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Articles 91 - 120 of 130
Full-Text Articles in Criminology
The New Welfare State : Reconsidering The Welfare-Crime Nexus, Colin Gruner
The New Welfare State : Reconsidering The Welfare-Crime Nexus, Colin Gruner
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
A sizeable body of literature has found that welfare reduces crime, but the majority of these studies have used data from before 1996. In 1996 the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) radically changed the welfare system of the United States. Control of welfare programs shifted from the federal government to the states and PRWORA increased the emphasis on getting people off welfare via the introduction of lifetime limits on the receipt of aid and mandatory participation in work programs for able-bodied recipients. Consistent with this emphasis, researchers have documented a precipitous drop in caseload sizes across the …
Capital Punishment In The Lone Star State : A County-Level Analysis Of Contextual Effects On Sentencing, Jennifer Lynn Owens
Capital Punishment In The Lone Star State : A County-Level Analysis Of Contextual Effects On Sentencing, Jennifer Lynn Owens
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In its landmark decision, Furman v. Georgia (1972), the Supreme Court held all existing death penalty statutes unconstitutional, largely due to the arbitrary nature of the capital sentencing processes that resulted from them. In response to the Furman decision, several states revised their death penalty statutes to address the Court's concerns. Although the Court upheld the newly-drafted statutes in Gregg v. Georgia (1976) and its companion cases, subsequently reinstating the death penalty, intrastate variation in death sentencing suggests that the death penalty may continue to be applied in an arbitrary and capricious manner inconsistent with the Eighth Amendment. This dissertation …
The Inter-Rater Reliability Of A Multi-Factor Sex Offender Risk Classification System : An Experimental Simulation, Elizabeth Rahmberg Walsh
The Inter-Rater Reliability Of A Multi-Factor Sex Offender Risk Classification System : An Experimental Simulation, Elizabeth Rahmberg Walsh
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This research is an experimental simulation that explores the interrater reliability of a multi-factor sex offender risk classification system, specifically, the system outlined by the Massachusetts Sex Offender Registration Act (SORA). In Study 1, professionals holding the terminal degree in their field and qualified for appointment to the Sex Offender Registry Board administered the Massachusetts Classification Worksheet to four sex offender cases. Study 2 involved the use of master's level participants (including professionals with master's degrees and graduate student participants) to administer the Massachusetts Classification Worksheet to the same four sex offender cases. Participants assessed the offenders' risk as either …
Public Attitudes Toward Crime Control In Contemporary China : A Multilevel Analysis, Yue Zhuo
Public Attitudes Toward Crime Control In Contemporary China : A Multilevel Analysis, Yue Zhuo
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This study applies the Western sociological theories in the Chinese context and systematically explores crime control attitudes in contemporary China. This research links individual-level data from the 2005 China General Social Survey with contextual-level data from China Procuratorial Yearbooks, Chinese Population Census 2000, and China Statistical Yearbooks. A multilevel framework informed by the instrumental perspective, the constructionist/conflict perspective, and the symbolic perspective is adopted to examine the individual-level and contextual-level social factors that affect the three dimensions of public attitudes toward crime control - satisfaction, spending, and due process.
Patterns Of Adolescent Drug Offending And Their Consequences In Making The Transition To Adulthood, Matthew David Phillips
Patterns Of Adolescent Drug Offending And Their Consequences In Making The Transition To Adulthood, Matthew David Phillips
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The life course perspective in criminology acknowledges that as an individual moves through successive stages in life, a host of factors in various domains influence the individual's developmental and behavioral patterns. The criminological literature is also replete with research that suggests an individual's involvement in drug offending has negative repercussions in these domains of life. Further, specific drug offenses are thought to affect outcomes in differing ways. Drug offenders are far from a homogeneous group, and that heterogeneity can produce vastly different outcomes. From a life course perspective, adolescence then becomes a particularly important stage since this is the time …
State Homeland Security : Variation And Patterns Among The U.S. States, Lisa N. Sacco
State Homeland Security : Variation And Patterns Among The U.S. States, Lisa N. Sacco
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation examines the homeland security organizations of the 50 states, and describes what systems the states have created for homeland security policy and structure. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine how each state homeland security organization was developed, describe each organization, and ascertain if patterns of homeland security have emerged among the states. This descriptive study also uncovers philosophical differences in the states' interpretation of homeland security.
Impulsivity, Criminogenic Opportunity Structures, And Delinquency, Matt Vogel
Impulsivity, Criminogenic Opportunity Structures, And Delinquency, Matt Vogel
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Impulsivity has emerged as a strong predictor of delinquency. A growing body of research suggests that neighborhood disorganization moderates the association between impulsivity and delinquency. However, there are several competing perspectives on the direction of this moderation, and the empirical research has generated a small body of discordant findings. This dissertation addresses the research linking impulsivity, neighborhood disorganization, and delinquency in two ways. First, I propose that the inconsistent findings to date might be attributed to variation in measurement and modeling strategy across earlier studies. Second, I argue that the mechanisms underlying the differential effect of impulsivity on delinquency across …
The Causes And Consequences Of Self-Protective Behaviors In Violent Encounters, Ráchael Anne Powers
The Causes And Consequences Of Self-Protective Behaviors In Violent Encounters, Ráchael Anne Powers
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Self-protective behaviors are strategies that a victim utilizes during the course of a violent incident to either prevent its completion or to avoid or minimize physical injury. Research regarding the use of self-protective behaviors in violent incidents has focused predominantly on sexual assault, and the research that has examined non-sexual assaults has been limited with regard to the study sample, considered outcomes, and included covariates. To extend beyond prior work, this dissertation seeks to explore more thoroughly the use and consequences of self-protective behaviors in non-sexual assaults using the National Crime Victimization Survey. Self-protective behaviors were measured along two dimensions …
The Role Of Self-Esteem In The Treatment Of Youth In Residential Treatment Centers : An Examination Of Delinquency And Rearrest After Discharge From Treatment, Camela M. Steinke
The Role Of Self-Esteem In The Treatment Of Youth In Residential Treatment Centers : An Examination Of Delinquency And Rearrest After Discharge From Treatment, Camela M. Steinke
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The purpose of this research was to explore the effect of self-esteem on rearrest and delinquency for a population of youth who have been committed to, and received services through, a residential treatment center.
Pay It Forward : The Effect Of Social Support On Crime, Jessica Singer
Pay It Forward : The Effect Of Social Support On Crime, Jessica Singer
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between social support and crime. In 1994, Frank Cullen wrote an innovative article which was designed to construct social support as an organizing principle for criminology. Using this work to frame this research, I hypothesize that social support will be negatively related to crime. I explore this relationship on two levels of analysis. First, I investigate the relationship between state-level support and crime rates using a dataset that I constructed from a variety of sources. Second, I investigate the relationship between individual-level support and crime and deviance using data from …
How Patrol Officers Make Decisions : Comparing A Structural Model To A Process Model, Heidi Bonner
How Patrol Officers Make Decisions : Comparing A Structural Model To A Process Model, Heidi Bonner
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
A heavy research emphasis on the discretionary decision-making actions by police has led researchers to conduct a substantial amount of work regarding the individual, situational, organizational, and neighborhood influences on police behavior. The culmination of all this work results in one main conclusion - the majority of findings regarding the causes of police behavior are mixed. Further, current models of police behavior account for only a small amount of the variation.
Decisions To Exert Social Control In A Neighborhood Context : Social Dilemmas And Solutions, Shaohua Yu
Decisions To Exert Social Control In A Neighborhood Context : Social Dilemmas And Solutions, Shaohua Yu
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Prior literature on urban crime study has long indicated that residents' participation in informal social control activities is crucial in achieving low crime rates in urban neighborhoods. The question of what factors determine individual residents' decisions on whether or not to support collective crime prevention efforts, however, has yet to be addressed. The present study approaches this issue by bridging it with another important area of research-the study of social dilemmas-that explain cooperative tendencies in human groups. By defining informal social control as a form of collectively desirable action, the study tested the hypothesis that the solutions to social dilemmas …
Occupational Stress And The Homosexual Police Officer, David John Barton
Occupational Stress And The Homosexual Police Officer, David John Barton
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation analyzed occupational stress among homosexual officers. Previous researchers have investigated occupational stresses experienced by racial, ethnic and gender minority police officers; however, research has not examined the occupational stresses experienced by homosexual officers. This study utilized an internet survey to gather quantitative data that were statistically analyzed for similarities and differences in how homosexual officers perceive stressors common to all officers and stressors experienced only by minority subgroups, including discrimination. Because homosexual officers have the unique ability to disguise their minority status, this study also examined whether the officers' choices to reveal or conceal their sexual preference affected …
Grace Under Fire : Altruistic Behavior And The Risk Of Criminal Victimization, Andy Lucas Blaize Davies
Grace Under Fire : Altruistic Behavior And The Risk Of Criminal Victimization, Andy Lucas Blaize Davies
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Two studies investigate whether the perceived risk of criminal victimization reduces altruistic behavior as social disorganization theory predicts it will. The first study, of 160 nation-states, suggests not. Rather, the relationship depends on national culture. In highly religious countries, for example, the perceived risk of victimization actually appears to increase altruistic behavior. The second study, an experiment conducted on samples both of undergraduate students and internet users, suggests that certain individuals for whom the risk of criminal victimization may be particularly salient - volunteers worried they may be put in harm's way, and fatalists paranoid about the inevitability of victimization …
Health Behind And Beyond Bars : Understanding The Link Between Incarceration And Health, Lauren C. Porter
Health Behind And Beyond Bars : Understanding The Link Between Incarceration And Health, Lauren C. Porter
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The primary aim of this dissertation is to better understand the link between incarceration and health. Drawing on a sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), the effect of incarceration on self-rated health, serious injury, STD infection, cold/flu symptoms, and blood pressure is assessed. The effect of incarceration on health behavior is also examined, including diet, smoking, binge drinking, and physical activity. In order to rule out selection bias, current and former inmates are compared to respondents who have been arrested (or arrested and convicted of a crime), but not incarcerated. Findings suggest …
Armed Off-Duty Police : Benefit Or Burden?, Theresa C. Tobin
Armed Off-Duty Police : Benefit Or Burden?, Theresa C. Tobin
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This study examines the NYPD's Carry Policy; a policy allowing officers to be armed while off duty and informally in place for over 100 years and officially sanctioned since the 1940s. It was altered for the first time in 1981 and this research has analyzed ten sources of data during two recent decades (1990-1994 and 2000-2004). This
The Causes Of Risky Sexual Behavior Over The Adolescent-Young Adult Life Course And Its Consequences For Partner Relationships In Adulthood, Nicole Marie Schmidt
The Causes Of Risky Sexual Behavior Over The Adolescent-Young Adult Life Course And Its Consequences For Partner Relationships In Adulthood, Nicole Marie Schmidt
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation uses data from the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS) to examine the causes and consequences of risky sexual behavior from adolescence through young adulthood using a developmental perspective. Developmental theories suggest that antisocial behavior, especially persistent antisocial behavior, during adolescence can amplify the effects of early family, school, and peer factors by setting in motion a chain of cumulative disadvantages that increase the likelihood that one will experience negative outcomes in adulthood. Drawing on developmental theories of antisocial behavior, the causes and consequences of risky sexual behavior are examined. First, wave-specific measures of risky sexual behavior spanning six …
Adolescent Dating Experience And Delinquency, Ryang Hui Kim
Adolescent Dating Experience And Delinquency, Ryang Hui Kim
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The research literature on adolescent development has discussed adolescent dating in relation to behavioral changes. However, very little discussion has been devoted to theoretical explanations of the intricacies involved in the relationship between the adolescent dating experience and the development of delinquent behavior. Consequently, there seems to be a lack of understanding as to how dating activities in adolescence influence delinquency, aside from a general consensus that adolescent dating tends to be related to deviant behavior.
The Impact Of Exposure To Domestic Violence On Developmental Trajectories Of Depressive Symptoms And Antisocial Behavior Across The Transition To Adulthood, Aely Park
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Principal Aims:
Darwin's Other Idea : Sexual Selection, Gender And Violence, Robert Samuel Moschgat
Darwin's Other Idea : Sexual Selection, Gender And Violence, Robert Samuel Moschgat
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation provides an empirical exploration of Darwin's theory of sexual selection, which views the male propensity to engage in short term mating strategies--sexual promiscuity and violence--as the result of sexual selection. Within an environmental context, biological father and mother household presence are expected to inhibit the initiation of short-term mating strategies and increase parental investment--paternal and maternal attachments, supervision, and protection. Whereas, structural disadvantage--living in poverty and in dangerous neighborhoods--is predicted to increase the initiation of a short-term mating strategies and compromise the parents' ability to protect their children and by weakening paternal and maternal attachments, thereby increasing the …
Residence Restriction Legislation, Sex Crime Rates, And The Spatial Distribution Of Sex Offender Residences, Kelly M. Socia
Residence Restriction Legislation, Sex Crime Rates, And The Spatial Distribution Of Sex Offender Residences, Kelly M. Socia
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Residence restrictions are one of the most recent, and most controversial, public policies seeking to protect community members from registered sex offenders (RSOs) reentering society following incarceration. Residence restriction policies prohibit RSOs from living within a given distance of certain places where children might gather (e.g., schools, daycares, parks, and playgrounds). In doing so, the expectation is that RSOs will have a harder time finding and approaching young children whom they can sexually assault, thus driving sexual recidivism rates down. These policies, first passed in 1995 at the state level and in 2005 at the county and local level, have …
Advice To Rape Victims : The Influence Of Beliefs About Rape And Opinions About Formal Support Providers, Yumi Suzuki
Advice To Rape Victims : The Influence Of Beliefs About Rape And Opinions About Formal Support Providers, Yumi Suzuki
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Despite the abundance of literature discussing rape, only a few studies examined others' influence on rape victims' decisions to seek further help as a remedy for recovering from violent victimizations. These studies showed that the majority of rape victims consulted friends or relatives and that rape victims in fact took this advice for their next action. However, there is a gap in our knowledge about the type and the frequency of advice given to rape victims. In order to add to the existing knowledge, this study examined the factors influencing friends' advice to (1) contact criminal justice professionals, (2) contact …
Carrying Weapons For Protection In The Workplace : Findings From The National Crime Victimization Survey, Workplace Risk Supplement, Matthew David Fetzer
Carrying Weapons For Protection In The Workplace : Findings From The National Crime Victimization Survey, Workplace Risk Supplement, Matthew David Fetzer
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Decisions to carry weapons for protection in the workplace were examined in regard to relationships with collective security, routine work activities, fear and victimization. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey, logistic regression models were estimated on predictors of carrying firearms, knives, and pepper spray by workers in the US labor force. Results indicated that collective security, routine work activities, and prior victimization, and perceptions of risk had significant effects on decisions to carry weapons for protection. Gender-specific models were also estimated in order to determine how these factors differed for men and women. Men and women differed on …
Unstoppable? : A Closer Look At Terrorism Displacement, Henda Yao Hsu
Unstoppable? : A Closer Look At Terrorism Displacement, Henda Yao Hsu
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Since T.A Repetto first introduced crime displacement in 1976, situational crime prevention researchers have long been challenged by the assumption that displacement is an unavoidable consequence of focused crime prevention measures. Despite evidence that criminals do not inevitably shift their offending behavior in response to crime prevention initiatives, recent efforts to extend situational prevention to terrorism have been met with criticisms of displacement. This study examines whether terrorists displace their attacks by changing their methods once the opportunities to carry out acts of terrorism are blocked. To accomplish this, the author examines, through the use of the newly synthesized Global …
The Value Of Human Life : An Individual-Level Determinant Of Violence, Maria Tcherni
The Value Of Human Life : An Individual-Level Determinant Of Violence, Maria Tcherni
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
My contribution to the study of causes of violence in criminology is introducing a theoretical concept of the Value of Life (VL) and developing an empirical solution to measuring it. The value that an individual implicitly assigns to the human life - both his/her own life and other people's lives - is a theoretical concept that synthesizes information about precursors, correlates, and determinates of violence. The VL concept provides a meaningful way to explain some phenomena not commonly associated with violent behavior (for example, reckless behavior with regard to one's health), while also illuminating some puzzling associations consistently found in …
Dynamic Peer Networks : A Longitudinal Study Of Peer Influence On Delinquency During Adolescence, Carter Rees
Dynamic Peer Networks : A Longitudinal Study Of Peer Influence On Delinquency During Adolescence, Carter Rees
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The purpose of this dissertation is to further understand who matters in the adolescent/peer delinquency relationship by exploring different definitions of the term friend and how changes in these friends are related to adolescent delinquency.
Community-Level Crime Control : A Closer Look At The Mediating Variables Of Social Disorganization Theory, David Paul Armstrong
Community-Level Crime Control : A Closer Look At The Mediating Variables Of Social Disorganization Theory, David Paul Armstrong
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The present study focuses on the mediating factors of social disorganization theory. To be more specific, this study combines the insights from the classical social disorganization model, the systemic model of crime, and the more recent work of Sampson and colleagues on collective efficacy and Carr (2003) on the new parochialism to answer some of the lingering questions within the perspective. The three mediating factors examined are social ties, collective efficacy, and organizational activism, a concept derived from Carr's work on the new parochialism. The concept organizational activism refers to using local organizations with access to outside resources to indirectly …
Authoritarian Parenting : A Race Socializing Protective Factor That Deters African American Adolescents From Delinquency And Violence, Frank S. Pezzella
Authoritarian Parenting : A Race Socializing Protective Factor That Deters African American Adolescents From Delinquency And Violence, Frank S. Pezzella
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
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Cognitive Appraisals, Stress And Emotion About Environmental Contamination In The Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, Christina A. Papadopoulos-Lane
Cognitive Appraisals, Stress And Emotion About Environmental Contamination In The Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, Christina A. Papadopoulos-Lane
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This study explored the long term impact of white collar environmental crime, i.e., illegal disposal of toxins by ALCOA and GM foundry, on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory. Specifically this study focused on whether toxic contamination was perceived by Akwesasne residents as a chronic stressor, and how residents appraised and coped with the long term consequences of contamination. Data were collected from retrospective interviews using a non random targeted snow ball method. Lazarus's theory of stress and emotion was used to analyze the responses of 47 residents of Akwesasne about environmental contamination. Respondents who were aware of the contamination appraised it as …
Prosecutorial Decision Making In The Face Of Changing Norms : An Exploratory Study Of Animal Cruelty Prosecution In New York, Andrea Lynne Kordzek
Prosecutorial Decision Making In The Face Of Changing Norms : An Exploratory Study Of Animal Cruelty Prosecution In New York, Andrea Lynne Kordzek
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Societal norms regarding the treatment of animals are evolving. This is reflected in part in nationwide changes in criminal justice policy regarding animal welfare. These changes, however, are not likely embraced by all nor do they necessarily result in changes in the practices of decision-makers in the criminal courts. Prosecutorial decision-making in animal cruelty cases may be especially varied due to evolving norms regarding the treatment of animals and conflicting views on the seriousness of the offense, along with the classification of animal cruelty as a relatively low level offense. Research to date has failed to examine how these cases …