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Articles 691 - 720 of 765

Full-Text Articles in Sociology

Runaway/Thrownaway Children: National Estimates And Characteristics., Heather Hammer, David Finkelhor, Andrea J. Sedlack Oct 2002

Runaway/Thrownaway Children: National Estimates And Characteristics., Heather Hammer, David Finkelhor, Andrea J. Sedlack

Crimes Against Children Research Center

Presents national estimates of children who ran away from or were thrown out of their homes, based on surveys of households and juvenile facilities. The Bulletin, which is part of a series summarizing findings from the Second National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children (NISMART–2), also analyzes characteristics of runaway/thrownaway children and episodes. Of the estimated 1,682,900 youth with a runaway/thrownaway episode during the study period, 37 percent were missing from their caretakers, and 21 percent were reported to authorities for help in locating them. Two-thirds of youth with a runaway/thrownaway episode were ages 15–17, and 71 …

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Children Abducted By Family Members: National Estimates And Characteristics., Heather Hammer, David Finkelhor, Andrea J. Sedlack Oct 2002

Children Abducted By Family Members: National Estimates And Characteristics., Heather Hammer, David Finkelhor, Andrea J. Sedlack

Crimes Against Children Research Center

Presents national estimates of children abducted by family members in 1999, their demographic characteristics, and the characteristics of perpetrators and episodes. The Bulletin is part of a series summarizing findings from the second National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children (NISMART-2). Of the estimated 203,900 children who experienced a family abduction, 117,200 were classified as caretaker missing and 56,500 were reported as missing to law enforcement or other agencies. Younger children were at greatest risk of being abducted by a family member. Use of threats or physical force was uncommon. The Bulletin also discusses policy implications of …

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Arctic–Champ: A Program To Study Arctic Hydrology And Its Role In Global Change, Charles J. Vorosmarty, Larry Hinzman, Bruce Peterson, David Bromwhich, Lawrence C. Hamilton, James Morison, Vladimir Romanovsky, Matthew Sturm, Robert Webb May 2002

Arctic–Champ: A Program To Study Arctic Hydrology And Its Role In Global Change, Charles J. Vorosmarty, Larry Hinzman, Bruce Peterson, David Bromwhich, Lawrence C. Hamilton, James Morison, Vladimir Romanovsky, Matthew Sturm, Robert Webb

Sociology

The Arctic constitutes a unique and important environment that is central to the dynamics and evolution of the Earth system. The Arctic water cycle, which controls countless physical, chemical, and biotic processes, is also unique and important. These processes, in turn, regulate the climate, habitat, and natural resources that are of great importance to both native and industrial societies. Comprehensive understanding of water cycling across the Arctic and its linkage to global biogeophysical dynamics is a scientific as well as strategic policy imperative.

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The Changing Face Of Chicago: Demographic Trends In The 1990s, Kenneth M. Johnson Apr 2002

The Changing Face Of Chicago: Demographic Trends In The 1990s, Kenneth M. Johnson

Sociology

The population of the Chicago metropolitan area grew by 869,000 (11.6%) between 1990 and 2000, the largest decade of growth in 30 years. The gain of 112,000 in the City of Chicago was the first in more than 50 years. Overall, gains were greatest in the outer suburbs and smallest in the city. Much of this growth was fueled by immigration and natural increase, with Hispanics contributing disproportionately to both.

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Nonmetro Recreation Counties: Their Identification And Rapid Growth, Kenneth M. Johnson, Calvin L. Beale Jan 2002

Nonmetro Recreation Counties: Their Identification And Rapid Growth, Kenneth M. Johnson, Calvin L. Beale

Sociology

More than 80 percent of the Nation’s 285 million people now reside in metropolitan areas. Many in this vast city and suburban population are attracted to the recreational opportunities and attractions of rural areas, such as beautiful scenery, lakes, mountains, forests, and resorts. For rural communities struggling to offset job losses from farming, mining, and manufacturing, capitalizing on the recreational appeal of an area fosters economic development, attracts new residents, and retains existing population. This article outlines a method to identify nonmetro counties with high recreation development. It then examines the linkage between such development and population change, and considers …

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A Vote Cast; A Vote Counted: Quantifying Voting Rights Through Proportional Representation In Congressional Elections, Michael Mccann Jan 2002

A Vote Cast; A Vote Counted: Quantifying Voting Rights Through Proportional Representation In Congressional Elections, Michael Mccann

Law Faculty Scholarship

The current winner-take-all or first-past-the-post system of voting promotes an inefficient market where votes are often wasted. In this system, representatives are selected from a single district in which the candidate with the plurality of votes gains victory. Candidates who appear non-generic can rarely, if ever, expect to receive the most votes in this system. This phenomenon is especially apparent when African-Americans and other minority groups seek elected office. In part because white voters constitute at least a plurality of voters in every state except Hawaii, minorities in the forty-nine other states have had historically little success in gaining election …

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Spankers And Nonspankers: Where They Get Information On Spanking, Wendy A. Walsh Jan 2002

Spankers And Nonspankers: Where They Get Information On Spanking, Wendy A. Walsh

Sociology

Because spanking is common, puts children at risk for harmful side effects, and is ineffective as a positive behavior management tool, it is important to identify the kind of advice families receive about the appropriateness of spanking. Using the health belief model, I examined spankers and nonspankers on the spanking messages they received from eight sources of discipline information and how important they perceived these messages to be. Data from telephone interviews with 998 mothers with children aged 2 to 14 years showed that 33% of mothers rated advice from workshops, pediatricians, newspapers and magazines, and books as ‘‘very important.’’ …

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Offenders Incarcerated For Crimes Against Juveniles., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod Dec 2001

Offenders Incarcerated For Crimes Against Juveniles., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod

Crimes Against Children Research Center

This study uses data from the 1997 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities to examine the characteristics of persons incarcerated for victimizing children and youth. This OJJDP Bulletin, part of the Crimes Against Children series, presents a wide range of information pertaining to victimizers of children, including offense characteristics, offender histories, overall trends, and the severity of sentences received by such criminals. Significant differences between offenders incarcerated for crimes against juveniles and offenders imprisoned for crimes against adults are highlighted. Figures and tables illustrate the Survey's major findings.

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Homicides Of Children And Youth., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod Oct 2001

Homicides Of Children And Youth., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod

Crimes Against Children Research Center

Provides a statistical portrait of juvenile homicide victimization by drawing on FBI and other data. As part of OJJDP's Crimes Against Children Series, the Bulletin offers detailed information about overall crime patterns and victim age groups. Specific types of juvenile homicide, including maltreatment homicides, abduction homicides, and school homicides, are discussed in further detail. The Bulletin also explores initiatives designed to prevent homicides of children and youth.

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Gender Differences In Risk Perception: Broadening The Contexts, Jan L. Hitchcock Sep 2001

Gender Differences In Risk Perception: Broadening The Contexts, Jan L. Hitchcock

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

The author surveys literature on the effect of gender on risk perception.

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Review Of: Preventing And Controlling Cancer In North America: A Cross- Cultural Perspective (Diane Weiner, Ed.), Hunter Yancey Sep 2001

Review Of: Preventing And Controlling Cancer In North America: A Cross- Cultural Perspective (Diane Weiner, Ed.), Hunter Yancey

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

Review of the book: Preventing and Controlling Cancer in North America: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (Diane Weiner, ed., Praeger Publishers 1999). Illustrations, Introduction, Concluding Remarks, Bibliography, Index, About the Contributors. ISBN 0-275-96180-X [245 pp. $72.50 Hardbound, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881.]

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Judging The Risk Of Becoming Infected Through Sexual Encounters, Simeone Arnaud, Daniele Hermand, Etienne Mullet Sep 2001

Judging The Risk Of Becoming Infected Through Sexual Encounters, Simeone Arnaud, Daniele Hermand, Etienne Mullet

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

The authors examine the manner in which people integrate pieces of information to assess the risk of becoming infected through sexual encounters.

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Review Of: Risk In The Modern Age: Social Theory, Science And Environmental Decision Making (Maurie J. Cohen, Ed.), Amy Cutler Sep 2001

Review Of: Risk In The Modern Age: Social Theory, Science And Environmental Decision Making (Maurie J. Cohen, Ed.), Amy Cutler

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

Review of the book: Risk in the Modern Age: Social Theory, Science and Environmental Decision Making (Maurie J. Cohen, ed., St. Martin's Press 2000). List of Figures and Tables, List of Contributors, Preface, Index. ISBN 0-312-22216-5 [264 pp. $65.00. Hardbound, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010].

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Review Of: Pierre Clastres, Chronicle Of The Guayaki Indians (Paul Auster, Translator), Sophie Sparrow Sep 2001

Review Of: Pierre Clastres, Chronicle Of The Guayaki Indians (Paul Auster, Translator), Sophie Sparrow

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

Review of the book: Pierre Clastres, Chronicle of the Guayaki Indians (Paul Auster, trans., Zone Books 2001). Translator's Note and Forward. ISBN 0-942299-78-7 [352 pp. $15.00. Paperback, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1493].

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Public Perceptions Of Genetically Engineered Foods: Playing God Or Trusting Science, Michael D. Mehta Sep 2001

Public Perceptions Of Genetically Engineered Foods: Playing God Or Trusting Science, Michael D. Mehta

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

The author considers whether levels of religiosity or scientism affect public perceptions of genetically engineered foods.

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Crimes Against Children By Babysitters., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod Sep 2001

Crimes Against Children By Babysitters., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod

Crimes Against Children Research Center

Presents information on the frequency and nature of crimes committed against children by babysitters. As part of OJJDP's Crimes Against Children Series, the Bulletin draws on the FBI's National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to examine victim and offender characteristics, including gender, age, type of injury, and victim-offender relationship. The Bulletin also presents an overview of how NIBRS works to collect a wide range of criminal information for a variety of offenses. The Bulletin concludes by examining the implications of NIBRS data, particularly in regard to the severity of threat posed to children by babysitters.

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Anatomy Of A Community-Level Fiscal Impact Model: Fit-4-Nh., Tracey L. Farrigan, John M. Halstead, Martin L. Shields, Douglas E. Morris, Edmund F. Jansen Jr Jul 2001

Anatomy Of A Community-Level Fiscal Impact Model: Fit-4-Nh., Tracey L. Farrigan, John M. Halstead, Martin L. Shields, Douglas E. Morris, Edmund F. Jansen Jr

Natural Resources & the Environment

Abstract: This paper describes the development of a fiscal impact tool for New Hampshire communities (HT -4-NH). FIT -4-NH belongs to a family of computergenerated fiscal impact assessment models designed to estimate the impacts to local government revenues and expenditures that result from economic changes. In the past, work in this area has centered on the completion of countylevel models for the midwestern states. FIT-4-NH is unique in that it was designed for rural community-level use in the northern New England region of the country.

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Child Abuse Reported To The Police., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod May 2001

Child Abuse Reported To The Police., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod

Crimes Against Children Research Center

Child abuse is commonly regarded as a child welfare problem, and a considerable amount of information has been amassed from this perspective. When a child is assaulted, however, it is not only a child welfare problem, it is a crime, and yet there is a lack of law enforcement data available for researchers to analyze. Use of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), which collects detailed data about crime and its victims, should help fill this gap. This Bulletin describes NIBRS and its role in depicting police experience with child abuse and reports key findings derived from NIBRS data. Analysis …

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America's Anti-Violence Campaign: The Use Of Mediation To Reduce The Incidence Of Workplace Violence, Karyn A. Doi Mar 2001

America's Anti-Violence Campaign: The Use Of Mediation To Reduce The Incidence Of Workplace Violence, Karyn A. Doi

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

The author recommends that companies incorporate a mediation program into their anti-violence plans.

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Highlights Of The Youth Internet Safety Survey., David Finkelhor, Kimberly J. Mitchell, Janis Wolak Mar 2001

Highlights Of The Youth Internet Safety Survey., David Finkelhor, Kimberly J. Mitchell, Janis Wolak

Crimes Against Children Research Center

This fact sheet reports on the findings of the Youth Internet Safety Survey, which collected information about incidents of possible online victimization of youth.

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Choosing And Using Child Victimization Questionnaires., Sherry L. Hamby, David Finkelhor Mar 2001

Choosing And Using Child Victimization Questionnaires., Sherry L. Hamby, David Finkelhor

Crimes Against Children Research Center

Youth service professionals are increasingly expected to monitor local child victimization trends and evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and treatment programs. The use of questionnaires to measure victimization can elicit considerable data, but which questionnaires are best suited to address which needs? This Bulletin notes several benefits deriving from the use of standardized questionnaires. Specific guidelines are provided to help the reader determine the type of victimization to be measured, how the questionnaire should be administered, whether the results need to correspond to crime and child protection categories, what period of time is being measured, what the children’s ages are, …

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Review Of: Health And Disease In Human History (Robert I. Rotberg Ed.), Terry Cromwell Mar 2001

Review Of: Health And Disease In Human History (Robert I. Rotberg Ed.), Terry Cromwell

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

Review of the book: Health and Disease in Human History: A Journal of Interdisciplinary History Reader (Robert I. Rotberg ed., MIT Press 2000). ISBN 0- 262-18207-6 [345 pp. $25.00 Paper, 5 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02142].

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Outport Adaptations: Social Indicators Through Newfoundland's Cod Crisis, Lawrence C. Hamilton, Melissa J. Butler Jan 2001

Outport Adaptations: Social Indicators Through Newfoundland's Cod Crisis, Lawrence C. Hamilton, Melissa J. Butler

Sociology

The 1992 moratorium on fishing for Northern Cod marked a symbolic end to the way of life that had sustained Newfoundland's out ports for hundreds of years. It also marked the completion of an ecological regime shift, from an ocean ecosystem dominated by cod and other predatory ground fish, to one in which such fish are comparatively scarce, and lower-trophic-level invertebrates more common. We examine patterns of change seen in large-scale social indicators, which reflect the smaller-scale adaptations of individuals and communities during this ecological shift. Trends in population, migration, age, unemployment and dependency suggest declining conditions in rural Newfoundland …

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The Development Of Fisheries In Greenland, With Focus On Paamiut/Frederikshåb And Sisimiut/Holsteinsborg, Rasmus Ole Rasmussen, Lawrence C. Hamilton Jan 2001

The Development Of Fisheries In Greenland, With Focus On Paamiut/Frederikshåb And Sisimiut/Holsteinsborg, Rasmus Ole Rasmussen, Lawrence C. Hamilton

Sociology

Situated along a mountainous coastline between cold seas and continental ice, Greenland’s human populations face severe environmental constraints. Both individual and cultural survival have always depended upon flexible use of the available resources and, when these fail, relocation. The 20th century saw great transitions, notably from Danish colonial to Greenlandic Home Rule government; an almost fivefold increase in population (from 12,000 to 56,000); and from a seal-hunting subsistence economy to commercial fisheries in a new global marketplace. But throughout these transitions, the economy remained tied to renewable resources, and therefore could not transcend the underlying environmental constraints. Greenland’s 20th century …

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The Decline In Child Sexual Abuse Cases., Lisa M. Jones, David Finkelhor Jan 2001

The Decline In Child Sexual Abuse Cases., Lisa M. Jones, David Finkelhor

Crimes Against Children Research Center

Of all crimes against children, sexual abuse has arguably captured the greatest share of attention from child advocates, professionals, policymakers, and the general public. During the 1980’s, increasing numbers of victims were identified each year (American Association for the Protection of Children, 1988) and concerns about this crime intensified. However, a dramatic shift in child sexual abuse trends has occurred. Data from child protective services (CPS) agencies across the country indicate that the increases of the 1980’s were followed by an extensive period of marked declines in the 1990’s. Unfortunately, little effort has been expended to uncover the reasons why …

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Juvenile Victims Of Property Crimes., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod Dec 2000

Juvenile Victims Of Property Crimes., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod

Crimes Against Children Research Center

Property crime is the most frequent kind of criminal victimization and one with important economic and psychological consequences, although it has not received the same public attention as violent crime in recent years. Property crime victimization rates are much higher for juveniles than for adults, but very little attention has been paid to property crimes against juveniles or the particular features that characterize these crimes. This Bulletin tries to fill this gap by examining the characteristics of property crimes against juveniles. It uses crime information from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) for 1996–97 and the National Incident-Based Reporting System …

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Social Change, Ecology And Climate In 20th-Century Greenland, Lawrence C. Hamilton, Per Lyster, Oddmund Otterstad Oct 2000

Social Change, Ecology And Climate In 20th-Century Greenland, Lawrence C. Hamilton, Per Lyster, Oddmund Otterstad

Sociology

Two great transitions, from seal hunting to cod fishing, then from cod fishing to shrimp, affected population centers of southwest Greenland during the20th century. These economic transitions reflected large-scale shifts in the underlying marine ecosystems, driven by interactions between climate and human resource use. The combination of climatic variation and fishing pressure, for example, proved fatal to west Greenland's cod fishery. We examine the history of these transitions, using data down to the level of individual municipalities. At this level,the uneven social consequences of environmental change show clearly: some places gained, while others lost. Developments in 20th-century Greenland resemble patterns …

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Kidnaping Of Juveniles: Patterns From Nibrs., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod Jun 2000

Kidnaping Of Juveniles: Patterns From Nibrs., David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod

Crimes Against Children Research Center

The kidnaping of children has generated a great deal of public concern, not to mention confusion and controversy. These crimes, from the kidnaping of the Lindbergh baby to the abduction and murder of Adam Walsh, have been some of the most notorious and highly publicized news stories of recent history, occupying a central place in the fears and anxieties of parents. Yet, an ongoing debate has raged over how frequently such crimes occur, which children are most at risk, and who the primary offenders are.

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Characteristics Of Crimes Against Juveniles, David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod Jun 2000

Characteristics Of Crimes Against Juveniles, David Finkelhor, Richard Ormrod

Crimes Against Children Research Center

Until recently, it has been difficult to obtain a national statistical picture of juvenile crime victimization. The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system, which has served as the Nation’s primary source of information about crime since 1929, has never collected information or reported crimes by age of victim, with the exception of homicides. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the victim self-report survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics for the past 20 years, has collected data only on crimes occurring to persons 12 …

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Perceived Control, Voluntariness And Emotional Reactions In Relocated Areas Of Russia, Ukraine And Belarus, Carol Jeniffer Figueiredo, Britt-Marie Drottz-Sjöberg Jun 2000

Perceived Control, Voluntariness And Emotional Reactions In Relocated Areas Of Russia, Ukraine And Belarus, Carol Jeniffer Figueiredo, Britt-Marie Drottz-Sjöberg

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

[Excerpt] "The Chernobyl accident occurred at a time of considerable social and economic changes in the former Soviet Union. The contamination due to the accident still covers parts of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Some areas were considered too contaminated to suit long-term human settlement and a considerable number of people were therefore moved from their homes and resettled in other areas. Resettlement policies often differed between the states. Some variations in state policy included the duration before implementation of the decision to resettle people from certain areas, the swiftness of the transition, and the acceptance of personal initiatives in the …

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