Life Sciences Commons^™

Effects Of Maternal Separation On Brain Stress Systems: Modulation By Voluntary Exercise In Male Rats, Erin J. Campbell, Morgan H. James, Deborah M. Hodgson, Chris V. Dayas

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Early life stress (ELS) has been shown to predispose animals to anxiety- and depression-like behaviour in adulthood. Recent evidence suggests that repeated stress in adulthood dysregulates the hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin system. The current study examined the effects of maternal separation (MS), a well validated rodent model of ELS, on the expression of anxiety-like behaviour following the re-exposure to stress in adulthood. The pattern of Fos-expression in hypothalamic orexin neurons and stress sensitive brain regions was also characterised. Finally, this study examined whether the effects of this double-hit of stress could be reversed using a voluntary exercise intervention during early adulthood.

Male …

Relationship Between Macrophage Differentiation And The Chemotactic Activity Toward Damaged Muscle Cells, Hiromi Yano, Masataka Uchida, Eri Oyanagi, Akira Yamauchi, Michael J. Kremenik

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Aim: We investigated the effect of macrophage differentiation on the chemotactic activity to invade local damaged muscle using in vitro models of muscle injury. Methods: C2C12 cell myoblasts, and J774 cell macrophages were used. The “killed-C2C12” cells were combined with live C2C12 cells (live:killed C2C12 = 1:0.5) as a partially damaged muscle model. The J774 cells were stimulated with LPS and DEX. The chemotactic activity of J774 cells was examined using TAXIScan device. Results: Although the velocity of J774 cells was little affected by each type of C2C12 cells (live, killed and combination), the directionality of the J774 cells was …

The Relationship Between Percent Change In Salivary Α-Amylase Activity And Fitness Level (Vo2peak And Anaerobic Threshold) Following Maximal Cycling Exercise In Moderately Trained Male Individuals, Nobuo Yasuda

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Salivary α-amylase has been proposed as a biomaker for autonomic nervous system activity as well as mucosal immune function given that its realase into saliva is elicited by the stimulation of the salivary glands by sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Clarifying how a individual’s fitness level will influence on the secretion of salivary α-amylase in response to exercise is a critical biological determinant of vulnerability to psychological and physiological stress. Although previous studies have shown the correlation between salivary α-amylase and exercise intensity, the relationship between autonomic nervous system activity and fitness level such as peak oxygen uptake (VO_{2 …}

Auto Anti Oxldl, Igm And Igg: Comparison Between Sedentary And Athletes, Juliana M B Santos, André L L Bachi, Francisco J O Rios, Tiago L. Capel, Pedro H C Vaisberg, Gislene R. Amirato, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: The practice of regular physical activity contributes to reduce the prevalence of coronary hearth disease (CHD) and aerobic exercises are associated with beneficial changes in the profile of circulating lipids and lipoproteins. However in the past years the oxidative hypothesis assumed great importance in the pathogenesis of CHD. During exhaustive exercises there is a greater possibility of oxidation of LDL, forming oxidized LDL (oxLDL) that has a key role in atherogenesis. However the incidence of coronary events in athletes is lower than in sedentary persons. It is described in the literature that we can found in serum auto autoantibodies …

Inflammation And Resolution In Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury: The Effect Of Nsaid Treatment On Pro-Inflammatory And Anti-Inflammatory/Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators., James F. Markworth, Luke Vella, Krishna R. Maddipati, David Cameron-Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Current approaches in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury rely on the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathways to alleviate cardinal signs of inflammation; redness, swelling, heat and pain. However, recent research suggests that the cellular events which occur early in acute inflammation engage an active and coordinated inflammatory resolution program characterised by a switch from pro-inflammatory mediators to production of active pro-resolution factors that govern the withdrawal of inflammation whilst facilitating tissue healing. This led to the identification of novel classes of anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving lipid mediators, including the lipoxins (LX), resolvins (Rv), and protectins (P), which may provide new targets in the …

The Impact Of Match-Play Tennis On Indirect Markers Of Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant Status, Wade L. Knez, Mohammed Farooq, Julien Périard

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Research has shown that both heat stress and endurance exercise can result in an increase in oxidative stress; however, there is limited information regarding the impact of the combination on oxidative balance, in particular an exercise bout characterised by high-intensity long-duration intermittent activity such as tennis. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant status in response to two simulated tennis matches undertaken in cool (≈22° and 70%RH) and hot (≈36° and 35%RH) environments. Methods: Twelve high level (ITF rank 2-3) male tennis players volunteered to participate in the matches …

Adaptation Of Upper Airways In Urban Runners To Air Pollution, Matheus C. Sá, Naomi K. Nakagawa, Juliana M B Santos, Tomas S. Carvalho, Marina L. Nicola, Paulo H N Saldiva, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Air pollution continues to be a matter of concern in public health, despite falling levels of some of the major pollutants in industrial and overcrowded cities. The practice of aerobic exercise in urban environments is necessary to keep a health life, despite the increased inhalation or air pollutants. The aim of this research was to investigate the immune adaptations of the upper airways in amateur runners, who live and practice aerobic exercise in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Forty healthy amateur male runners without any acute or chronic upper airways disease. The subjects trained four times a week, 50 …

Relation Between Tnf-Alpha And Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction, Juliana M B Santos, Luiz A. Luna Jr, Ana P R Sierra, Luiz A R Costa, André L L Bachi, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) describes an acute airway narrowing that occurs as a result of exercise. EIB is associated with a hyperosmolar environment that lead to airway smooth muscle contraction. The proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, has a prominent role in the development of airway hiperresponsiveness (AHR). A single bout of heavy exercise can trigger EIB. The aim of this research was to compare the response of TNF-alpha over time with the presence or absence of EIB in marathon runners. Methods: Thirty-eight male runners, who did not have any chronic or acute airway disease, performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill …

Exhaustive Exercise Enhances Immune Response To Flagellin Via Adrenaline-Mediated Up-Regulation Of Tlr5 Expression, Uchida Masataka, Oyanagi Eri, Miyachi Motohiko, Kremenik J. Michael, Onodera Sho, Yano Hiromi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Objective: We already reported that lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production as a bacterial infection model to induce immune response, was inhibited by exhaustive exercise. However, it remains unclear whether or not the immune response to flagellin (FG), which binds to toll like receptor 5(TLR5) and induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production, is also inhibited by this severe exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not exhaustive exercise affects TNF-α productions after FG injection in mice. Methods: Both exhaustive-exercised (EX; n=12) and non-exercised (N-EX; n=12) male C3H/HeN mice were injected with FG (1 mg/kg, i.v), and blood …

Γδ T Cell Response To Prolonged Heavy Endurance Exercise, Michael W. Kakanis, Bon Gray, Jonathan Peake, Michael Simmonds, Ekua Brenu, Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The focus of this study was to assess exercise-induced alterations in circulating γδ T cell subpopulations and memory phenotypes after a prolonged heavy-intensity exercise bout. Ten highly-trained endurance cyclists (mean ± SEM: age 24.0 ± 1.3 years; height 1.81 ± 0.02 m; body mass 73.3 ± 1.8 kg; peak oxygen uptake 60.7 ± 1.5 mL.kg-1.min-1) performed 2 h of cycling exercise at 90% of the second ventilatory threshold. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately post-exercise, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h post-exercise. Flow cytometry was used to examine γδ T cell subsets, memory phenotypes and receptor …

Changes Of Cytokines In Mouse Skeletal Muscle And Plasma By A Single Bout Of Endurance Exercise., Minjung Lee, Noriaki Kawanishi, Koichi Yada, Yungli Hung, Tsubasa Mizokami, Hiroyuki Niihara, Katsuhiko Suzuki

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Exercise influences some cytokine levels, which is considered the body’s reaction against endogenous stress. Previous human studies demonstrated that high intensity exercise contributes to a dramatic increase of plasma cytokines like Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) immediately after exercise. Recently, it has been identified that skeletal muscle produces cytokines and peptides and they exert both paracrine and endocrine effects. However, the sequential changes of cytokine production according to exercise conditions such as intensity, types and working time are still unclear. In this study, we identified the sequential changes of cytokines in both skeletal muscle and plasma after …

Assessment Of Neutrophil Functional Activity Following Prolonged Endurance Exercise, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Kaoru Sugama, Kayo Yoshitani, Koso Shiraishi, Takashi Kometani, Shigeki Miura, Hiroshi Yoshioka, Yuichi Mori

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Neutrophils not only play an important role in host defense by migrating to the site of infection and producing reactive oxygen species (RO S), but also mediate pathological process in inflammatory tissue damage. Therefore, it is import ant not only to assess but also modulate neutrophil activities for disease prevention. We hav e reported that exhaustive exercise causes neutrophil priming (Suzuki et al. J. Appl. Physiol. , 81, 1213-1222, 1996) which might be associated wi th muscle damage (Suzuki et al. J. Appl. Physiol. , 87, 1360-1367, 1999), but antioxidant capacity is also activated following exercise (Suzuki et al. …

Running Economy And Cytokines: What The Influence Of Il-6 And Il-10?, Luiz Luna Jr., Roberta Paiva, Ana Sierra, Andre Bachi, Pedro Vaisberg, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: During the exercise performing the muscle produce cytokines, named “myokines”. These molecules show autocrine, paracrine and endocrine effects. One of them IL-6 demonstrates both pro and anti-inflammatory actions. Usually they have an anti-inflammatory action when produced by working muscles and when produced by other tissues, especially adipose, they assume a pro-inflammatory profile. Athletes´ performance, especially those that run long distances races (endurance) is associated with higher levels of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Running economy (RE) is a methodology used to evaluate the performance of runners and is defined as "the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) required for maintain …

Assessment Of Neutrophil Functional Activity Following Prolonged Endurance Exercise, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Kaoru Sugama, Kayo Yoshitani, Koso Shiraishi, Takashi Kometani, Shigeki Miura, Hiroshi Yoshioka, Yuichi Mori

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ntroduction: Neutrophils not only play an important role in host defense by migrating to the site of infection and producing reactive oxygen species (RO S), but also mediate pathological process in inflammatory tissue damage. Therefore, it is import ant not only to assess but also modulate neutrophil activities for disease prevention. We hav e reported that exhaustive exercise causes neutrophil priming (Suzuki et al. J. Appl. Physiol. , 81, 1213-1222, 1996) which might be associated wi th muscle damage (Suzuki et al. J. Appl. Physiol. , 87, 1360-1367, 1999), but antioxidant capacity is also activated following exercise (Suzuki et al. …

The Effect Of Combination Of Tamoxifen With Interval And Continue Training On Tumor Mass In Mice With Breast Cancer Tumor, Omid Salehian, Rahman Soori Dr, Zuhair Muhammad Hassan Full Prof., Ali Asghar Ravasi Dr

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Background: Beast cancer is considered as the most common malignancy among females in the world .in Iran, this cancer is also the most prevalent malignancy among women. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of Tamoxifen and interval and continues training on tumor mass Balb/c mice suffering from breast cancer

Methods: for this reason 30 female balb/c mice were utilized and after transplant carcinoma tumor to mice randomly divided in 4 groups 6 groups as follow : 1:tumor-control 2:tumor-continue training 3:tumor –continue training-Tamoxifen 4:tumor-interval training 5: tumor-interval training-Tamoxifen 6:tumor-tamoxifen. Continues training protocol was done for …

Physical Exercise And Its Implications For Aging Immunity And Adoptive Transfer Immunotherapy, Richard J. Simpson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Advancing age is associated with a profound decline in the normal functioning of the immune system that is commonly referred to as immunosenescence. Impaired responses to vaccination and the increased incidence of infection and malignancy seen in the elderly are often considered to be a direct consequence of immunosenescence. A large body of cross-sectional data has shown that habitual exercise is associated with enhanced functional responses in both the innate and adaptive arms of the aging immune system, indicating that exercise may help curtail the onset of immunosenescence. However, it is not known if exercise is also capable of reversing …

Exploring The Mechanisms Behind The Effects Of Chronic Bovine Colostrum Supplementation On Risk Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Arwel W. Jones, Rhys Thatcher, Luis A J Mur, Simon J S Cameron, Marikka Beecroft, Glen Davison

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Chronic bovine colostrum (COL) supplementation has been shown to reduce the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Fifty seven highly active males (aged 18-62) were randomised to daily supplementation of 20g of COL (N = 28) or an isoenergetic/isomacronutrient placebo (PLA) (N = 29) for 12 weeks under double-blind procedures. Daily illness and weekly activity logs were completed. Resting blood samples collected at baseline and at 12 weeks were analysed for total/differential leukocyte counts and in-vitro stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst. Metabolomic profiling of serum samples at these timepoints was performed using fourier transform …

Exercise Selectively Mobilises Skin-Homing Effector Cd8+ T Cells And Natural Killer Cells Into Peripheral Blood., John P. Campbell, James E. Turner, Alex Wadley, Jos A. Bosch, Mark T. Drayson, Sarah Aldred

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Acute exercise induces a transient mobilisation of lymphocyes into peripheral blood that is largely comprised of CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The magnitude of this response is dependent on the differentiation status of these lymphocyte subsets, thus cells with a capacity to initiate rapid effector function (i.e., cytokine secretion and target killing) exhibit the largest changes in response to exercise. It is hypothesised that the effector cells preferentially mobilised into the bloodstream have high tissue-migrating potential, however, the origin of these cells, and their potential homing destination(s) following exercise has not been established in humans. Accordingly, …

Effect Of Ageing And Exercise Training On Myokine Expression Responses To Acute Exercise, Paul A. Della Gatta, Michelle M. Farnfield, Jonathan M. Peake, Andrew P. Garnham, David Cameron-Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Age-related muscle loss is a major contributor to falls, fraility and mortality. It has been widely suggested that chronic, age-related inflammation contributes to the gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass that occurs with ageing. Indeed, ageing is associated with elevations in a number of circulating inflammatory proteins, many of which have detrimental effects on skeletal muscle growth and protein balance. Exercise training has been shown to reduce chronic inflammation and, therefore, may represent an appropriate means to reduce age-related inflammation and counteract sarcopenia. Yet few studies have evaluated the effect of aging on skeletal muscle expression of inflammatory proteins and …

Infections And Immune Disturbances: Clinical-Based Outcomes, Stephane Bermon

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Whatever their level or type of sport practice, athletes are exposed to infectious diseases or immune-related problems. This susceptibility is partly explained by exercise-induced immuno-suppression. Moreover, many athletes are exposed to either pathogens or physico-chemical influences while practising their sports. Indeed, the respiratory tract, the digestive tract as well as the skin and mucosa can be seriously challenged in some aerobic outdoor or indoors sports as well as in some contact sports. At the upper respiratory tract level, and especially after exercise-associated hyperventilation, symptoms may develop, but it is sometimes difficult for the medical staff to confirm any infectious origin. …

Genome-Wide Translational Profiling Of The Inflammatory Response Of Macrophages To Lps, Hiroaki Sako Mr, Katsuhiko Suzuki Prof.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Exercise causes both inflammation and anti-inflammation and the details are complex. Genome-wide analysis, including proteomics or RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), is beneficial to reveal the complexity and to screen novel factors. However, there are some difficulties. Proteomics shows low reproducibility and analytical bias (eg., hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins). Although RNA-seq or microarray present robust reproducibility, it has been known that the correlation of mRNA and protein levels is low (R² = 0.17 ~ 0.41). This is due to translational regulation. Considering translational efficiency, the correlation is boosted to R² = 0.95.

In 2009, newly introduced technique based …

Healthy Body Healthy Mind: Trialling An Exercise Intervention For Reducing Depression In Youth With Major Depressive Disorder, Robin Callister Prof, Adriana Giles, Yasmina Nasstasia, Amanda L. Baker, Ben Dascombe, Sean Halpin, Leanne Hides, Brian Kelly

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has high prevalence among adolescents and young adults but evidence of any effective treatments is limited. Exercise as an effective treatment for adults has some support but studies in younger populations are lacking. MDD is associated with inflammation and exercise may contribute to reductions in inflammatory marker levels. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of brief motivational interviewing (MI) plus 12-weeks exercise training as a treatment for MDD in youth.

Methods: Youth (15-25 years) with MDD were recruited to participate in a prospective trial investigating exercise as …