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Warfarin Resistance Of Rattus Tiomanicus In Oil Palms In Malaysia And The Associated Increase Of Rattus Diardii, B.J. Wood, G.F. Chung
Warfarin Resistance Of Rattus Tiomanicus In Oil Palms In Malaysia And The Associated Increase Of Rattus Diardii, B.J. Wood, G.F. Chung
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Rattus tiomanicus is a serious pest of oil palm plantations in Peninsular Malaysia, feeding on the ripening fruit. R. diardii is a rat of human habitations and has been only an occasional field species, presumably because it cannot compete with better adapted species. A widely used control for R. tiomanicus of proven effectiveness uses maize-based baits containing warfarin at 0.05% in 2 cm3 (14.5 g) wax-bound cubes. These are applied in campaigns at one per palm, replaced on 4 daily rounds, until acceptance has declined to 20%. This "standard method" is applied at about 6-month intervals, and rat populations remain …
Politics And Economics Of Maintaining Pesticide Registrations, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Roger W. Bullard, Craig A. Ramey
Politics And Economics Of Maintaining Pesticide Registrations, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Roger W. Bullard, Craig A. Ramey
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was amended in 1988 to require the reregistration of all pesticides registered before 1984 within 9 years. The FIFRA 88 required that all pesticide active ingredients must meet current registration standards, suspended the previous fee structure, and imposed a one-time registration fee and annual maintenance fees. New data generated because of FIFRA 88 must conform to EPA's Good Laboratory Practice Standards and animal studies must follow guidelines of the Animal Welfare Act. FIFRA 88 has significantly increased data requirements, data costs, and other pesticide registration and reregistration costs for most pesticides. The …
The Effect Of Seed Coat Colour And Depth Of Planting On Bushfowl Damage To Planted Maize Seeds, Modupe Akande, A.O. Obajimi
The Effect Of Seed Coat Colour And Depth Of Planting On Bushfowl Damage To Planted Maize Seeds, Modupe Akande, A.O. Obajimi
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The bushfowl (Francolinus bicalcaratus bicalcaratus L.) is a major avian pest on planted maize seeds. Maize seeds colored green and normal white seeds were planted at different depths of 2.5 cm, 5.0 cm, 7.5 cm, 10.0 cm, 12.5 cm, and 15.0 cm in three different trials between 1987 and 1988. The effect of planting depth was highly significant. Damage occurring to seeds planted at a depth of 2.5 cm was significantly higher than all the other depths, even though there was not significant damage among the other depths.
Closing Remarks For The Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, John E. Borrecco
Closing Remarks For The Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, John E. Borrecco
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
This concludes the 14th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Before my closing remarks, let us acknowledge the excellent job done by our session chairpersons and speakers. For your information, we had 345 people registered at the conference, representing 37 states and 11 other countries. I first attended the Vertebrate Pest Conference some 14 years ago at the 7th Conference. At that time I was impressed with the breadth of subjects presented, the international scope, the professional exchange of information, and the opportunity to meet noted experts in vertebrate pest control. Since that meeting, I have always looked forward to the next conference …
Native Heteromyid Rodents As Pests Of Commercial Jojoba, Rex O. Baker
Native Heteromyid Rodents As Pests Of Commercial Jojoba, Rex O. Baker
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
After crop losses of 5 to 60% were noted on two 500-acre Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plantings in a desert area of southern California, a study was conducted to identify the animals responsible. Various population census and pestidentification techniques were utilized. Four native rodents of the Heteromyid family, not previously known to be pests of Jojoba, were found to be present in sufficiently high numbers to cause severe economic crop loss. The Bailey's pocket mouse (Perognathus baileyi) was the only rodent previously known to survive on Jojoba beans as a food source. A natural chemical, cyanogenic glucoside, …
Effect Of Artificial Perches And Nests In Attracting Raptors To Orchards, Leonard R. Askham
Effect Of Artificial Perches And Nests In Attracting Raptors To Orchards, Leonard R. Askham
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Artificial perches and nest boxes were placed in three Pacific Northwest orchards to assess their effectiveness in attracting birds of prey to reduce vole populations. The data indicated that birds could be attracted under some conditions, but vole populations were not significantly affected. Additional factors such as vegetative biomass and human activity may limit their usefulness in reducing rodent populations under intensive agricultural conditions.
Animal Damage Problems And Control Activities On National Forest System Lands, John E. Borrecco, Hugh C. Black
Animal Damage Problems And Control Activities On National Forest System Lands, John E. Borrecco, Hugh C. Black
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
A questionnaire survey of the National Forests in 1988 indicated that animal damage control (ADC) was conducted on 208,000 acres of reforestation and older stands, nearly all in the West, at a cost of about $9 million. Sixty-two percent of the total acreage treated, or 128,600 acres, and 49 percent of the ADC costs, or $4.3 million, was in the Pacific Northwest Region (Oregon and Washington). Most of the forests in all regions of the Forest Service, except Alaska, rated animal damage to reforestation and older stands as very important or moderately important. One-third of the forests rated damage as …
Lamb Predation In Patagonian Ranches, J. Bellati, J. Von Thungen
Lamb Predation In Patagonian Ranches, J. Bellati, J. Von Thungen
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Lamb predation in Patagonia, Argentina, is considered by ranchers as the cause of one of their greatest losses and limits sheep production. Patagonian red fox (Dusicyon culpaeus) is the main predator and the magnitude of the problem reflects its distribution and abundance. Since 1979, the Bariloche Experimental Station of the Instituto Nacional de Technologia Agropecuaria (INTA) has performed 8 studies, totaling 1,717 lamb necropsies, with the purpose of determining the relative importance of predation and other causes of lamb mortality. This paper analyzes the causes of lamb mortality, with special reference to red fox and carnivorous bird predation. …
Bromethalin Toxicosis-Evaluation Of Aminophylline Treatment And An Epidemiologic Assessment, David C. Dorman, Alan J. Parker, William B. Buck
Bromethalin Toxicosis-Evaluation Of Aminophylline Treatment And An Epidemiologic Assessment, David C. Dorman, Alan J. Parker, William B. Buck
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The reported LD50 for technical grade bromethalin ranges from 1.8 mg/kg in the cat, 4.7 mg/kg in the dog, and 13 mg/kg in rabbits, and up to >1000 mg/kg in guinea pigs (VanLier and Ottosen 1981, VanLier and Cherry 1988). Mitochondrial electron transport studies using purified rat brain and liver mitochondria have been performed, and have established that bromethalin is an effective uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (VanLier and Ottosen 1981, Cherry et al. 1982, VanLier and Cherry 1988). Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the major mechanism for production of ATP in the brain. Uncoupling of this reaction in bromethalin-poisoned animals …
Conference Participants
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The number of registered attendees was 359. The participants came from 33 states, the District of Columbia, and from 12 other countries. The wide representation from the United States and countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly knowledgeable and diversified group for the exchange of research progress, new ideas, and information on a wide range of vertebrate pest topics.
Reducing Blackbird Damage To Newly Planted Rice With A Nontoxic Clay-Based Seed Coating, David G. Decker, Michael L. Avery, M. O. Way
Reducing Blackbird Damage To Newly Planted Rice With A Nontoxic Clay-Based Seed Coating, David G. Decker, Michael L. Avery, M. O. Way
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
At 3 sites in Chambers County, Texas, the estimated sprout loss in 1-ac plots sown with clay-coated rice seed averaged 17.0% compared to 36.5% in adjacent 1-ac control plots. In one field, bird use of the control plot was 14 times that of the treated plot. Average feeding rates of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were 1.5 seeds/min and 8.4 seeds/min in the treated and control plots, respectively. Roadside counts of territorial male redwings and evening flightline counts of birds going to roost indicated a depredating population consisting mainly of nonbreeding, roosting birds early in April with increasing proportions …
A Review Of Falconry As A Bird-Hazing Technique, William A. Erickson, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon
A Review Of Falconry As A Bird-Hazing Technique, William A. Erickson, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The use of trained falcons and hawks for dispersing pest birds has been mainly limited to airports in Europe and, to a lesser extent, in North America to prevent bird/aircraft strikes. The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) are the raptors used most often. These trained birds can effectively disperse gulls (Larus spp. ) and a variety of other pest bird species, although other bird-scaring methods are often equally or more effective and economical. Because of the scarcity of trained raptors and handlers, their use is limited to special situations such as …
Efficacy Data For Registration Of Strychnine Grain Baits To Control Pocket Gophers (Thomomys Spp.), James Evans, George H. Matschke, Dan L. Campbell, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard M. Engeman
Efficacy Data For Registration Of Strychnine Grain Baits To Control Pocket Gophers (Thomomys Spp.), James Evans, George H. Matschke, Dan L. Campbell, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard M. Engeman
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Laboratory tests, field telemetry trials, and actual use field efficacy evaluations showed that a 0.5% strychnine alkaloid steam-rolled oat-groat hand-bait formulation (EPA Reg. No. 56228-20) with molasses, salt, glycerine, and soda was effective in controlling northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides). Baits retaining at least 0.5% strychnine (w/w) were as effective (>95% control) as baits with 0.75% and 1.0% strychnine in field telemetry hand-baiting trials as well as operational hand-baiting and burrow-builder baiting field tests in forest habitat. Data indicated that the 0.5% strychnine hand bait (molasses formulation) should be reregistered and would be a good substitute for …
Mythology Of Vertebrate Pest Control, William D. Fitzwater
Mythology Of Vertebrate Pest Control, William D. Fitzwater
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Controlling vertebrate species obnoxious or even dangerous to them has been a concern of the human species through the evolutionary process. Early measures were often based on religious, superstitious, and biologic fantasies. While modern control measures are better biologically founded, there still remains an aura of mythology around many accepted by the public today. Examples are given of some of them: toxicants, electromagnetics, ultrasonics, and repellents for deer, moles, and raccoons.
Front Matter And Contents
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Proceedings of the FOURTEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE
Rodents As A Food Source, Lynwood A. Fiedler
Rodents As A Food Source, Lynwood A. Fiedler
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Rodents, one of several kinds of vertebrates included in the human diet, are very suitable as human food. More than 71 genera and 89 species of rodents, mostly hystricomorphs, have been consumed by man. Some have even been domesticated for private or commercial production of food for human consumption. Rodents in the temperate world serve only as a supplement to the regular diet of humans; but in the tropical world, they are widely accepted and a popular source of protein. Although harvesting field rats for human food is beneficial, it is not an effective pest control strategy. Consuming rodents in …
Seedling Damage And Mortality Of Conifer Plantations On Transitory Ranges In Northern And Central Idaho, Russell T. Graham, James L. Kingery
Seedling Damage And Mortality Of Conifer Plantations On Transitory Ranges In Northern And Central Idaho, Russell T. Graham, James L. Kingery
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
A combination of factors are responsible for mortality in conifer plantations. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were planted on 3 transitory ranges in northern and central Idaho. These plantations were followed closely (sampling up to 7 times per year) for 6 years recording the causes of mortality and damage to the tree seedlings. Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) killed the most trees (71%) while nonanimal causes killed 21%. Elk (Cervus elaphus) and deer (Odocoileus spp.) killed a maximum of 9%, and cattle (Bovine spp.) killed a maximum of 4%. Pocket gophers caused the most reduction …
Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti
Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Black bear (Ursus americanus) feeding on coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) has been documented for several years. Quantitative analysis of the feeding damage has not been done. Feeding damage was analyzed on six belt transects in two drainages of the Smith River, Del Norte County, California. Bears are selecting trees of specific d.b.h. classes and not feeding on the size class most abundant. Damage estimates are presented for number of trees per hectare and percentage of stands that are impacted by bear feeding. A proposed approach to bear management is presented with emphasis on a multi-management approach.
The Status Of The Steel Trap In North America, James H. Glass
The Status Of The Steel Trap In North America, James H. Glass
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
This paper will discuss strides taken to limit or eliminate use of the leghold trap and will explore recent trends in the animal rights movement's attack on fur and traps. A current legislative effort in Ohio, which seeks to protect wearers of fur and other animal products, as well as retailers, will be examined. Finally, the outlook as to what the future holds for the anti-trap debate and what we must do as responsible conservationists is discussed.
Adc Guarding Dog Program Update: A Focus On Managing Dogs, Jeffrey S. Green, Roger A. Woodruff
Adc Guarding Dog Program Update: A Focus On Managing Dogs, Jeffrey S. Green, Roger A. Woodruff
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
One hundred dogs were placed with sheep producers in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming during summer 1987 through summer 1988 as part of the APHIS-ADC livestock guarding dog program. Mortality as of February 1990 from culling and accidents is 39% and was evenly split between the first and second year of life. The 60 dogs currently working were rated as follows: 78% good, 12% fair, and 10% poor. All dogs rated good or fair were judged to have reduced predation or helped to keep predation minimized. Success of the dogs was breed-related but did not differ between pasture and rangeland …
How Animal Control Improves Animal Welfare, Walter E. Howard
How Animal Control Improves Animal Welfare, Walter E. Howard
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The balance of nature requires a balanced predator-prey relationship. In agriculture or urban areas the natural predator-prey balance is disrupted because the habitats have been altered and, for the protection of livestock (and for humans in case of grizzly bears, lions, and wolves), the large carnivores have usually been displaced. Consequently, in these altered environments to prevent crop depredations, to keep other vertebrate species in balance with their environment, and to protect some endangered species, people must manage the wildlife. This often means that for the welfare of animals people have to become predators to assist nature. Fortunately, from an …
Control Of The African Striped Ground Squirrel, Xerus Erythropus, In Kenya, Gillian E. Key
Control Of The African Striped Ground Squirrel, Xerus Erythropus, In Kenya, Gillian E. Key
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The African striped ground squirrel, Xerus erythropus (E. Geoffroy), has been found to constitute a serious pest to maize seed at the planting stage, causing mean losses of 9.7% and accounting for 57.3% of total damage found. A feature of ground squirrel damage is its unpredictable nature. Methods of reducing losses of planted maize seed to X. erythropus at the subsistence farmer level in southern Kenya were investigated. Constraints affecting a control program by farmers were identified as follows: low standards of living and education, limited financial resources, strong individualistic attitude of farmers and small field size in relation to …
Required Use Of Protective Bait Stations In The U. S., William W. Jacobs
Required Use Of Protective Bait Stations In The U. S., William W. Jacobs
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Beginning in the 1960s, labels for federally registered commensal rodenticides have been required to bear a statement to the effect that the baits are to be contained in "tamper-proof bait boxes" when used in locations accessible to children and nontarget animals. Faced with ample evidence of noncompliance with the letter and spirit of this portion of the label, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a policy statement (PR Notice 83-5) and scheduled public hearings on matters pertaining to bait stations and nontarget exposure incidents involving rodenticides. EPA's findings indicate that, while some clarifications of its policies might be …
State Of The Art Telemetry Equipment Appropriate For Vertebrate Pest Control Research, Barbara C. Kermeen
State Of The Art Telemetry Equipment Appropriate For Vertebrate Pest Control Research, Barbara C. Kermeen
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Constant developments in technology, both materials and methods, allow smaller and smaller animals to be radio-tracked for longer periods of time than was previously possible. Developments in electronic component miniaturization and battery chemistry are primarily responsible for this advancement. Approximately 30 years of field-use of radiotelemetry techniques have led to innovative procedures and uses of materials for the application of transmitters to animals. New technology such as satellite telemetry and recapture collars are only in their infancy and are not, at this time, appropriate for use in vertebrate pest research. Sophistication in receiving systems also allows more accurate and more …
Acquired Strychnine Tolerance By Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Acquired Strychnine Tolerance By Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Four adult female Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) that had survived many normally potentially lethal doses of strychnine alkaloid in another experiment (Lee 1986) were examined further. These individuals freely consumed 0.5% strychnine bait, and 3 of them also 1% strychnine bait, for long periods without dying, whether or not nontoxic alternate bait was present. After 1 gopher (#5) was taken off its 1% strychnine wheat diet for 44 days, it lost its physiological tolerance to strychnine and died the first day when again exposed to a free choice of nontoxic and 1% strychnine wheat. It consumed only …
The Use Of Rainfall Patterns In Predicting Population Densities Of Multimammate Rats, Mastomys Natalensis, H. Leirs, R. Verhagen, W. Verheyen
The Use Of Rainfall Patterns In Predicting Population Densities Of Multimammate Rats, Mastomys Natalensis, H. Leirs, R. Verhagen, W. Verheyen
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
During 3 years we studied a population of multimammate rats, Mastomys natalensis (Smith 1834), in Morogoro, Tanzania. Data were collected in both removal and capture-recapture schemes. We present evidence that patterns of growth and reproduction were related to onset and abundance of rains. This partially explains differences in densities. Additionally, we investigated available literature data and related them with climatological data. A scenario is presented which enables us to predict how densities of multimammate rats may evolve in the following year and whether there will be a risk of outbreaks. The use and implications of this scenario in planning control …
Survey Of Rodent And Rabbit Damage To Alfalfa Hay In Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John M. O'Brien
Survey Of Rodent And Rabbit Damage To Alfalfa Hay In Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John M. O'Brien
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
A survey of alfalfa hay producers was conducted to characterize vertebrate pest problems in Nevada alfalfa hay and help attract research funding. Damage to alfalfa hay by pocket gophers (Thomomvs spp), ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp), black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and meadow voles (Microtus montanus) was assessed. Presence of vertebrate pests along with a ranking of cost-related problems they pose to alfalfa hay operations was determined. Pocket gophers were the most costly pest followed by ground squirrels, jackrabbits, and meadow voles. The number one problem caused by vertebrate pests was identified to be a decrease …
Bird Control On Containment Pond Sites, Lee R. Martin, Sam Hagar
Bird Control On Containment Pond Sites, Lee R. Martin, Sam Hagar
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Bird deaths resulting from toxic materials in containment ponds are causing authorities to insist that action be taken to eliminate this hazard to avian wildlife. Bird control at containment pond sites is achieved by two well-known but poorly understood aversion techniques: hazing systems (sound/visual) and stretch wire. The limiting condition of either approach is that resident birds rapidly habituate while some migrating species are totally unaffected. Consequently, one must be able to accept degrees of control with an understanding of the behavior of the species involved. Birdproofing is achieved by covering an entire pond with bird net. This presentation discusses …
Assessment Of Bird Damage To Early-Ripening Blueberries In Florida, Curtis O. Nelms, Michael L. Avery, David G. Decker
Assessment Of Bird Damage To Early-Ripening Blueberries In Florida, Curtis O. Nelms, Michael L. Avery, David G. Decker
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Bird damage to early-ripening Florida blueberries was estimated to be approximately 17% in 1988 (2 sites) and ranged from 17% to 75% in 1989 (3 sites) when a late winter freeze severely reduced expected yield. Monetary loss due to bird damage in 1989 may have exceeded $4500/ac at one site. In Florida, birds appear to have a significant impact on the early season fresh market blueberry industry. The problem is likely to worsen as the planting of high-value, early-ripening varieties spreads to other parts of the state and ripening times overlap with wintering frugivorous birds.
Registration Status Of Vertebrate Pesticides With Emphasis On 1080 And Strychnine, Steve D. Palmateer
Registration Status Of Vertebrate Pesticides With Emphasis On 1080 And Strychnine, Steve D. Palmateer
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
A review of currently registered vertebrate pesticides is reported with by far the major weight given to strychnine and 1080. The author searched the Agency's label files and has listed most of those pesticides that have claims against at least one vertebrate animal.