility are discussed.
Social Influence When Males Gamble: Perceptions And Behavior, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Brittany Bushaw, Ellen Meier
Social Influence When Males Gamble: Perceptions And Behavior, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Brittany Bushaw, Ellen Meier
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Experiment 1 tested whether the gambling behavior of 12 non-pathological male participants would be altered by the presence and/or gender of a confederate who also gambled and whether participants’ self reports would match their actual behavior. Results showed that although actual gambling behavior did not vary as a function of the presence or gender of a confederate, participants reported that it did. Experiment 2 tested whether the gambling behavior of nine non-pathological males would be altered by the presence of a confederate and/or whether the confederate won or lost. Results showed that the presence of the confederate increased gambling, but …
The Relationship Between Reported Frequency Of Gambling And Rate Of Discounting Different Commodities Using A Fill-In-The-Blank Procedure, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Heather K. Terrell, Adam Derenne
The Relationship Between Reported Frequency Of Gambling And Rate Of Discounting Different Commodities Using A Fill-In-The-Blank Procedure, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Heather K. Terrell, Adam Derenne
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The present study had 302 participants complete temporal-discounting tasks pertaining to five different commodities using the “fill-in-the-blank” method. These data were analyzed using two different equations, and the resulting rates of discounting were correlated with participants’ self-reported frequency of gambling. The discounting data were not entirely consistent with other published data. Statistically significant correlations between discounting and gambling frequency were observed, but varied depending on the type of discounting analysis that was employed and were not always in the same direction as past research
A Comparison Of The Prevalence Of And Maintaining Cause For Pathological Gambling In Fraternity And Non-Fraternity Members, Mark R. Dixon, Tiffany N. Newman, Becky L. Nastally
A Comparison Of The Prevalence Of And Maintaining Cause For Pathological Gambling In Fraternity And Non-Fraternity Members, Mark R. Dixon, Tiffany N. Newman, Becky L. Nastally
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The present study investigated the prevalence rates and functions of probable pathological and problem gambling behaviors between Greek (fraternity) affiliated and non-Greek men on a Midwestern university campus. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS: Lesieur & Blume, 1987) and Gambling Functional Assessment (GFA: Dixon & Johnson, 2007) were given to a total of 200 volunteers which comprised 100 from each group, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups, with Greek men reporting higher probable gambling problems than non-Greek men.
Do Cognitive Fallacies Predict Behavior When Nonpathological Gamblers Play Slot Machines And Video Poker?, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, K. A. Flannery
Do Cognitive Fallacies Predict Behavior When Nonpathological Gamblers Play Slot Machines And Video Poker?, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, K. A. Flannery
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
A popular notion found in the research literature is that gambling, and gambling problems, are associated with illogical beliefs. The present study investigated whether peoples’ subscription to cognitive fallacies related to gambling would be significant predictors of their actual gambling behavior. Twenty participants completed several questionnaires designed to assess cognitive fallacies related to gambling and then had the opportunity to gamble money on video poker and a slot machine. Results showed that faulty beliefs were seldom significant predictors of actual gambling behavior. In the lone instance in which such beliefs predicted gambling, the predictive relationship was in the opposite direction …
Testing Alcohol As A Discriminative Stimulus For Gambling Behavior, Ellen Meier, Cody Link, Jeffrey N. Weatherly Ph. D.
Testing Alcohol As A Discriminative Stimulus For Gambling Behavior, Ellen Meier, Cody Link, Jeffrey N. Weatherly Ph. D.
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
In two training sessions, participants consumed alcohol or a control beverage and then played a pair of slot-machine simulations programmed to pay off differentially as a function of the beverage that had been consumed. During test sessions, participants again consumed either alcohol or a control beverage and were given concurrent access to the two slot-machine simulations (which were now programmed to pay off equally). Results did not indicate that alcohol (or the control beverage) controlled participants’ choice behavior between the two slot-machine simulations during testing despite the history of differential reinforcement. A number of procedural details likely contributed to this …
Blackjack Players Demonstrate The Near Miss Effect, Mark R. Dixon, Becky L. Nastally, Adam D. Hahs, Mollie Homer-King, James W. Jackson
Blackjack Players Demonstrate The Near Miss Effect, Mark R. Dixon, Becky L. Nastally, Adam D. Hahs, Mollie Homer-King, James W. Jackson
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The effect of the ‘near-miss’ as a potential conditioned reinforcer in slot machine play has recently been the subject of behavioral research on gambling. The present study extends prior research by examining this effect during the game of blackjack. Participants consisted of college undergraduates with no history of problematic gambling. Their verbal ratings of closeness to winning were recorded and examined for each of 50 hands of standard blackjack per session. Results indicated that as the number difference between the dealer and player’s hands decreased, closeness to win rating increased. Also for each participant, non-bust losses were rated closer to …
Does Providing Accurate Information About Slot Machines Alter How Participants Play Them?, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Ellen Meier
Does Providing Accurate Information About Slot Machines Alter How Participants Play Them?, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Ellen Meier
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
It is a commonly held belief that irrational thoughts held by gamblers can pro-mote gambling behavior and ultimately pathological gambling. Some evidence exists to support this view, but little experimental work demonstrates that con-fronting these beliefs will lead to a decrease in gambling behavior. Eighteen non-pathological participants were given the option to play a slot machine for money. After gambling in two sessions, they were given accurate information about the independence of turns programmed by a slot machine, the negative rate of return of a slot machine over time, or both. Participants were then given the option to gamble in …
Commentary - Approaching Gambling As A Verbal Event: A Commentary On Fantino & Stolarz-Fantino (2008), Simon Dymond
Commentary - Approaching Gambling As A Verbal Event: A Commentary On Fantino & Stolarz-Fantino (2008), Simon Dymond
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
No abstract provided.
Using Performance Feedback To Teach Video Poker Players To Gamble Better, Mark R. Dixon, James W. Jackson
Using Performance Feedback To Teach Video Poker Players To Gamble Better, Mark R. Dixon, James W. Jackson
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The present investigation reports two studies that examined the performance of non-pathological recreational video poker gamblers. In the first experiment, seven participants played three types of video poker games in a within partici-pants randomized sequence design. The percentage of errors made across games revealed the game variant “Deuces Wild” yielded more frequent mistakes than “Jacks or Better” or “Bonus Poker.” The second experiment consisted of a new sample of 11 participants being exposed to “Deuces Wild” poker to initially assess error percentages. Next, participants were all provided with performance feedback regarding their play, and finally the feedback was removed to …
Investigating Illusion Of Control In Experienced And Non-Experienced Gamblers: Replication And Extension, Lingyuan Wong, Jennifer L. Austin
Investigating Illusion Of Control In Experienced And Non-Experienced Gamblers: Replication And Extension, Lingyuan Wong, Jennifer L. Austin
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The illusion of control is a phenomenon in which one erroneously believes he or she can exert control over the contingencies of chance events. To date, many of the studies investigating this phenomenon as it applies to gambling have used artificial gambling contexts and participants with no history of gambling beha-vior (i.e., undergraduates). This study replicated the procedures outlined in Di-xon, Hayes and Ebbs (1998) using experienced and inexperienced gamblers in a more natural gambling setting. Participants played 20 rounds of a game of rou-lette in which the default procedure was for the dealer to choose the bets. How-ever, players …
Commentary - Gambling: Not What It May Seem To Be, Jeffrey N. Weatherly
Commentary - Gambling: Not What It May Seem To Be, Jeffrey N. Weatherly
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
No abstract provided.
Do The Risk Factors For Pathological Gambling Predict Temporal Discounting?, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Adam Derenne, Samantha Chase
Do The Risk Factors For Pathological Gambling Predict Temporal Discounting?, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Adam Derenne, Samantha Chase
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Weatherly and Dixon (2007) proposed that gambling was related to the increase in how individuals discount delayed (monetary) consequences and that several of the known risk factors for pathological gambling may serve as establishing operations or setting events that lead to such changes. The present study tested these predictions by having participants complete a paper-and-pencil discount-ing task involving hypothetical monetary consequences and determining wheth-er self-reported measures of the known risk factors would significantly predict participants’ rate of discounting. None of the risk factors served as significant predictors of discounting. Interestingly, however, the rate of discounting varied systematically as a function …
Delay Discounting And Pathological Gambling, Mark R. Dixon
Delay Discounting And Pathological Gambling, Mark R. Dixon
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Over the past decade behavior analysts have paid increasing attention to the clin-ical phenomena of pathological gambling. Explorations have varied from ani-mal models to therapeutic interventions. Perhaps no topic has received greater attention in the behavioral gambling literature than the discounting of delayed consequences. Delay discounting has been noted as both a conceptual frame-work to understand problem gambling as well as a dependent variable by which to deduce level of pathology. Regardless of hypothesized process, discounting appears to be a topic of great interest to those within the behavioral community. This special section of the Analysis of Gambling Behavior brings …
Commentary - Understanding Gambling, Impulsivity, And Decision-Making: Self-Report And Behavioral Considerations, Marc N. Potenza
Commentary - Understanding Gambling, Impulsivity, And Decision-Making: Self-Report And Behavioral Considerations, Marc N. Potenza
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
No abstract provided.
Commentary - Gambling, Shaping And Ratio Contingencies, A. Charles Catania
Commentary - Gambling, Shaping And Ratio Contingencies, A. Charles Catania
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
No abstract provided.
Slot Machine Preferences And Self-Rules, Terje Fredheim, Kai-Ove Ottersen, Erik Arntzen
Slot Machine Preferences And Self-Rules, Terje Fredheim, Kai-Ove Ottersen, Erik Arntzen
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The present study was a replication and extension of Zlomke and Dixon (2006) investigating the impact of contextually trained discriminations on slot-machine gambling. In each of two experiments, 20 participants were exposed to two con-currently available slot-machines differing only in color. Thus, Experiment 1 was a replication, while in Experiment 2 we included an instruction to ensure that the participants attended to all of the onscreen stimuli. Following a pretest of slot machine preferences, a nonarbitrary relational training and testing proce-dure was used to establish contextual functions of MORE-THAN and LESS-THAN for two cues. After relational training the participants were …
Commentary - Discounting Within The Gambling Context, Gregory J. Madden
Commentary - Discounting Within The Gambling Context, Gregory J. Madden
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
No abstract provided.
The Effects Of Nicotine On Gambling Behavior Of Smoking And Nonsmoking Undergraduate Students, Ellen Meier, Jeffrey N. Weatherly
The Effects Of Nicotine On Gambling Behavior Of Smoking And Nonsmoking Undergraduate Students, Ellen Meier, Jeffrey N. Weatherly
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Gambling and smoking have been linked in the literature. The present study recruited smokers and nonsmokers to gamble on a slot machine after they chewed nicotine or non-nicotine gum. Re-sults showed that gambling behavior, both in terms of persistence and risk taking, did not differ as a function of either smoking status or type of gum the participants chewed. Although the present study has a number of limitations, the results highlight that factors correlated with gambling do not necessarily lead to differences in gambling behavior when people actually gamble.
Impact Of Jackpot And Near-Miss Magnitude On Rate And Subjective Probability Of Slot Machine Gamblers, Jeffrey Dillen, Mark R. Dixon
Impact Of Jackpot And Near-Miss Magnitude On Rate And Subjective Probability Of Slot Machine Gamblers, Jeffrey Dillen, Mark R. Dixon
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The present study examined the degree to which varying amounts of jackpot size would impact the rate and subjective probability of slot machine play in recrea-tional gamblers. Twenty college undergraduates who reported occasional slot machine playing served as participants. Two groups of 10 participants were utilized with each group exposed to one of two monetary contingencies ($0.50 USD versus $2.00 USD). Various behavioral measures (e.g., inter-response times, subjective probabilities) were measured on each individual trial, and re-sistance to extinction was also examined. A significant difference of trial out-come (following losses and following wins) was found in respect to inter-response time …
Temporal Discounting Predicts How People Gamble On A Slot Machine, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Joanna M. Marino, Joanna M. Marino, F. Richard Ferraro
Temporal Discounting Predicts How People Gamble On A Slot Machine, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Joanna M. Marino, Joanna M. Marino, F. Richard Ferraro
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The gambling research literature suggests that temporal discounting may be as-sociated with problem gambling, but research has not demonstrated that rates of discounting predict differences in actual gambling behavior. Thirty eight indi-viduals of different ages and backgrounds were recruited to complete several questionnaires, including a delay-discounting task. They were then given $10 in tokens with the opportunity to gamble on a slot machine. How steeply partici-pants discounted the delayed (hypothetical) monetary rewards was a significant predictor of they gambled. Gender, age, and reported annual income were not significant predictors. To our knowledge, these data are the first to demonstrate that …
Studying Gambling Experimentally: The Value Of Money, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Ellen Meier
Studying Gambling Experimentally: The Value Of Money, Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Ellen Meier
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
Determining whether “gambling” behavior in the laboratory differs as a function of whether or not participants are risking actual money is important because the outcome will determine whether results from laboratory research can be genera-lized to actual gambling. Eighteen participants played video poker in two sepa-rate sessions. In one, they risked credits that had no monetary value and in the other they risked credits worth money. Results showed that participants played a similar number of hands and played with similar accuracy regardless of whether or not the credits had monetary value. However, participants risked significantly fewer credits when the credits …
Assessing And Manipulating The Illusion Of Control Of Video Poker Players, Mark R. Dixon, James W. Jackson, Jennifer Delaney, Bethany Holton, Martha C. Crothers
Assessing And Manipulating The Illusion Of Control Of Video Poker Players, Mark R. Dixon, James W. Jackson, Jennifer Delaney, Bethany Holton, Martha C. Crothers
Analysis of Gambling Behavior
The present investigation explored the presence of illusory control in recreation-al video poker players. Using a multi-monitor computer which allowed for two different types of games to be presented concurrently, one on each monitor, players were allowed to freely choose which game they wished to play. One option allowed for the player to select the cards they wished to hold and discard, while the other option was designed such that the computer automatically se-lected the most probabilistically optimal sequence of cards to hold and discard. In the first experiment, two groups of ten participants were exposed to one of two …