Medicine and Health Commons^™

Grandir En Harmonie: Document De Références, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Ce document de référence fournit des informations pour accompagner les animateurs du curriculum « Grandir en harmonie » en santé de la reproduction. Il s’adresse principalement aux pairs éducateurs et aux assistants d’adolescent(e)s pour les aider à préparer les adolescents(e) à aborder la sexualité en connaissance de cause, de manière responsable et dans le respect des valeurs de leur communauté. Son contenu peut également être adapté pour les jeunes de 20 à 24 ans. Le document couvre des sujets tels que : lʼadolescence; les valeurs; le genre; les mutilations génitales féminines; comprendre son corps; le tabagisme, l’alcoolisme et la toxicomanie; …

Grandir En Harmonie: Guide De L'Utilisateur, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Ce guide de l’utilisateur fournit des informations pour aider les animateurs du programme « Grandir en harmonie » à jouer efficacement leur rôle d’éducateur pair. Le guide décrit la mission, les tâches et la cible des activités à faire avec les adolescent(e)s/jeunes. Ces activités leur permettent de renforcer leurs capacités à prendre des décisions afin de mieux se réaliser maintenant et dans le futur. Le guide aide les animateurs avec l’organisation, la méthodologie et le matériel de soutien pour les sessions.

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This user’s guide provides information to help “Growing in Harmony” curriculum facilitators effectively carry out their role of …

Grandir En Harmonie: Curriculum D'Animation Des Pairs-Éducateurs Et Des Aides-Ados Ou Jeunes Écoutant, Population Council

Reproductive Health

« Grandir en harmonie » est un curriculum d’animation en santé de la reproduction a l’intention des pair éducateurs et des aides-adolescent(e)s, principalement, pour préparer les adolescent(e)s à aborder la sexualité en connaisance de cause, de manière responsable et dans le respect des valeurs de leur milieu. Son contenu peut aussi être utilisé par les jeunes de 20 à 24 ans, mais avec des méthodes appropriées (panel, thé-débat, etc.). D’autre types d’utilisateurs l’ont expérimenté et ont trouvé que c’était une ressource utile pour la conduite de leurs activités: aides-adolescent(e)s, enseignants, prestataires de santé et autres encadreurs de jeunes. Leurs remarques …

Grandir En Harmonie: Les Questions/Réponses Les Plus Fréquentes Posées Par Les Adolescent(E)S, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Ce guide compile les questions les plus fréquemment posées par les adolescent(e)s au cours du curriculum « Grandir en harmonie » en santé de la reproduction. Il s’adresse principalement aux pairs éducateurs et aux assistants d’adolescent(e)s pour les aider à répondre aux adolescent(e)s au sujet de la sexualité en connaissance de cause, de manière responsable et dans le respect des valeurs de leur communauté. Le document couvre des sujets tels que : l’adolescence, la puberté et les changements des corps; la culture et la sexualité; la santé sexuelle et la sexualité à moindre risque; la contraception et les grossesses indésirées; …

Guías De Referencia: Para Instituciones Y Establecimientos De Salud Que Buscan Acreditar La Calidad Y Enfoque De Género De Sus Servicios, Patricia Riveros Hamel, Erica Palenque, Ricardo Vernon, Ignacio Carreno

Reproductive Health

Esta guía busca presentar todos los elementos para que las organizaciones de salud reproductiva puedan implantar un sistema para mejorar la calidad de los servicios y su sensibilidad a asuntos de género a través de una estrategia de acreditación. La estrategia de acreditación comienza con una evaluación de las condiciones y servicios que ofrece la clínica, lo que permite identificar los estándares de calidad que no son cumplidos. Posteriormente, el personal de la clínica toma como insumo esta información y elabora un plan de trabajo para resolver los problemas identificados. Si la clínica demuestra cumplir cuando menos el 80 por …

Management Of Complications, Pregnancy, Childbirth And The Postpartum Period In The Presence Of Fgm/C, Kenya Ministry Of Health

Reproductive Health

This reference manual is intended for health-care providers in Kenya working among communities that have a high prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and those who encounter women and/or girls who have undergone the practice. It was designed particularly for use by nonspecialist clinicians, including nurses/midwives, clinical officers, district medical officers, postgraduate medical officers, and medical students. It is also a resource for medical and other health-service providers at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, particularly those working in areas with a high prevalence of FGM/C. Since the evidence base for effective clinical practice is constantly evolving, readers are encouraged to …

Mainstreaming Emergency Contraception In Ethiopia's Public Sector: Final Project Report, Jill Keesbury, Hailegiorgis Aytenfisu, Spike Bradford

Reproductive Health

The Ethiopian Ministry of Health, the Ethiopian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and ECafrique launched a two-year project in 2004 to mainstream emergency contraception (EC) in the country’s public sector. The project aimed at improving reproductive health care among young women and reducing the country’s abortion rate by expanding access to EC. Overall, its goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating EC within the public sector’s broader contraceptive mix and was guided by the following objectives: to scale-up and promote public sector EC services in five of Ethiopia’s most populated regions; to document the characteristics and use patterns of …

The Resolution Of Unintended Pregnancy Among Female Students At The University Of Ghana, Legon, Angela El-Adas

Reproductive Health

Little has been done to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of university students regarding unintended pregnancy likely because their middle-class status precludes their being considered a “deprived population.” Female students in tertiary institutions of higher learning are at an age and in a social context that makes them extremely susceptible to unintended pregnancy and the consequences of unsafe abortions. It is necessary to take steps to reduce the incidence of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortions among this group of “high risk” women. This study sought to investigate the extent of knowledge that female students at the University of Ghana, …

Kenya: Mobilize Health Care Providers To Advocate Against Fgm/C, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is illegal in Kenya. The practice has declined slightly, yet it is nearly universal among the Abagusii, a relatively affluent ethnic group residing in the Nyanza province in western Kenya. Half of cut women reported that they had been cut by a health worker, however providers express willingness to advocate against the practice. This study, launched in 2004 by the Population Council’s FRONTIERS Program, examined the role of health providers in FGM/C in Kenya’s Abagusii community. As noted in this brief, the objectives were to understand the motivations behind the medicalization of FGM/C and determine the …

Bolivia: Marketing And Economic Analyses Help Ngos Develop Strategies For Sustainability, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Many nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) face reduced funding for reproductive health services and are seeking ways to assess and enhance their ability to generate income to cover their service costs. In 2004, following a workshop on financial sustainability presented by the Population Council’s FRONTIERS Program, three Bolivian NGOs—Prosalud; the Center for Research, Education, and Services (CIES); and the Association of Rural Health Programs (APSAR)—developed operations research studies to improve their financial sustainability. The Prosalud and CIES studies included a cost-recovery study, a study measuring clients’ willingness to pay for services, and a market segmentation study to compare the NGOs’ services with …

Bangladesh: Rh Curriculum Enhances Vocational Students' Knowledge And Behavior, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

In 2004, the Population Council’s FRONTIERS Program and the Bangladesh Ministry of Youth and Sports collaborated on an intervention to introduce reproductive health education into government-run vocational-training courses. The training, offered to males and females aged 15–30, includes livestock husbandry, electronics, and secretarial work. The intervention built upon the positive results of the 1999 Bangladesh Youth Reproductive Health Study, which introduced a life-skills curriculum into secondary schools. The interactive reproductive health curriculum was modified to suit older adolescents and youth attending courses at vocational training centers. Topics included reproductive biology, family planning, pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, critical thinking, and negotiation …

South Africa: Improve Facility Management To Increase Nurse Retention, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

South Africa’s medical infrastructure is relatively well developed, but its maternal mortality rate remains high and numerous studies document poor maternal care. Shortages in nursing staff are a major factor in quality-of-care problems on maternity wards. A Population Council FRONTIERS study of antenatal care in rural clinics in Kwa-Zulu Natal showed that between one-third and one-half of providers interviewed had worked at their clinics for less than a year. In 2004, FRONTIERS followed up on the Kwa-Zulu Natal study to document factors affecting the tenure, motivations, and working conditions of maternal-health nursing staff in three South African provinces. The study …

South Africa: Youth Centers: A Costly Way To Provide Reproductive Health Services, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Numerous reproductive health programs sponsor youth centers, which provide recreation and job-skills training as a means of attracting young people to seek reproductive health services or information. However, the productivity, cost, and cost-effectiveness of this approach are not clearly documented. In 2000, FRONTIERS conducted a cost analysis as part of a larger study on the effectiveness of three different youth center models in South Africa. The study focused on 8 of the 12 centers included in the larger study, chosen to be representative of each model. All the selected centers offered clinical services, seven also offered reproductive health information or …

Guatemala: On-Site Training And Outreach Increases Demand For And Provision Of Vasectomy, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

About one-third of Guatemalan women use modern contraceptives and half of these use female sterilization. Despite the strong demand for permanent methods, vasectomy is used by less than 1 percent of all couples. An ineffective service introduction model contributes to the low use of vasectomy. In the traditional model, doctors are sent to a hospital (often abroad) where a relatively high number of vasectomies are performed, and the trainee performs at least five supervised vasectomies. In their home practice, however, trained doctors frequently find a low demand and, unable to routinely perform vasectomies, soon lose their enthusiasm and surgical skills. …

How Much Will It Cost To Scale Up A Reproductive Health Pilot Project?, Barbara Janowitz, John H. Bratt, Rick Homan, James R. Foreit

Reproductive Health

Most service-delivery interventions begin as pilot projects. When a pilot study of an intervention is successful, managers begin to think about scaling up the project to new areas. Cost is a critical factor influencing the extent and pace of scale-up. This brief explains how to adapt and modify cost information obtained from a pilot project to estimate scale-up costs. The brief shows why the costs of a pilot project alone are not sufficient to predict costs of scale-up and gives examples of how costs are influenced by factors like economies and diseconomies of scale, resource substitution, and intervention modification. The …

Achieving Synergies In Prevention Through Linking Sexual And Reproductive Health And Hiv Services, Ian Askew

Reproductive Health

Integration, linkages, and synergies are widely used terms among those interested in strengthening the relationship between sexual and reproductive health services and HIV prevention. These conference proceedings explore the terms conceptually and review the wide range of combinations of SRH and HIV prevention services that have been linked or integrated. Several different combinations have proven feasible and acceptable in pilot situations, but there remains a lack of evidence as to their effectiveness in changing behaviors, including preventing HIV transmission. There is also limited experience with scaling up successful models and a need to move beyond a focus on services to …

Hiv/Aids Programming And Sexuality Of Young People Perinatally Infected With Hiv, Harriet Birungi

Reproductive Health

These conference proceedings draw on preliminary data from an ongoing project implemented by TASO Uganda and the Population Council that contributes to the promotion of sexual and reproductive health rights of young people aged 10–19 years perinatally infected with HIV. The key argument is that HIV/AIDS programming in Uganda and elsewhere in Africa will need to acknowledge that the population of young people perinatally infected with HIV is growing and to specifically target that population. HIV/AIDS programming will also address the sexual desires of young people perinatally infected with HIV by providing them with information and practical support to understand …

Mainstreaming And Scaling Up The Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project, Ian Askew, Humphres Evelia

Reproductive Health

From 1999–2003, FRONTIERS implemented a Global Agenda program of operations research (OR) projects to address the reproductive health (RH) needs of adolescents in four countries—Bangladesh, Kenya, Mexico, and Senegal. The project was implemented in two districts of Western Province in Kenya and was known as the Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project (KARHP). The project supported a public sector, multisectoral intervention to enhance young people’s knowledge and behavior regarding HIV prevention and RH. Implemented jointly with PATH, this OR project demonstrated that such an intervention could be implemented by the public sector, that it was acceptable to communities, that its influence …

Mainstreaming Adolescent Reproductive Health In Senegal: Enhancing Utilization Of The Findings From The Youth Reproductive Health Project, Nafissatou J. Diop, Anta Fall Diagne

Reproductive Health

From 1999–2003, FRONTIERS implemented a Global Agenda program of operations research projects to address the reproductive health (RH) needs of adolescents in four countries—Bangladesh, Kenya, Mexico, and Senegal. The project was implemented in urban areas of Saint-Louis and Louga, in northwestern Senegal, and was known as Improving the Reproductive Health of Youth in Senegal. The project supported a public-sector, multisectoral intervention to enhance young people’s knowledge and behavior regarding HIV prevention and RH, and systematically tested its feasibility, acceptability, effectiveness, and cost. The intervention had a significant positive impact on young people’s awareness and understanding of RH issues. The pilot …

Assessment: Frontiers Small Grants Program, Koli Banik

Reproductive Health

This report reviews the Small Grants Program (SGP) implemented by FRONTIERS. It assesses the SGP’s areas of achievements and challenges, and explores the feasibility of using this approach to build capacity in operations research. The report provides ideas for implementing a successful SGP that can deliver high-quality, relevant, and timely information for program design. Although capacity building was not an objective in the FRONTIERS SGP, it did produce some increased capacity after two years. As was found with other small grants programs, the FRONTIERS experience suggests that considerable resources are required to produce good quality research and final products. Program …

Exploring The Choices Of Contraception And Abortion Among Married Couples In Tret, Rural Punjab, Pakistan, Muhammad Shafique Arif, Iram Kamran

Reproductive Health

In Pakistan, the contraceptive prevalence rate is 28 percent, unmet need for family planning services is 33 percent, and unwanted pregnancies are on the rise. A national study showed a fairly high induced abortion rate of 29 per 1,000 married women of reproductive age, and 1 out of 6 pregnancies resulted in induced abortion. This study explored how contraception and induced abortion are perceived as options for avoiding unwanted births by Pakistani men and women, to what extent they deliberately choose one over the other, and the language they use to talk about reproductive behavior decision-making. As noted in this …

Knowledge, Practice, And Coverage (Kpc) Survey: Baseline Report, Bagh District, Munir Afridi, Saman Naz, Nayyer Munir

Reproductive Health

The Primary Healthcare Revitalization, Integration, and Decentralization in Earthquake-affected Areas (PRIDE) program is designed to improve primary health-care services and health outcomes for populations in Bagh and Mansehra districts in northern Pakistan that were affected by the devastating earthquake that struck on October 8, 2005. The project aims to strengthen the financial and human resource management capacities of district health authorities and primary health-care providers. Access to and quality of primary health-care services will be improved through an essential package of health services and improved skills of primary health-care personnel. Community demand for quality services will be improved through an …

Knowledge, Practice, And Coverage (Kpc) Survey: Baseline Report, Mansehra District, Munir Afridi, Saman Naz, Nayyer Munir

Reproductive Health

The Primary Healthcare Revitalization, Integration, and Decentralization in Earthquake-affected Areas (PRIDE) program is designed to improve primary health-care services and health outcomes for populations in Bagh and Mansehra districts in northern Pakistan that were affected by the devastating earthquake that struck on October 8, 2005. The project aims to strengthen the financial and human resource management capacities of district health authorities and primary health-care providers. Access to and quality of primary health-care services will be improved through an essential package of health services and improved skills of primary health-care personnel. Community demand for quality services will be improved through an …

Kenya: Begin Community Dialogue On Fgm/C By Discussing Cultural Justification, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Female genital cutting is strongly supported among the Somali ethnic community in Kenya, and the severest form (infibulation) is primarily practiced. This type of cut is associated with increased incidence and seriousness of obstetric and gynecological problems relative to uncut women and those with less severe forms of FGM/C. As stated in this brief, efforts to encourage abandonment should begin with community discussion about the socio-cultural reasons for cutting. Simultaneously, health-care providers need training in how to manage complications of FGM/C. In 2004, FRONTIERS collaborated with UNICEF on a four-month diagnostic study on FGM/C practices among the Somali community in …

Senegal: Mainstreaming Adolescent Health: Building On Local Support Systems, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

In 1999, FRONTIERS began a three-year collaboration with the World Health Organization, the Center for Research and Training, the Population Training Group, and the Ministries of Health, Education, and Youth to test the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost of school-, clinic-, and community-based interventions to improve the reproductive health of youth aged 10–19. This adolescent reproductive health (ARH) study showed that the multisectoral, multidisciplinary approach increased knowledge about youth reproductive health among young people, the community, schools, and health-care providers. As noted in this brief, one of the guiding principles of the ARH study was to build sustainability through existing institutions, …

Disparities In Health And Well-Being Among Latinos In Washington Heights/Inwood, 2000–2005, Ana Motta-Moss

Center for Latin American, Caribbean, and Latino Studies

Introduction: This report analyzes how well the residents of Washington Heights/Inwood (WH/IN) have fared on selected health indicators set forth by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygene between 2000 and 2005.

Methods: Data on Latinos and other racial/ethnic groups were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey, reorganized for public use by the Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, IPUMSusa. Cases in the dataset were weighted and analyzed to produce population estimates.

Results: Immigrant families in particular face a multitude of health concerns, as well as specific barriers to accessing health care services. The socioeconomic and …

Does Verbal Communication Impairment Affect Quality Of Life In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients?, Jason Michael Duff

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine the self-perceived QOL in ALS patients. Literature will be presented on the incidence, prevalence, prognosis, diagnosis and management of ALS, QOL studies for ALS, the role of the multidisciplinary team, the impairments and dysfunction that ALS patients experience, communication issues, and the development of ALS specific instruments to measure QOL. The "bulbar dysfunction" that ALS patients experience in salivation management, speech, and swallowing were examined in detail. The objectives of this research study were to investigate the following hypotheses: 1. QOL will differ among ALS patients with varying levels of speech, swallowing, …

Book Review: Social Justice: The Moral Foundations Of Public Health And Health Policy, Robin West

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

This essay is a review of Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy by Madison Powers & Ruth Faden (2006).

In this pathbreaking book, senior bioethicists Powers and Faden confront foundational issues about health and justice. How much inequality in health can a just society tolerate? In a world filled with inequalities in health and well-being, which inequalities matter most and are the most morally urgent to address? In order to answer these questions, Powers and Faden develop a unique theory of social justice that, while developed for the specific contexts of public health and health …

The Qingdao Twin Registry: A Focus On Chronic Disease Research, C. Anderson Johnson, Zengchang Pang, Feng Ning, Jennifer B. Unger, Shaojie Wang, Qian Guo, Weihua Cao, Liming Lee

CGU Faculty Publications and Research

With the changing patterns of morbidity and mortality in China, noncommunicable chronic diseases have become the major threats to the health of the Chinese population. The causes of chronic diseases include genetic factors and behavioral risk factors such as the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs, unhealthy dietary behaviors, and lack of physical activity. Twin studies offer a unique opportunity to disentangle the genetic and environmental risk and protective factors for chronic disease. The Qingdao Twin Registry (QTR) was initiated in 1998 as part of the National Chinese Twin Registry. Over 11,000 pairs of twins and multiples of all …

Dai Medicine: Preservation Of And Changes In Ancient Healing Practices, Geoffroy Fauchet

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

This independent study project discusses the general concept and theories of Dai medicine and focuses on the conservation of and transformation that both, the traditional and modern Dai medical system have undergone over time.