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The Qualitative Report

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Full-Text Articles in Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies

Charting Our Course: A Review Of Stephen Andrew’S Searching For An Autoethnographic Ethic, Janie Copple Mar 2019

Charting Our Course: A Review Of Stephen Andrew’S Searching For An Autoethnographic Ethic, Janie Copple

The Qualitative Report

This review critiques Stephen Andrew’s proposed method for applying ethical guidelines to autoethnographic research. Andrew argues that although extant autoethnographic literature attends to a variety of ethical considerations (i.e., relational ethics, reflexivity in research, tools for ethical writing), explicit analytical guidelines are lacking. Using excerpts from personal autoethnographies, Andrew illustrates his conception for an autoethnographic ethic leaving readers with practical tools and resonant narratives.


Using Scribes In Qualitative Research As An Alternative To Transcription, Kim Eaton, Werner G. K. Stritzke, Jeneva L. Ohan Mar 2019

Using Scribes In Qualitative Research As An Alternative To Transcription, Kim Eaton, Werner G. K. Stritzke, Jeneva L. Ohan

The Qualitative Report

Transcribing qualitative data is resource-intensive. One less intensive alternative is scribing: the documenting of comprehensive notes, including verbatim quotes by an independent observer during an interview. However, the extent to which a comparable thematic analysis can be derived from scribed interview data relative to verbatim transcriptions of these same interviews has not been investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study is to test the number and content of themes derived from interview data, which had been scribed versus transcribed verbatim and to identify the time and cost differences (if any) between obtaining, processing, and analysing scribed data compared to transcribed …


Spark: Why I Wrote A Novel Designed To Teach The Research Process, Patricia Leavy Mar 2019

Spark: Why I Wrote A Novel Designed To Teach The Research Process, Patricia Leavy

The Qualitative Report

I’m a sociologist specializing in research methodology. I’m also a novelist. When my latest novel, Spark, was released, people remarked that it seemed inevitable for me to combine my two passions. I agree. In some ways this is probably always where my work was heading, although it necessarily took a long time to get here. I’d like to share why as a scholar I turned to fiction, the inspiration for Spark, and my hopes for the book.


The Coexistence Plan At A Secondary School: Analysis Based On The Voices Of Students And Teachers, Gustavo González-Calvo, David Hortigüela-Alcalá, Alejandra Hernando-Garijo, Ángel Pérez-Pueyo Mar 2019

The Coexistence Plan At A Secondary School: Analysis Based On The Voices Of Students And Teachers, Gustavo González-Calvo, David Hortigüela-Alcalá, Alejandra Hernando-Garijo, Ángel Pérez-Pueyo

The Qualitative Report

The main objective of this research is to analyse the Plan for Coexistence at a Spanish Secondary School and its implementation from the perspective of an inclusive model of school management. Beginning with a theoretical review of different national and international contributions centred on inclusive education and the improvement of school coexistence, we have chosen a qualitative methodology that will enable us to listen and to give a voice to the main members of the school community: students and teachers. We show how the Citizenship Plan follows an inclusive focus, enhancing the participation of the whole community in the different …


Maximizing Nvivo Utilities To Analyze Open-Ended Responses, Xiaoying Feng, Linda Behar-Horenstein Mar 2019

Maximizing Nvivo Utilities To Analyze Open-Ended Responses, Xiaoying Feng, Linda Behar-Horenstein

The Qualitative Report

Open-ended responses are widely used to explore and understand participants’ experiences and perspectives in a variety of fields. As one of the most powerful computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software, NVivo allows researchers to analyze open-ended responses to survey and/or interview questions, as well as other text data like reflective writing, image, and videos. The purpose of this paper is to describe and demonstrate how the NVivo word frequency, text search, and matrix coding features can be used to analyze qualitative data from a longitudinal evaluation project. The authors show how the matrix coding feature maximizes NVivo utilities in an analysis …


From Test To Testimony: Resiliency After A Tbi Diagnosis, Quanisha Miffin, Archana V. Hegde, Paige Averett, Natalia Sira Mar 2019

From Test To Testimony: Resiliency After A Tbi Diagnosis, Quanisha Miffin, Archana V. Hegde, Paige Averett, Natalia Sira

The Qualitative Report

Autoethnographic research is a relatively new means of gathering data on oneself to connect to research and theory while advocating for change within a policy, law, and/ or environment. In this autoethnography I will recount the experience of my traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnosis following a car accident and present a few implications for the professionals and members of the society at large surrounding the issue of TBI such as the need for awareness and understanding as well as the importance of therapy and other forms of care within different cultures. When I was first diagnosed, many people did not …


An English Learner As A Cultural Broker For Youth Interviews, Cynthia C. Reyes Mar 2019

An English Learner As A Cultural Broker For Youth Interviews, Cynthia C. Reyes

The Qualitative Report

In the field of student voice, listening is a notion that is made more complex when related to student participation and agency. To listen to who English learners are requires a reframing of these students against the deficit discourse that is often used to describe their linguistic competencies. Discourse analysis is employed to examine the translanguaging experiences of an adolescent English learner who assisted the researcher in interviews with his peers. This empirical piece asks the question of what researchers can learn when employing the use of students as brokers when conducting interviews. Translanguaging is considered an element of cultural …


Investigators Reflections On The Process And Experience Of A Mini-Ethnographic Case Study Research In Nigeria, Ezenwayi C. Amaechi Ph.D., Patricia I. Fusch Ph.D. Mar 2019

Investigators Reflections On The Process And Experience Of A Mini-Ethnographic Case Study Research In Nigeria, Ezenwayi C. Amaechi Ph.D., Patricia I. Fusch Ph.D.

The Qualitative Report

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the investigator's reflections, both prospective and retrospective, on the process and experience of conducting a mini-ethnographic case study research in Nigeria. The research titled “Exploring barriers to women entrepreneurs in Enugu State Nigeria” was written to add to the body of knowledge on barriers facing some small-scale women entrepreneurs in the marketplaces in Nigeria. A mini-ethnographic case study design was used for this study, this methodology is a combination of ethnography and case study research that can assist a researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon. The data collection methods …


The Impact Of Longitudinal Action Research On Doctoral Student Retention And Degree Completion, James Olive Mar 2019

The Impact Of Longitudinal Action Research On Doctoral Student Retention And Degree Completion, James Olive

The Qualitative Report

The impact of a longitudinal action research (LAR) project on the retention and success of students enrolled in a leadership studies doctoral program was the focus of this study. The purpose was to understand how the experiences obtained through an action research project, conducted over 12-15 months, affected students’ development while they completed the first two years of their doctoral coursework. Ten doctoral students, who were at various stages in their educational journey, were interviewed and asked to reflect upon their experiences while completing their LAR project. Findings indicated that the LAR project provided an opportunity to apply theoretical concepts …


Examining The Impact Of An English In Action Training Program On Secondary-School English Teachers’ Classroom Practice In Bangladesh, Abdul Karim Mr., Abdul Rashid Mohamed Dr. Mar 2019

Examining The Impact Of An English In Action Training Program On Secondary-School English Teachers’ Classroom Practice In Bangladesh, Abdul Karim Mr., Abdul Rashid Mohamed Dr.

The Qualitative Report

English teachers in Bangladesh have undergone numerous training programs. Both government-initiated and donor-sponsored training programs have been in operation in Bangladesh. Government initiated institutions to train teachers are Primary Training Institutes (PTIs) and Teacher Training Colleges (TTCs). However, researchers seemed to label training provided by PTIs and TTCs as inadequate. Bridging the gaps intrigued government of Bangladesh to devise donor-aided training programs, including English Language Teaching Improvement Project (ELTIP), English for Teaching, Teaching for English (ETTE), Secondary Education Quality and Access Enhancement Project (SEQAEP), Teaching Quality Improvement in Secondary Education Project (TQI-SEP). Studies reported their potential failure to bring changes …


Transparency And Coherence In A Doctoral Study Case Analysis: Reflecting On The Use Of Nvivo Within A 'Framework' Approach, Marjorie Bonello, Ben Meehan B.M. Mar 2019

Transparency And Coherence In A Doctoral Study Case Analysis: Reflecting On The Use Of Nvivo Within A 'Framework' Approach, Marjorie Bonello, Ben Meehan B.M.

The Qualitative Report

This article describes and reflects on the analytical process undertaken on a qualitative case study analysis exploring the concept of interprofessional education (IPE) in Malta. The analysis which employed the ‘Framework’ approach executed by qualitative data analysis (QDAS) software, specifically NVivo, served to produce an audit trail eliciting how the data, findings, interpretations and subsequent conclusions were all tracked and grounded in the raw data. This paper offers a reflective account of my experience in using NVivo highlighting the potential of this software as facilitating a more rigorous and transparent approach to qualitative data analysis.


“Build A Bridge So You Can Cross It:” A Photo-Elicitation Study Of Health And Wellness Among Homeless And Marginally Housed Veterans, Keri L. Rodriguez, Lauren M. Broyles, Michael A. Mitchell, Melissa E. Wieland, Gala True, Adam J. Gordon Feb 2019

“Build A Bridge So You Can Cross It:” A Photo-Elicitation Study Of Health And Wellness Among Homeless And Marginally Housed Veterans, Keri L. Rodriguez, Lauren M. Broyles, Michael A. Mitchell, Melissa E. Wieland, Gala True, Adam J. Gordon

The Qualitative Report

As part of a photo-elicitation interview study, we aimed to describe homeless and marginally housed Veterans’ experiences with health and wellness, health decisions, and health-related behaviors. Twenty Veterans receiving Veterans Affairs Homeless Patient-Aligned Care Team care took photographs depicting health and wellness, then used their photographs to discuss the same topics in 30-60 minute audio-recorded, semi-structured photo-elicitation interviews. Transcripts were analyzed using template analysis. Veterans described eight dimensions related to their health and wellness; physical, social, and environmental were most commonly discussed, followed by emotional, intellectual, spiritual, occupational, and financial wellness. Photographs contained literal and metaphorical depictions that were positively-oriented, …


Adapting Descriptive Psychological Phenomenology To Include Dyadic Interviews: Practical Considerations For Data Analysis, Michelle Tkachuk, Shelly Russell-Mayhew, Anusha Kassan, Gina Dimitropoulos Feb 2019

Adapting Descriptive Psychological Phenomenology To Include Dyadic Interviews: Practical Considerations For Data Analysis, Michelle Tkachuk, Shelly Russell-Mayhew, Anusha Kassan, Gina Dimitropoulos

The Qualitative Report

Dyadic interviews are an approach to qualitative data collection designed to understand the meaning pairs of individuals make from experiences. The greatest benefit of dyadic interviews, and perhaps a reason for their gaining momentum in the literature, is that they encourage participants to interact, resulting in detailed and complex descriptions of phenomena. However, dyadic interviews pose challenges to qualitative researchers. Researchers must figure out how to account for the presence of two interviewees, any differences in perspective, and interactions. Unfortunately, no known study demonstrates how the interactions of dyadic interviews can be analyzed in accordance with a methodological approach. Rather, …


“If I Don't Laugh, I'M Going To Cry”: Meaning Making In The Promotion, Tenure, And Retention Process: A Collaborative Autoethnography, Pamela Wells, Kristen N. Dickens, Juliann Sergi Mcbrayer, Richard E. Cleveland Feb 2019

“If I Don't Laugh, I'M Going To Cry”: Meaning Making In The Promotion, Tenure, And Retention Process: A Collaborative Autoethnography, Pamela Wells, Kristen N. Dickens, Juliann Sergi Mcbrayer, Richard E. Cleveland

The Qualitative Report

Utilizing Chang, Ngunjiri, and Hernandez’s (2013) collaborative autoethnographic research approach, we investigated our experiences as pre-tenured junior faculty progressing through the tenure and promotion process within a college of education at one public university in the southeastern United States. The review of the data (transcripts and photographs) revealed challenges and stressors common to junior faculty. Data analysis yielded four emergent themes centered around demonstrations of self-care and resiliency including community, balance, coping strategies, and process. Through data analysis, these major themes and their sub-themes were explored in depth. Recommendations and implications for personnel navigating the academic tenure process (i.e., new …


Health Literacy And Type 2 Diabetes In Barbados, Coralene Quimby-Worrell Feb 2019

Health Literacy And Type 2 Diabetes In Barbados, Coralene Quimby-Worrell

The Qualitative Report

In this qualitative instrumental single case study, I explored how patients living with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Barbados manage the disease and what role health literacy might play. Purposeful sampling aided in selecting the sample for the study. The sample was 23 participants who were 40 years and older, diagnosed with T2D, living in Barbados, and attending the Endocrine Center for treatment. Participants responded to 13 open ended questions used to answer the research questions. Information was coded using NVivo 10 software and the software provided the themes based on the participants’ responses to the interview questions. The themes …


Language And Globalization: An Autoethnographic Approach: Book Review Of A Collection Of Personal Narratives, Anuja Sarda Feb 2019

Language And Globalization: An Autoethnographic Approach: Book Review Of A Collection Of Personal Narratives, Anuja Sarda

The Qualitative Report

Maryam Borjian’s (2017a) edited book, Language and Globalization: An Autoethnographic Approach, provides real and personal narratives of authors from different geographical locations across the globe around complex issues surrounding linguistic globalization. Using autoethnography as a method, the book steps away from the typical academic writing. It engages readers into plots contextualized in several parts of the world about diverse languages which are intertwined with theoretical frameworks and concepts specific to the field of language and linguistics. The format of the book allows all readers to comprehend complex concepts through the medium of stories and help make personal connections. The …


Assessing Participant Group Affiliation And Attitudes Towards Ctsi Services, Linda S. Behar-Horenstein, Huibin Zhang Feb 2019

Assessing Participant Group Affiliation And Attitudes Towards Ctsi Services, Linda S. Behar-Horenstein, Huibin Zhang

The Qualitative Report

Analyzing open-ended survey text responses holds the capacity to yield greater insight about participants’ perceptions of clinical translational science institute (CTSI) initiatives. Few translational research studies have explored their effectiveness. The aim of this mixed methods analysis was to assess participant perspectives of the impact and effectiveness of our CTSI program and services. We selected two open-ended survey question items (how CTSI benefitted research, and the most important impact of the research facilitated by the CTSI) from a larger set and compared responses by participant affiliations (clinical/non-clinical; lab/non-lab). We used a three-step analysis. First, nodes were generated using NVivo word …


“We Can’T Provide A Quality Service On Shoestrings”: Irish Practitioners Perspectives On The Ecce Scheme (2010), Ayooluwa Oke, Judith E. Butler, Cian O'Neill Feb 2019

“We Can’T Provide A Quality Service On Shoestrings”: Irish Practitioners Perspectives On The Ecce Scheme (2010), Ayooluwa Oke, Judith E. Butler, Cian O'Neill

The Qualitative Report

There is a general disquiet in the Irish Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) sector about the sustainability of initiatives and best practice guidelines in the context of low status, pay and investment. The ECCE Scheme (2010; DCYA, 2018b) provided access to three hours of “free” ECCE for children aged 2.8 years who could continue to avail of the ECCE until they reached 5.6 years old (DCYA, 2018b). Ireland, under the Barcelona Summit (2002), was obliged to provide increased access to ECCE to (European Commission, 2008) to increase women’s participation in the labour market (European Commission, 2008). However, the introduction …


A Lighthouse In The Sea Of Qualitative Textbooks: A Book Review Of Kakali Bhattacharya’S Fundamentals Of Qualitative Research—A Practical Guide, Joshua L. Adams Feb 2019

A Lighthouse In The Sea Of Qualitative Textbooks: A Book Review Of Kakali Bhattacharya’S Fundamentals Of Qualitative Research—A Practical Guide, Joshua L. Adams

The Qualitative Report

Kakali Bhattacharya (2017) effortlessly advances the pedagogical literature on qualitative research. As a scholar-practitioner of the field of criminal justice, a recent doctoral graduate, and a qualitative methodologist, reading this book allowed me to reflect on my strengths and weaknesses in conducting qualitative inquiry. This review presents the primary intent of the book, which is to be a supplemental text for an introductory qualitative research methods course. Bhattacharya (2017) offers a succinct and straightforward recipe to improve one’s understanding of qualitative research methods, as well as provides best practices while doing so. This book is the perfect roadmap for the …


Nine Rules Of Engagement: Reflections On Reflexivity, Thomas Owren Feb 2019

Nine Rules Of Engagement: Reflections On Reflexivity, Thomas Owren

The Qualitative Report

Wishing to be reflexive, to critically examine our assumptions, is easy. Doing it is less so. For researchers doing a study in their own professional field, it represents a particular challenge. In this essay, I explore this challenge using my own study as exemplar. I am researching workplace inclusion of workers with intellectual disability. As a professional, I have worked with and for people with intellectual disability for many years. The knowledge I bring to my inquiry – about the inabilities, vulnerabilities and needs ascribed to persons labelled thus – is deeply entrenched in common culture, as well as in …


A Qualitative Metasynthesis Of Published Research Exploring The Pregnancy And Resettlement Experience Among Refugee Women, Diana M. Kingsbury, Sheryl L. Chatfield Feb 2019

A Qualitative Metasynthesis Of Published Research Exploring The Pregnancy And Resettlement Experience Among Refugee Women, Diana M. Kingsbury, Sheryl L. Chatfield

The Qualitative Report

The number of refugees and asylum seekers throughout the world continues to increase, leading to increasing challenges in meeting healthcare needs of these individuals. Women’s antenatal health is of particular concern due to their vulnerability to sexual violence and the substantial proportion of refugees consisting of women and girls of or nearing reproductive age. The purpose of this qualitative metasynthesis was to integrate and interpret findings from previously published research reports in which authors explored aspects of pregnancy among resettled refugee women. Following a systematic search process, we used Dedoose qualitative data analysis software to manage the process of extracting …


Media Ethnography: Demands Alternative, Bishal Kumar Bhandari Mr Jan 2019

Media Ethnography: Demands Alternative, Bishal Kumar Bhandari Mr

The Qualitative Report

The heart and soul of ethnography lies in anthropological study within specific caste, ethnicity, and gender. In mass media research, the anthropological ethnography dominates through some of the aspects that focuses on geographical locations and ethnicity which is not relevant in the age of media and technology. The mass media has gained its own gravity, uniqueness, and distinctiveness at present as it fulfills the need and interest of individuals/society. As such fieldwork, participants, and positioning a debate within the realm of “anthropological ethnography” is not sufficient to understand the subjectivities of mass media. In such a context, this article analyzes …


Jumped Three Hurdles With One Leap: A Review Of Qualitative Research And Complex Teams (Understanding Qualitative Research Series), Julius Kyakuwa Jan 2019

Jumped Three Hurdles With One Leap: A Review Of Qualitative Research And Complex Teams (Understanding Qualitative Research Series), Julius Kyakuwa

The Qualitative Report

This book is a guide to ways of conducting and writing qualitative research projects through complex teams and lone research undertakings. The text is grounded in Davidson’s experience as a qualitative researcher and writer, as well as her experience working with complex research teams. With an emphasis on the value of writing in qualitative research, Davidson describes issues of research design, methodological writing, documenting research findings, and implications regarding complex research teams. The book is written in a motivating orientation using a mixture of both a formal and conversational tone. Davidson triangulates this narrative text and builds reliability through personal …


An Engaging And Inclusive Approach To Contemporary Feminist Research From Theory To Practice: A Review, Tiffany De Leon Jan 2019

An Engaging And Inclusive Approach To Contemporary Feminist Research From Theory To Practice: A Review, Tiffany De Leon

The Qualitative Report

Contemporary Feminist Research from Theory to Practice by Patricia Leavy and Anne Harris offers an engaging and inclusive perspective to feminist research. What makes this book unique is the balance between theory, method, and activism. The authors take you on a journey of feminist research from past implications to present day inferences in qualitative, quantitative and community based research. They expand upon theory, method and what happens after research is completed, bringing it full circle. Each chapter is filled with in depth, clear writing that engages the reader as well as various resources, discussion questions, and activities at the end …


Defining A Practicum In Applied Linguistics Through Duoethnography To Comply With The National Postgraduate Audit Culture In Mexico, Troy Crawford, Edgar Emmanuell Garcia-Ponce Jan 2019

Defining A Practicum In Applied Linguistics Through Duoethnography To Comply With The National Postgraduate Audit Culture In Mexico, Troy Crawford, Edgar Emmanuell Garcia-Ponce

The Qualitative Report

In this article, we attempt to conciliate the issues of an audit culture that surround the postgraduate programs in Mexico through the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) with highly flexible definition of the course using duoethnography. The goal being to satisfy national requirements yet retain freedom in applied research in English as a foreign language teaching. This is done through an intense process of data recycling with the student participants in a semester-long analysis. This analysis also involved a continuous editing and reediting process to try and connect all the participants’ autobiographical dots of the course to arrive …


Validity In Qualitative Research: A Processual Approach, Paulo Hayashi Jr, Gustavo Abib, Norberto Hoppen Jan 2019

Validity In Qualitative Research: A Processual Approach, Paulo Hayashi Jr, Gustavo Abib, Norberto Hoppen

The Qualitative Report

Validity and reliability of research and its results are important elements to provide evidence of the quality of research in the organizational field. However, validity is better evidenced in quantitative studies than in qualitative research studies. As there is diversity within qualitative research methods and techniques, there is no universally accepted criteria to assess validity in qualitative studies; its usefulness is also questioned. Therefore, in this paper, we argue that qualitative research should adopt a processual view approach of validity since it should not be the product of a single test or just one step in the research. Processual validity …


Thinking About Cross-Cultural Differences In Qualitative Interviewing: Practices For More Responsive And Trusting Encounters, Anson Au Jan 2019

Thinking About Cross-Cultural Differences In Qualitative Interviewing: Practices For More Responsive And Trusting Encounters, Anson Au

The Qualitative Report

Existing methodological efforts subsume the interview into broad epistemological abstractions, neglecting actual mechanics of the interview as practice, and dismiss linguistic and cultural asymmetry in the interview as a matter of (in)adequate resources. Reflecting on 24 semi-structured interviews exploring social media use among Hong Kong youth, this article develops a culturally sensitive approach that democratically exposes the way cultural norms surface in communication, using strategies which (a) transform the dialogical mechanics of an interview—reflecting back and encouraging; (b) transform the positionality of the researcher—building intersubjectivity and emotional rapport; (c) transform the context of the interview—making shifts in space, language, and …


Online Blaming And Intimate Partner Violence: A Content Analysis Of Social Media Comments, Jason Whiting, Rachael Dansby Olufowote, Jaclyn D. Cravens-Pickens, Alyssa Banford Witting Jan 2019

Online Blaming And Intimate Partner Violence: A Content Analysis Of Social Media Comments, Jason Whiting, Rachael Dansby Olufowote, Jaclyn D. Cravens-Pickens, Alyssa Banford Witting

The Qualitative Report

Social media has become a ubiquitous form of interacting and sharing information. However, comments on social media sites are often aggressive and contemptuous, especially when topics are controversial or politically charged. For example, discussion of intimate partner violence (IPV) tends to provoke strong reactions from outsiders, who make angry or blaming remarks about those involved. Although IPV is common, it has not been widely discussed in popular media until recent years when high-profile cases of abuse have come to light. In 2016, a celebrity accusation of domestic violence led to thousands of comments on social media, with outsiders weighing in …


Elements Of Research Questions In Relation To Qualitative Inquiry, Jennifer Kross, Amanda Giust Jan 2019

Elements Of Research Questions In Relation To Qualitative Inquiry, Jennifer Kross, Amanda Giust

The Qualitative Report

Research denotes the importance of quality research questions and their role in guiding methodology, data collection methods, and interpretation of results. Research questions, living at the base of methodology, play a key role in quality inquiry. This article addresses common themes of research questions in qualitative inquiry and the factors impacting question development. The importance of driving questions and the use of a question map are discussed as useful tools in developing probing, quality research that directs effective qualitative research.


Are We Ready?: A Review Of Getting College Ready: Latin@ Student Experiences Of Race, Access, And Belonging At Predominantly White Universities, Jung Eun Hong Jan 2019

Are We Ready?: A Review Of Getting College Ready: Latin@ Student Experiences Of Race, Access, And Belonging At Predominantly White Universities, Jung Eun Hong

The Qualitative Report

Getting College Ready: Latin@ Student Experiences of Race, Access, and Belonging at Predominantly White Universities by Julie Minikel-Lacocque describes the pre-college and college experiences of six Latin@ college students (four female and two male) at a specifically predominantly White flagship higher education institution in the Midwest United States. By delivering those six Latin@ students’ voices through the author’s interpretation based on the lens of Critical Race Theory, she presented their challenges applying to college, maintaining enrollment, and being successful at the college as underrepresented minority students, most of whom were first-generation college students. The author also discussed effective ways to …