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Full-Text Articles in Sociology

Modelo Ng Pagdadala: Lapit At Gamit (Burden Bearing Model: Approach And Application), John Mark S. Distor, Henmar C. Cardiño Nov 2022

Modelo Ng Pagdadala: Lapit At Gamit (Burden Bearing Model: Approach And Application), John Mark S. Distor, Henmar C. Cardiño

Social Sciences and Development Review

This paper has the objective of exploring the appropriate and right approach and application of the Pagdadala Model of Dr. Edwin T. Decenteceo (1997, 1999) in the field of Filipino Psychology. Using Thematic Analysis, the researcher features highlighted themes from not more than twenty-seven articles based on different experiences, researches, and books. The seven highlighted themes are the following: (1) Application on Clinical Psychology; (2) Approach on Clinical Psychology; (3) Application and Approach on Industrial Psychology; (4) Application and Approach on Educational Psychology; (5) Application and Approach on Community; (6) Application on Psychological First Aid (PFA); and (7) Approach on …


Exploring The Anxiety Level And Emerging Issues Of Wfh Mothers Amidst The Pandemic, Geraldine F. Santos, Aimee Rose Arguelles-Manda, Ma. Jeanette A. De Guzman, Cynthia P. Equiza Nov 2022

Exploring The Anxiety Level And Emerging Issues Of Wfh Mothers Amidst The Pandemic, Geraldine F. Santos, Aimee Rose Arguelles-Manda, Ma. Jeanette A. De Guzman, Cynthia P. Equiza

Social Sciences and Development Review

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, as does the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the response needed to control the spread and impact of the virus (WHO, 2022). The global public health risk was very high in WHO’s most recent global rapid risk assessment, conducted on 07 January 2022. The spread of COVID-19 has thrown work and life into terribly uncertain waters. The lockdowns and work-from-home setups brought the already precarious position–family balance into direct conflict for many working parents, with even more significant impact on mothers. A mixed-method convergent parallel design was utilized to examine the anxiety level …


The Politics Of Pandemic: Covid-Mitigating Response Among 1st Time Mayors From Dynastic And Non-Dynastic Families In The Philippines, Mary Jane Najarila Nov 2022

The Politics Of Pandemic: Covid-Mitigating Response Among 1st Time Mayors From Dynastic And Non-Dynastic Families In The Philippines, Mary Jane Najarila

Social Sciences and Development Review

The study assessed the implementation of different mitigation programs imposed by the Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF) thru their guidelines and the initiatives spearheaded by first-time mayors with dynastic or non dynastic backgrounds during the surge of the pandemic. Similarly, variance analysis was conducted to determine whether there is a significant difference between the total number of COVID-19-positive cases, deaths, and recovery rates in their localities. Secondary data were collected from online news articles, government websites, and through the social media platforms of municipalities/cities, as well as the personal accounts of the mayors themselves. The following conclusions were made: There is …


Experiences Of Suicide Ideation And Attempts Among Filipino Students: Prevalence, Reasons, And Help-Seeking Behavior, Mark Anthony M. Quintos Nov 2022

Experiences Of Suicide Ideation And Attempts Among Filipino Students: Prevalence, Reasons, And Help-Seeking Behavior, Mark Anthony M. Quintos

Social Sciences and Development Review

This study sought to determine the prevalence of suicide ideation and attempts among Filipino undergraduate students before and during the pandemic. It also sought to determine the reasons as well as the help seeking behavior of the aforesaid students and find out if there are significant relationships between their socio-economic characteristics and their suicide-related behaviors. Data were obtained through a survey questionnaire (n=308) and were analyzed through descriptive statistics and Spearman Rho correlational tests. Findings showed that majority of the respondents have thought or made plans about suicide at least once. Meanwhile, 2 out of every 10 respondents coming from …


Transforming From Addicted Video Gamer To Doctoral Candidate: An Autoethnographic Reflection, Xiao Hu Dr., Hongzhi Zhang Dr Nov 2022

Transforming From Addicted Video Gamer To Doctoral Candidate: An Autoethnographic Reflection, Xiao Hu Dr., Hongzhi Zhang Dr

The Qualitative Report

Video game addiction has become a significant concern in many countries with the development of the digital entertainment industry. Researchers have devoted their efforts to understanding the causes of video game addiction and seeking solutions and treatment approaches to help reduce the addictive problem. Similar to the worldwide situation, video game addiction issues are also a major socio-cultural problem in China. Although qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used in video game addiction studies, current research still follows the model of collecting data from objective participants and then analysing it. Contrarily, there is a lack of first-person empirical data …


The Right Pathway To Becoming A Successful Qualitative Researcher: A Book Review Of Char Ullman, Kate Mangelsdorf, And Jair Muñoz’ Graduate Students Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Ethnographic Study, Elih Sutisna Yanto Nov 2022

The Right Pathway To Becoming A Successful Qualitative Researcher: A Book Review Of Char Ullman, Kate Mangelsdorf, And Jair Muñoz’ Graduate Students Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Ethnographic Study, Elih Sutisna Yanto

The Qualitative Report

Graduate Students Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Ethnographic Study is a book written by Char Ullman, Kate Mangelsdorf, and their student, Jair Munoz, of the University of Texas. The book addresses questions such as, "What problems do inexperienced qualitative researchers face?" and “How can an individual become a qualitative researcher?” This book examines the academic and identity processes of disadvantaged students who become qualitative researchers. An in-depth ethnographic study was conducted by the authors to demonstrate how these elements fit into Communities of Practice. As ethnographers and researchers, students engage with and learn from communities, drawing from their prior experiences and …


A New Method To Bridge New Materialism And Emotional Mapping: Spatio-Emotional Experiences In Disaster-Affected Brazilian Favelas, Gemma Sou, Juliana Carvalho, Natalia Cidade, Maria Eugenia Nov 2022

A New Method To Bridge New Materialism And Emotional Mapping: Spatio-Emotional Experiences In Disaster-Affected Brazilian Favelas, Gemma Sou, Juliana Carvalho, Natalia Cidade, Maria Eugenia

The Qualitative Report

Within the field of emotional mapping, and mapping more broadly, nonhuman things are often understood as mere instruments - they have utility but not agency to shape meaning-making. In this paper we experiment with a new method that aims to challenge the dualism between human and non-human things by bridging new materialism and participatory emotional mapping. We experimented with this “new materialist methodology” during a one-day workshop to explore residents’ spatio-emotional experiences in a disaster-affected favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Reflecting on this one-day workshop, we argue that materials with diverse colors, textures, shapes, densities, weights, and smells are …


Working Conditions Of Indonesian Remote Elementary School Teachers: A Qualitative Case Study In Southern Papua, Basilius R. Werang, Donatus Wea, Agustinus Kia Wolomasi Nov 2022

Working Conditions Of Indonesian Remote Elementary School Teachers: A Qualitative Case Study In Southern Papua, Basilius R. Werang, Donatus Wea, Agustinus Kia Wolomasi

The Qualitative Report

The quality of the teaching-learning process is determined not only by the qualifications and competence of teachers, but also by the school conditions in which they work. Teachers are clear about the working conditions that they need for them to be successful with students. A better working condition improves mood and concentration and provides an excellent working approach for teachers. This case study was intended to learn what working conditions teachers note as challenging while teaching in the remote elementary schools of Southern Papua. Seventeen teachers were willing to be interviewed to assist in answering the main inquiry question: “What …


Staying Engaged While Staying Home?: Service-Learning, Writing, And Covid-19, Christopher Iverson Nov 2022

Staying Engaged While Staying Home?: Service-Learning, Writing, And Covid-19, Christopher Iverson

The SUNY Journal of the Scholarship of Engagement: JoSE

As an approach to writing instruction that has traditionally required students to engage in in-person community projects, service-learning has also traditionally involved risks. For example, students engaging in service-learning without proper support often do not approach community partners with the appropriate respect, and when university stakeholders fail to make clear what their side can offer in a partnership, they can leave community partners in the lurch when the semester ends and students finish their community-engaged coursework. These risks can be mitigated through education and reflection for instructors and students alike. The COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing social distancing orders, however, left …


High-Impact Learning Experiences And Post-Graduate Outcomes: Exploring The Influence On Employment, Continuing Education And Salary, Alison Handy Twang Nov 2022

High-Impact Learning Experiences And Post-Graduate Outcomes: Exploring The Influence On Employment, Continuing Education And Salary, Alison Handy Twang

The SUNY Journal of the Scholarship of Engagement: JoSE

With the cost of college on the rise, and students increasingly viewing college as a pathway to a successful career, colleges and universities are under increasing pressure to demonstrate evidence of their effectiveness. High-impact learning experiences, such as internships, study abroad, service-learning, capstones and undergraduate research, have emerged as a promising practice to enhance student development during college; however, few studies have examined the impact of such practices on post-graduate indicators of success. This paper adds to our understanding of the benefits of high-impact learning by examining their influence on student post-graduate employment, continuing education and starting salary. The data …


Technology-Based Obesity Prevention Interventions Among Hispanic Adolescents In The United States: Scoping Review, Erica G Soltero, Callie Lopez, Edith Hernandez, Teresia M O'Connor, Debbe Thompson Nov 2022

Technology-Based Obesity Prevention Interventions Among Hispanic Adolescents In The United States: Scoping Review, Erica G Soltero, Callie Lopez, Edith Hernandez, Teresia M O'Connor, Debbe Thompson

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Background: Given that today's adolescents are digital front-runners, technology-based obesity prevention strategies are age-appropriate for this population. The use of remote and wireless technologies may be suitable for extending the reach and engagement of obesity prevention efforts among high-risk Hispanic youths, as this subgroup is disproportionately affected by barriers that limit participation in traditional, in-person interventions.

Objective: The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the intervention and sample characteristics of technology-based obesity prevention interventions among Hispanic adolescents. We also examined feasibility criteria to assess the acceptability and appropriateness of technology-based strategies among Hispanic youths.

Methods: A comprehensive search …


Gendered Impact Of Caregiving Responsibilities On Tenure Track Faculty Parents’ Professional Lives, Amy C. Moors, Abigail J. Stewart, Janet E. Malley Nov 2022

Gendered Impact Of Caregiving Responsibilities On Tenure Track Faculty Parents’ Professional Lives, Amy C. Moors, Abigail J. Stewart, Janet E. Malley

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Navigating a career while raising a family can be challenging, especially for women in academia. In this study, we examine the ways in which professional life interruptions due to child caregiving (e.g., opportunities not offered, professional travel curtailed) affect pre- and post-tenure faculty members’ career satisfaction and retention. We also examine whether sharing caregiving responsibilities with a partner affected faculty members’ (particularly women’s) career outcomes. In a sample of 753 tenure track faculty parents employed at a large research-intensive university, results showed that as the number of professional life interruptions due to caregiving increased, faculty members experienced less career satisfaction …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald: Kickin' It, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2022

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald: Kickin' It, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

Magazine edition of College Heights Herald, includes Adulting section.

  • Moore, Jake. Here’s to a Mag-nificent Semester
  • Turner, B & Debra Murray. Students, Alumni React to Loss of Folk Studies Graduate Program
  • Crimmins, Michael. Faculty Leaders Concerned with Timothy Caboni’s Lack of Faculty Senate Attendance
  • Trickett-Wile, Arthur. Cop a Pair - Melissa Bailey, Michael Jordan
  • The Suspension of Humanities Programs Shouldn’t Come as a Shock
  • Dock, Emma. Student Guide: Writing a Professional Email
  • Johnson, Nicole. Bang for Your Buck: Party Edition
  • Dock, Emma & Alyssa Butler. A Guide to Flying Alone
  • Moore, Haden. How to Use Dark Humor
  • Preparing for Grad …


E2: Equity And Excellence Framework - A Pathway To Advancing Educational Equity And Excellence, Evan M. Glazer, Adrienne Coleman Nov 2022

E2: Equity And Excellence Framework - A Pathway To Advancing Educational Equity And Excellence, Evan M. Glazer, Adrienne Coleman

Publications & Research

Considering there is a national and global equity focused call to action, the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy engaged in a process to institutionalize and operationalize Equity and Excellence to address educational inequities. This process included creating an educational case for engaging in Equity and Excellence, policy development, capacity building to engage in equity work, an inclusive and comprehensive data collection methodology, data meaning making, as well as an equity and excellence plan and scorecard development. This workshop will provide participants with an understanding of educational equity, share tools to assist educational institutions in drafting data-informed equity and excellence policy/plans, …


Which Patient Experiences Are You Capturing? Investigating Differences In Patient Experience Drivers By Race/Ethnicity And Survey Mode, Meike Eilert, Toni Land, Jonathan Shafer Nov 2022

Which Patient Experiences Are You Capturing? Investigating Differences In Patient Experience Drivers By Race/Ethnicity And Survey Mode, Meike Eilert, Toni Land, Jonathan Shafer

Patient Experience Journal

To address existing disparities in healthcare for underserved populations, healthcare providers and policymakers need to understand how the experiences of these patients differ to take meaningful action. In this study, we examine whether drivers of patient experiences (PX) for underserved populations vary. Using data from the 2018 and 2019 CAHPS Adult PCMH/Adult Primary Care 6 Month (n = 166,349), we examine differences in the importance of PX drivers - effective communication, helpful and courteous staff, timely appointments, and providers’ use of information - across underserved patients. We further examine whether different survey modes compound the observed differences. The findings show …


Covid-19 And Its Economic Implications For Turkish Tour Guides, Mehmet Yavuz Çetinkaya, Zafer Öter Nov 2022

Covid-19 And Its Economic Implications For Turkish Tour Guides, Mehmet Yavuz Çetinkaya, Zafer Öter

International Journal of Tour Guiding and Visitor Attraction Research

The COVID-19 outbreak, which became one of the most stunning pandemics of the modern era, had a truly global effect on the world economy in a short period of time. Almost all countries were negatively impacted by the outbreak, which practically paralysed global life and resulted in negative dynamics, unprecedented conditions, and obstacles. Türkiye was not immune to this, having felt seriously negative consequences during this period. Tourism, nearly coming to a complete interruption for the first time since World War II in the 21st century, happened to be one of the hardest hit industries. The industry of tourism in …


An Overview Of Tour-Guide Training Literature In Türkiye, Nazım Çokişler Nov 2022

An Overview Of Tour-Guide Training Literature In Türkiye, Nazım Çokişler

International Journal of Tour Guiding and Visitor Attraction Research

The discussion of tour-guide training, which started in the 1990s in Türkiye has been taken up in the associated literature more than in any other country. No studies were previously carried out, however, to place the nearly-30-year-prolonged discussions in a historical framework and evaluate them. Yet, understanding the evolution of such training-related discussions has the potential to lead to remarkably useful information for future analyses of the subject. The purpose of the present research is to provide an overall evaluation of the literature about tourguide training in Türkiye. To this end, the literature was reviewed, and the issues addressed as …


Interpretation Performed By Certified Tourist Guides In Lisbon During The Pandemic: A Case Study, Luis Miguel Brito, Cristina Carvalho Nov 2022

Interpretation Performed By Certified Tourist Guides In Lisbon During The Pandemic: A Case Study, Luis Miguel Brito, Cristina Carvalho

International Journal of Tour Guiding and Visitor Attraction Research

Interpretation quality distinguishes tourist guides. According to an investigation carried out by the authors in 2012, tourists who travel with a guide claim that although these professionals play many different, relevant, and complementary roles, interpretation is, without a doubt, the most important asset. In Europe, a traveller can find tourist guides who have a certification issued by international European organisations and who have gone through training in interpretation, together with guides who do not have any training at all and are not certified by any organisation. This paper is only about the former. The idea of conducting this study arose …


Travel Agencies And Tourist Guides Adapting To Crisis: The Portuguese Case, Ilídia C. G. Carvalho Nov 2022

Travel Agencies And Tourist Guides Adapting To Crisis: The Portuguese Case, Ilídia C. G. Carvalho

International Journal of Tour Guiding and Visitor Attraction Research

Tourism is constantly changing and new paradigms arise. Most recently, travel agencies and tourist guides have been facing difficulties and have had to quickly adapt themselves to be able to keep a position in the tourism market. COVID-19 brought major changes to travel and experience in destinations and it certainly increased the use of technology, which has totally changed communication systems and relationships in tourism. For this paper, interviews with Portuguese travel agents and tourist guides were carried out and were later analysed allowing the author to gain insights into the current situation regarding these two stakeholders, which were previously …


Smart City Tours As An Innovative Way To (Re)Discover Urban Environments In An Italian Context, Miriam L. Weiß Nov 2022

Smart City Tours As An Innovative Way To (Re)Discover Urban Environments In An Italian Context, Miriam L. Weiß

International Journal of Tour Guiding and Visitor Attraction Research

This article explores the foundations upon which to build innovation and further professionalise the tour guiding sector in an Italian context. It is based on a cooperation initiative started in March 2020 just at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic which proposes smart city tours as innovative, sustainable, and creative ways to (re)discover urban environments with the expected impact to make tour participants think, influence post-tour behaviour towards sustainability, and to provide a differentiated view of a visited place. The study is designed as a formative evaluation prior to introducing measures that allow further exploitation of the potential for smart …


The Resilience Of Proximity Tourism During The Pandemic: Local Walking Tours Of Budapest, János Klaniczay Nov 2022

The Resilience Of Proximity Tourism During The Pandemic: Local Walking Tours Of Budapest, János Klaniczay

International Journal of Tour Guiding and Visitor Attraction Research

Global tourism was hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic, but an exception can be seen among walking tour companies providing tours for locals in Budapest, who saw a rise in demand for their tours during the summer and early autumn of 2020. During pre-pandemic times tourism levels broke records annually, and one of the main concerns was overtourism in certain cities, but due to COVID-19, international arrivals hit record-lows and millions of jobs became endangered. Meanwhile data show that local alternative walking tours in Budapest could operate sustainably during the pandemic at almost the same capacity as before, because local …


Tour Guides And Access To Trails: Problems In The Baħrija Area Of Malta, David Pace Nov 2022

Tour Guides And Access To Trails: Problems In The Baħrija Area Of Malta, David Pace

International Journal of Tour Guiding and Visitor Attraction Research

The Maltese islands barely cover an area of 300 square kilometres and yet, they enjoy a varied landscape characterised by cliffs, ridges, hills and valleys. There are over a hundred valleys on the main island of Malta and many provide important waterways during the rainy season and present some of the most beautiful and varied scenery. The most accessible include the Qlejgħa valley and White Poplar Valley (Wied il-Luq). Both are frequented by thousands of visitors, particularly during the weekends and are also quite popular with tourists during the winter months. Malta’s high population density, the influx of millions of …


Ijtgr Volume 3 Table Of Contents, Kevin A. Griffin, Luis Miguel Brito, Glen Farrugia Nov 2022

Ijtgr Volume 3 Table Of Contents, Kevin A. Griffin, Luis Miguel Brito, Glen Farrugia

International Journal of Tour Guiding and Visitor Attraction Research

No abstract provided.


Counting Tents: Pedagogical Reflections On Faculty–Student Collaboration In A Real-World Project On Homelessness, Karen A. Snedker, Andria Fredriks, Emily Nye Nov 2022

Counting Tents: Pedagogical Reflections On Faculty–Student Collaboration In A Real-World Project On Homelessness, Karen A. Snedker, Andria Fredriks, Emily Nye

Sociology Faculty Articles and Research

This teaching note describes the design and implementation of an undergraduate research team project to conduct a tent census. Previous studies highlight the importance of real-world research as a part of sociology curriculum. Tents, as a visible sign of homelessness, represent one such contemporary social problem. Our undergraduate research team documented and geolocated tents in the city of Seattle between 2019 and 2020. This project integrated elements of active learning, collaborative learning, and problem-based learning. The strengths of our student research team were experiential learning, greater awareness and engagement in homelessness, and development of research and problem-solving skills. We offer …


Arts Course-Taking And Math Achievement In Us High Schools With Daniel Mackin Freeman, Daniel Mackin Freeman Nov 2022

Arts Course-Taking And Math Achievement In Us High Schools With Daniel Mackin Freeman, Daniel Mackin Freeman

PDXPLORES Podcast

In this episode of PDXPLORES, Daniel Mackin Freeman, a Ph. D. candidate in the sociology department at Portland State University, discusses the results of a study that asked if fine arts coursework is positively correlated to mathematics achievement in high schools at low, middle, and high socio-economic levels. Freeman and PSU sociology professor, Dara Shifrer recently publish the results of their study, "Arts for Whose Sake? Arts Course-taking and Math Achievement in US High Schools," online in Sociological Perspectives.

Click on the "Download" button to access the audio transcript.


Myths, Misconceptions, And Misrepresentations: An Examination Of Erroneous Human Trafficking Beliefs, Sarah M. Vanorder Nov 2022

Myths, Misconceptions, And Misrepresentations: An Examination Of Erroneous Human Trafficking Beliefs, Sarah M. Vanorder

Honors College Theses

Human trafficking is a crime that effects people all over the globe and an estimated 24.9 million people are currently being exploited through some form of human trafficking. Despite its prevalence, there are a variety of myths regarding human trafficking that are commonly believed by the public. The proliferation of these myths can have damaging effects and ultimately prevent survivors from receiving the help they need. The aim of this study is to discover factors that lead to the belief of these myths about human trafficking. To uncover these factors, a survey was administered in October 2020 and completed by …


Microaggression Among Registered Nurses: An Exploratory Study, Saige Addison Nov 2022

Microaggression Among Registered Nurses: An Exploratory Study, Saige Addison

The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research

No abstract provided.


Exploring The Impact Of The Habitat For Humanity Home-Building Process On Partner Families' Holistic Well-Being, Hawkley Pusey, Nikhil Mathur, Kathryn Figliomeni, Nanditha Srinivasan, Keely R. Dehn, Jason A. Ware Nov 2022

Exploring The Impact Of The Habitat For Humanity Home-Building Process On Partner Families' Holistic Well-Being, Hawkley Pusey, Nikhil Mathur, Kathryn Figliomeni, Nanditha Srinivasan, Keely R. Dehn, Jason A. Ware

Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how participating in the Habitat for Humanity house-building process influenced participants’ purpose well-being, social well-being, community well-being, physical and mental well-being, and financial well-being, and how effective Habitat for Humanity is in aiding neighborhood revitalization within the Greater Lafayette area. The research project resulted in a presentation of quantitative data and a testimonial video that highlighted the stories of families that had worked with Habitat for Humanity. Quantitative data was gathered through a survey that addressed respondents’ levels of satisfaction within the various categories of well-being mentioned above. Testimonial information was gathered …


Uniting For Important Paws: The Independent Cat Society And S.H.I.N.E., Kayla Vasilko Nov 2022

Uniting For Important Paws: The Independent Cat Society And S.H.I.N.E., Kayla Vasilko

Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement

Homeless pets outnumber homeless people 5 to 1; only 1 in 10 animals in animal shelters are spayed or neutered; thus, organizations like the Independent Cat Society (ICS), a non-profit, cage-less, no kill cat shelter are vital community resources (Gaille, 2017). At the ICS, every cat admitted is spayed or neutered and updated on any needed medical treatment; feline overpopulation is addressed through trap, neuter, release (TNR), and additional programs to educate the public on responsible animal care practices (“About the ICS,” 2019). Through volunteerism and two Purdue Service-Learning grants, the Purdue University Northwest student organization S.H.I.N.E (students helping ignite …


Approaches Mainline Protestant Pastors Use To Work With Lgb People And Their Families: Implications For Family Therapists, Christi R. Mcgeorge, Katelyn O. Coburn Nov 2022

Approaches Mainline Protestant Pastors Use To Work With Lgb People And Their Families: Implications For Family Therapists, Christi R. Mcgeorge, Katelyn O. Coburn

Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies: Faculty Publications

When a loved one comes out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB), families often seek the assistance of a trusted professional. For many families that involves seeking the consultation of a religious leader. This queer theory informed qualitative study sought to explore how Christian pastors work with LGB individuals and their families. Additionally, this study explored how pastors’ approaches to working with LGB individuals and their families varied based on the degree to which families were accepting or rejecting of their LGB family members. Twenty-one mainline Protestant Christian pastors were interviewed. Thematic analysis identified three themes and a number of …