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Articles 31 - 60 of 114
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Lamb Predation In Patagonian Ranches, J. Bellati, J. Von Thungen
Lamb Predation In Patagonian Ranches, J. Bellati, J. Von Thungen
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Lamb predation in Patagonia, Argentina, is considered by ranchers as the cause of one of their greatest losses and limits sheep production. Patagonian red fox (Dusicyon culpaeus) is the main predator and the magnitude of the problem reflects its distribution and abundance. Since 1979, the Bariloche Experimental Station of the Instituto Nacional de Technologia Agropecuaria (INTA) has performed 8 studies, totaling 1,717 lamb necropsies, with the purpose of determining the relative importance of predation and other causes of lamb mortality. This paper analyzes the causes of lamb mortality, with special reference to red fox and carnivorous bird predation. …
Bromethalin Toxicosis-Evaluation Of Aminophylline Treatment And An Epidemiologic Assessment, David C. Dorman, Alan J. Parker, William B. Buck
Bromethalin Toxicosis-Evaluation Of Aminophylline Treatment And An Epidemiologic Assessment, David C. Dorman, Alan J. Parker, William B. Buck
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The reported LD50 for technical grade bromethalin ranges from 1.8 mg/kg in the cat, 4.7 mg/kg in the dog, and 13 mg/kg in rabbits, and up to >1000 mg/kg in guinea pigs (VanLier and Ottosen 1981, VanLier and Cherry 1988). Mitochondrial electron transport studies using purified rat brain and liver mitochondria have been performed, and have established that bromethalin is an effective uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (VanLier and Ottosen 1981, Cherry et al. 1982, VanLier and Cherry 1988). Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the major mechanism for production of ATP in the brain. Uncoupling of this reaction in bromethalin-poisoned animals …
Conference Participants
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The number of registered attendees was 359. The participants came from 33 states, the District of Columbia, and from 12 other countries. The wide representation from the United States and countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly knowledgeable and diversified group for the exchange of research progress, new ideas, and information on a wide range of vertebrate pest topics.
Reducing Blackbird Damage To Newly Planted Rice With A Nontoxic Clay-Based Seed Coating, David G. Decker, Michael L. Avery, M. O. Way
Reducing Blackbird Damage To Newly Planted Rice With A Nontoxic Clay-Based Seed Coating, David G. Decker, Michael L. Avery, M. O. Way
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
At 3 sites in Chambers County, Texas, the estimated sprout loss in 1-ac plots sown with clay-coated rice seed averaged 17.0% compared to 36.5% in adjacent 1-ac control plots. In one field, bird use of the control plot was 14 times that of the treated plot. Average feeding rates of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were 1.5 seeds/min and 8.4 seeds/min in the treated and control plots, respectively. Roadside counts of territorial male redwings and evening flightline counts of birds going to roost indicated a depredating population consisting mainly of nonbreeding, roosting birds early in April with increasing proportions …
A Review Of Falconry As A Bird-Hazing Technique, William A. Erickson, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon
A Review Of Falconry As A Bird-Hazing Technique, William A. Erickson, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The use of trained falcons and hawks for dispersing pest birds has been mainly limited to airports in Europe and, to a lesser extent, in North America to prevent bird/aircraft strikes. The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) are the raptors used most often. These trained birds can effectively disperse gulls (Larus spp. ) and a variety of other pest bird species, although other bird-scaring methods are often equally or more effective and economical. Because of the scarcity of trained raptors and handlers, their use is limited to special situations such as …
Efficacy Data For Registration Of Strychnine Grain Baits To Control Pocket Gophers (Thomomys Spp.), James Evans, George H. Matschke, Dan L. Campbell, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard M. Engeman
Efficacy Data For Registration Of Strychnine Grain Baits To Control Pocket Gophers (Thomomys Spp.), James Evans, George H. Matschke, Dan L. Campbell, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard M. Engeman
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Laboratory tests, field telemetry trials, and actual use field efficacy evaluations showed that a 0.5% strychnine alkaloid steam-rolled oat-groat hand-bait formulation (EPA Reg. No. 56228-20) with molasses, salt, glycerine, and soda was effective in controlling northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides). Baits retaining at least 0.5% strychnine (w/w) were as effective (>95% control) as baits with 0.75% and 1.0% strychnine in field telemetry hand-baiting trials as well as operational hand-baiting and burrow-builder baiting field tests in forest habitat. Data indicated that the 0.5% strychnine hand bait (molasses formulation) should be reregistered and would be a good substitute for …
Mythology Of Vertebrate Pest Control, William D. Fitzwater
Mythology Of Vertebrate Pest Control, William D. Fitzwater
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Controlling vertebrate species obnoxious or even dangerous to them has been a concern of the human species through the evolutionary process. Early measures were often based on religious, superstitious, and biologic fantasies. While modern control measures are better biologically founded, there still remains an aura of mythology around many accepted by the public today. Examples are given of some of them: toxicants, electromagnetics, ultrasonics, and repellents for deer, moles, and raccoons.
Front Matter And Contents
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Proceedings of the FOURTEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE
Rodents As A Food Source, Lynwood A. Fiedler
Rodents As A Food Source, Lynwood A. Fiedler
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Rodents, one of several kinds of vertebrates included in the human diet, are very suitable as human food. More than 71 genera and 89 species of rodents, mostly hystricomorphs, have been consumed by man. Some have even been domesticated for private or commercial production of food for human consumption. Rodents in the temperate world serve only as a supplement to the regular diet of humans; but in the tropical world, they are widely accepted and a popular source of protein. Although harvesting field rats for human food is beneficial, it is not an effective pest control strategy. Consuming rodents in …
Seedling Damage And Mortality Of Conifer Plantations On Transitory Ranges In Northern And Central Idaho, Russell T. Graham, James L. Kingery
Seedling Damage And Mortality Of Conifer Plantations On Transitory Ranges In Northern And Central Idaho, Russell T. Graham, James L. Kingery
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
A combination of factors are responsible for mortality in conifer plantations. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were planted on 3 transitory ranges in northern and central Idaho. These plantations were followed closely (sampling up to 7 times per year) for 6 years recording the causes of mortality and damage to the tree seedlings. Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) killed the most trees (71%) while nonanimal causes killed 21%. Elk (Cervus elaphus) and deer (Odocoileus spp.) killed a maximum of 9%, and cattle (Bovine spp.) killed a maximum of 4%. Pocket gophers caused the most reduction …
Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti
Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Black bear (Ursus americanus) feeding on coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) has been documented for several years. Quantitative analysis of the feeding damage has not been done. Feeding damage was analyzed on six belt transects in two drainages of the Smith River, Del Norte County, California. Bears are selecting trees of specific d.b.h. classes and not feeding on the size class most abundant. Damage estimates are presented for number of trees per hectare and percentage of stands that are impacted by bear feeding. A proposed approach to bear management is presented with emphasis on a multi-management approach.
The Status Of The Steel Trap In North America, James H. Glass
The Status Of The Steel Trap In North America, James H. Glass
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
This paper will discuss strides taken to limit or eliminate use of the leghold trap and will explore recent trends in the animal rights movement's attack on fur and traps. A current legislative effort in Ohio, which seeks to protect wearers of fur and other animal products, as well as retailers, will be examined. Finally, the outlook as to what the future holds for the anti-trap debate and what we must do as responsible conservationists is discussed.
Adc Guarding Dog Program Update: A Focus On Managing Dogs, Jeffrey S. Green, Roger A. Woodruff
Adc Guarding Dog Program Update: A Focus On Managing Dogs, Jeffrey S. Green, Roger A. Woodruff
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
One hundred dogs were placed with sheep producers in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming during summer 1987 through summer 1988 as part of the APHIS-ADC livestock guarding dog program. Mortality as of February 1990 from culling and accidents is 39% and was evenly split between the first and second year of life. The 60 dogs currently working were rated as follows: 78% good, 12% fair, and 10% poor. All dogs rated good or fair were judged to have reduced predation or helped to keep predation minimized. Success of the dogs was breed-related but did not differ between pasture and rangeland …
How Animal Control Improves Animal Welfare, Walter E. Howard
How Animal Control Improves Animal Welfare, Walter E. Howard
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The balance of nature requires a balanced predator-prey relationship. In agriculture or urban areas the natural predator-prey balance is disrupted because the habitats have been altered and, for the protection of livestock (and for humans in case of grizzly bears, lions, and wolves), the large carnivores have usually been displaced. Consequently, in these altered environments to prevent crop depredations, to keep other vertebrate species in balance with their environment, and to protect some endangered species, people must manage the wildlife. This often means that for the welfare of animals people have to become predators to assist nature. Fortunately, from an …
Control Of The African Striped Ground Squirrel, Xerus Erythropus, In Kenya, Gillian E. Key
Control Of The African Striped Ground Squirrel, Xerus Erythropus, In Kenya, Gillian E. Key
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The African striped ground squirrel, Xerus erythropus (E. Geoffroy), has been found to constitute a serious pest to maize seed at the planting stage, causing mean losses of 9.7% and accounting for 57.3% of total damage found. A feature of ground squirrel damage is its unpredictable nature. Methods of reducing losses of planted maize seed to X. erythropus at the subsistence farmer level in southern Kenya were investigated. Constraints affecting a control program by farmers were identified as follows: low standards of living and education, limited financial resources, strong individualistic attitude of farmers and small field size in relation to …
Required Use Of Protective Bait Stations In The U. S., William W. Jacobs
Required Use Of Protective Bait Stations In The U. S., William W. Jacobs
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Beginning in the 1960s, labels for federally registered commensal rodenticides have been required to bear a statement to the effect that the baits are to be contained in "tamper-proof bait boxes" when used in locations accessible to children and nontarget animals. Faced with ample evidence of noncompliance with the letter and spirit of this portion of the label, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a policy statement (PR Notice 83-5) and scheduled public hearings on matters pertaining to bait stations and nontarget exposure incidents involving rodenticides. EPA's findings indicate that, while some clarifications of its policies might be …
State Of The Art Telemetry Equipment Appropriate For Vertebrate Pest Control Research, Barbara C. Kermeen
State Of The Art Telemetry Equipment Appropriate For Vertebrate Pest Control Research, Barbara C. Kermeen
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Constant developments in technology, both materials and methods, allow smaller and smaller animals to be radio-tracked for longer periods of time than was previously possible. Developments in electronic component miniaturization and battery chemistry are primarily responsible for this advancement. Approximately 30 years of field-use of radiotelemetry techniques have led to innovative procedures and uses of materials for the application of transmitters to animals. New technology such as satellite telemetry and recapture collars are only in their infancy and are not, at this time, appropriate for use in vertebrate pest research. Sophistication in receiving systems also allows more accurate and more …
Acquired Strychnine Tolerance By Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Acquired Strychnine Tolerance By Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Four adult female Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) that had survived many normally potentially lethal doses of strychnine alkaloid in another experiment (Lee 1986) were examined further. These individuals freely consumed 0.5% strychnine bait, and 3 of them also 1% strychnine bait, for long periods without dying, whether or not nontoxic alternate bait was present. After 1 gopher (#5) was taken off its 1% strychnine wheat diet for 44 days, it lost its physiological tolerance to strychnine and died the first day when again exposed to a free choice of nontoxic and 1% strychnine wheat. It consumed only …
The Use Of Rainfall Patterns In Predicting Population Densities Of Multimammate Rats, Mastomys Natalensis, H. Leirs, R. Verhagen, W. Verheyen
The Use Of Rainfall Patterns In Predicting Population Densities Of Multimammate Rats, Mastomys Natalensis, H. Leirs, R. Verhagen, W. Verheyen
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
During 3 years we studied a population of multimammate rats, Mastomys natalensis (Smith 1834), in Morogoro, Tanzania. Data were collected in both removal and capture-recapture schemes. We present evidence that patterns of growth and reproduction were related to onset and abundance of rains. This partially explains differences in densities. Additionally, we investigated available literature data and related them with climatological data. A scenario is presented which enables us to predict how densities of multimammate rats may evolve in the following year and whether there will be a risk of outbreaks. The use and implications of this scenario in planning control …
Survey Of Rodent And Rabbit Damage To Alfalfa Hay In Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John M. O'Brien
Survey Of Rodent And Rabbit Damage To Alfalfa Hay In Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John M. O'Brien
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
A survey of alfalfa hay producers was conducted to characterize vertebrate pest problems in Nevada alfalfa hay and help attract research funding. Damage to alfalfa hay by pocket gophers (Thomomvs spp), ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp), black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and meadow voles (Microtus montanus) was assessed. Presence of vertebrate pests along with a ranking of cost-related problems they pose to alfalfa hay operations was determined. Pocket gophers were the most costly pest followed by ground squirrels, jackrabbits, and meadow voles. The number one problem caused by vertebrate pests was identified to be a decrease …
Bird Control On Containment Pond Sites, Lee R. Martin, Sam Hagar
Bird Control On Containment Pond Sites, Lee R. Martin, Sam Hagar
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Bird deaths resulting from toxic materials in containment ponds are causing authorities to insist that action be taken to eliminate this hazard to avian wildlife. Bird control at containment pond sites is achieved by two well-known but poorly understood aversion techniques: hazing systems (sound/visual) and stretch wire. The limiting condition of either approach is that resident birds rapidly habituate while some migrating species are totally unaffected. Consequently, one must be able to accept degrees of control with an understanding of the behavior of the species involved. Birdproofing is achieved by covering an entire pond with bird net. This presentation discusses …
Assessment Of Bird Damage To Early-Ripening Blueberries In Florida, Curtis O. Nelms, Michael L. Avery, David G. Decker
Assessment Of Bird Damage To Early-Ripening Blueberries In Florida, Curtis O. Nelms, Michael L. Avery, David G. Decker
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Bird damage to early-ripening Florida blueberries was estimated to be approximately 17% in 1988 (2 sites) and ranged from 17% to 75% in 1989 (3 sites) when a late winter freeze severely reduced expected yield. Monetary loss due to bird damage in 1989 may have exceeded $4500/ac at one site. In Florida, birds appear to have a significant impact on the early season fresh market blueberry industry. The problem is likely to worsen as the planting of high-value, early-ripening varieties spreads to other parts of the state and ripening times overlap with wintering frugivorous birds.
Registration Status Of Vertebrate Pesticides With Emphasis On 1080 And Strychnine, Steve D. Palmateer
Registration Status Of Vertebrate Pesticides With Emphasis On 1080 And Strychnine, Steve D. Palmateer
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
A review of currently registered vertebrate pesticides is reported with by far the major weight given to strychnine and 1080. The author searched the Agency's label files and has listed most of those pesticides that have claims against at least one vertebrate animal.
An Evaluation Of Breakaway Snares For Use In Coyote Control, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard E. Johnson
An Evaluation Of Breakaway Snares For Use In Coyote Control, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard E. Johnson
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Seven types of breakaway snares were evaluated for breaking strength and variability using a universal testing machine. Maximum tension before breakage for individual snares ranged from 142 to 486 pounds. Sheet metal locks which ripped out, and S-hooks which straightened, provided the least variable results. Coyotes (Canis latrans), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), domestic calves and lambs were tested to determine the tension loads they applied to snares. Differences in tension loads among coyotes and nontarget species should allow for the development of snares that will consistently hold coyotes and release most larger nontarget animals.
Wild Hog Management Program At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, John D. Peine, Jane Allen Farmer
Wild Hog Management Program At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, John D. Peine, Jane Allen Farmer
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Over the last 30 years the wild hog population control program at Great Smoky Mountains National Park has experienced steady growth. The evolution has been relatively slow, and it was not until the latter part of the 1980s that sufficient funds were available to make a serious attempt at control measures. Over the years, the research program has focused on the biology of the wild hog; its reproductive rate; feeding and movement patterns; and its impact on the fauna, flora, and soils of the park. In addition, a major project was conducted to evaluate attractants and baits to increase the …
Rabies Control For Urban Foxes, Skunks, And Raccoons, Richard C. Rosatte, Michael J. Power, Charles D. Macinnes, Kenneth F. Lawson
Rabies Control For Urban Foxes, Skunks, And Raccoons, Richard C. Rosatte, Michael J. Power, Charles D. Macinnes, Kenneth F. Lawson
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Rabies is currently enzootic in many cities of southern Ontario. The Ministry of Natural Resources is utilizing two different tactics for the control of rabies in urban wildlife rabies vectors-oral immunization with baits (foxes) and vaccination by injection following live-capture (skunks and raccoons). Between 47 and 79% of the skunks and 61 and 76% of the raccoons were captured and vaccinated (Imrab) in a 60-km2 urban area of Metropolitan Toronto during 1987, 1989. Only three cases of rabies in skunks have been reported since control began in 1987. Population increases of 120% for skunks and 40% for raccoons were noted …
Its A Fact! Its A Phact!, Harlan R. Shuhler
Its A Fact! Its A Phact!, Harlan R. Shuhler
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
To reduce the costs of providing development assistance in agriculture to the people in the Developing Countries, an international "Post-Harvest Agriculture Computer Teleconference" has been available now for more than 15 months. Suitably supplemented with electronic computer communications networks and their E-mail, these tools allow relatively inexpensive assistance. This combination offers many advantages to the organizations offering assistance and those needing help.
Roaming, Stray, And Feral Domestic Cats And Dogs As Wildlife Problems, Bessel D. Van't Woudt
Roaming, Stray, And Feral Domestic Cats And Dogs As Wildlife Problems, Bessel D. Van't Woudt
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
From several centers of domestication, cats and dogs have become the near-ubiquitous companion of man. Their dependence on man is such that when abandoned in a rural environment most succumb to malnutrition in combination with predation, diseases, parasites, and exposure. Where not subject to predation and where native or introduced prey is adequate, some survive to form feral populations. This applies on oceanic islands, in Australia and New Zealand. Elsewhere, as far as is known today, requirements for survival are met with in parts of the U.S. and Europe only, in remote wilderness areas in the case of dogs, and …
Rancher Use Of Livestock Protection Collars In Texas, Murray T. Walton
Rancher Use Of Livestock Protection Collars In Texas, Murray T. Walton
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
With U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's approval of certification and training of sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Livestock Protection Collar applicators by the Texas Department of Agriculture in April 1988, use of collars by ranchers was made possible. This paper presents data from 1988 and 1989 on use of Livestock Protection Collars to protect domestic sheep and goats subject to coyote (Canis latrans) predation. Information concerning coyote puncture of collars, loss of collars to other factors, and targeting strategies used by ranchers are discussed. Success of collar use is compared to other predator control methods used by ranchers.
Use Of Alpha-Chloralose To Remove Waterfowl From Nuisance And Damage Situations, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer, Thomas W. Seamans
Use Of Alpha-Chloralose To Remove Waterfowl From Nuisance And Damage Situations, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer, Thomas W. Seamans
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
From 1988 through early 1990 alpha-chloralose (A-C) was successfully used in the United States to immobilize and remove 70 Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), 315 mallard, domestic and hybrid ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), and 348 coots (Fulica Americana) from 17 commercial and residential sites including golf courses, pools, and ponds. Field trials and baiting techniques with bread and corn are described. The optimum dose of A-C for geese, ducks, and coots, using orally administered bread and corn baits, was about 20-30 mg/kg. We are currently pursuing registration of A-C as a bird control chemical with the …