Science and Technology Policy Commons^™

Public Acceptance Of Medical Screening Recommendations, Safety Risks, And Implied Liabilities Requirements For Space Flight Participation, Cory J. Trunkhill

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

The space tourism industry is preparing to send space flight participants on orbital and suborbital flights. Space flight participants are not professional astronauts and are not subject to the rules and guidelines covering space flight crewmembers. This research addresses public acceptance of current Federal Aviation Administration guidance and regulations as designated for civil participation in human space flight.

The research utilized an ordinal linear regression analysis of survey data to explore the public acceptance of the current medical screening recommended guidance and the regulations for safety risk and implied liability for space flight participation. Independent variables constituted participant demographic representations …

Research Of S&T And Financing Integration Development From Innovation Chain Perspective, Yingming Li, Qian Li, Ying Wang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

S&T and financing integration contributes to improve innovation efficiency and expand profit margin of financial capital. With the shortening transformation period from basic research into practical productive force, this integration extends to the front of the innovation chain. Dominant position in foundation innovation is becoming the focus of major country competition. From the perspective of innovation chain, this study puts forwards a logical framework of S&T and financing integration. For different innovation stages, the study analyzes the technology innovation goals, industrial development characteristics, and the rules of capital operation. Based on the co-evolution processes of S&T and financing, suggestions of …

Constructing Supportive Institutional System To Attract Social Investments To Fund Scientific Research, Ying Wang, Jialing Lyu, Yingming Li, Wei Xue

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Innovation always originates from scientific research (basic research and applied research). Investing in scientific research can create new products and new industries, and bring continuous and huge profit. It appeals to a wide range of social investment from market to fund scientific research in recent years. Such economical return, however, is often thwarted by the high risk and uncertainty of scientific research. The main obstacle to the social investments funding scientific research is analyzed in this paper and then some examples are presented as well. It illustrates that it is crucial for public policy to shorten the gap between the …

Deepen Combination Of Science, Technology And Finance To Empower Enterprises To Carry Out High-Quality Innovation, Wei Xue, Beibei Hu, Shijie Wei

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

China has been promoting the combination of science, technology and finance for more than 40 years. A sci-tech finance system covering different links of enterprise technological innovations has been built. However, considering the new situation in the new era of highquality development in China, sci-tech finance is facing major challenges and growing problems, and urgently needs to be further upgraded and developed. This study puts forward four suggestions. First, it suggests improving the financial system based on the law of innovation, so as to build a sci-tech finance system with differentiated positioning and integrated links. Second, it recommends innovating the …

Intellectual Property Strategies In Promoting Integration Of Sci-Tech And Financing, Haibo Liu, Pengfei Wang, Yafeng Zhang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Intellectual property (IP) is a key in strengthening the integration of sci-tech and financing for the aim of innovation-driven development. Sci-tech activities are a type of investment in nature. Innovative entities can attract investment with high-quality IP, and investors can profit from innovation by investing in IP. This study analyzes the investment nature of sci-tech activities from two periods of research & development and transformation of sci-tech achievements, and analyzes the role of IP in the two periods. Based on practical foundations, the main considerations are put forward from the aspects of national needs, industry characteristics, endowment difference, and target …

Subject Selection Mechanism Of Major Science And Technology Programs From Perspective Of High-Level Self-Reliance In Science And Technology, Baoyu Jia, Ming Yang, Yan Ying

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The "selection of subject" of science and technology programs is the start of scientific research, and the quality of the selected subjects determines the quality of innovation to a large extent. Major national science and technology programs, as the core carriers of science and technology innovation activities, bear the mission of national science and technology innovation. Optimizing the organizational management of major science and technology programs is a major task for deepening the reform of the science and technology system in the new era. This study, from the perspective of realizing high-level self-reliance in science and technology, expounds the composition …

Building An Innovative Nation In China Calls For Strengthening Of Basic Research In China’S Enterprises: Findings From Innovation Mapping Of Enterprises In Major Global Economies, Min Li, Xian-En Zhang, Yun Liu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

It is known that the innovation capacity of enterprises is an important indication for an innovation economy and basic research is the source of science and technology innovation. Basic research is of course mainly carried out by universities and public research institutions, so what role should China's enterprises play in basic research has been a long-running debate. Here in this article, we first discussed the connotation of basic research and clarified the importance of applied basic research to enterprises. We then compared the innovation performance of enterprises in world's major economies in terms of their R&D investment, scientific output including …

Ethics And Governance Of General Models: Challenges And Countermeasures, Yan Teng, Guoyu Wang, Yingchun Wang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

In recent years, the general model is one of the most important development trends of artificial intelligence. With the rapidly increasing research and deployment of general models, the social and ethical effects of general models have received extensive attention. Grounded in the characteristics of general models, this article analyzes the potential ethical challenges of the models at three levels:algorithm, data, and computing power. The detailed challenges include uncertainty, truthfulness, reliability, bias, toxicity, fairness, privacy, and environmental issues. Also, through the lens of philosophy of technology, it elaborates the important reasons for the ethical challenges:the "mirroring" effect and transparency problem caused …

How To Attract, Recruit And Retain Talents?—Experience And Inspiration From National Research Institutes Worldwide, Tianyu Li, Ke Wen, Haigang Huang, Dingyi You

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Using the competitive advantages of major scientific plans and strategic innovation platforms to attract, recruit and motivate a large number of high-level scientific and technological talents is the basic experience of the world talent center and innovation highland construction. The research takes the national scientific research institutions of the United States, Germany, France, and Japan as examples, and focuses on analyzing their role in the accumulation, circulation, and motivation of global talents. The research suggests that China's national scientific research institutions should increase the ability to attract and gather international talents, optimize the talent structure that balances stability and mobility, …

International Strategy Of Man And The Biosphere Programme Of Germany And Its Implications To China, Yijie Xian, Yan Zhuang, Qunli Han, Ding Wang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Since mid-1990s, Germany has developed the UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) together with its biosphere reserves into a pathway of enhancing the nation's role in global governance. Measures took by Germany include:clarifying the national position in the globalization of German MAB, including putting more emphasis on partnership development, highlighting the effectiveness of development assistance, and ensuring the clearance and feasibility of action plan; collecting resources from foreign affairs, finance, intellectual, technology, etc., by multi-federal sector collaborative mechanism, to support the development of biosphere reserves of other countries; thinking globally and taking priority over Africa region. The example indicated …

Policy Overview (July—August, 2022)

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

No abstract provided.

Science And Engineering State Indicators: Mountain West States, Olivia K. Cheche, Kristian Thymianos, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr.

Higher Education

This fact sheet examines the Science & Engineering State Indicators database from the National Science Foundation (NSF) for the Mountain West states of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.

Minimizing Surface Run-Off, Improving Underground Water Recharging, And On-Site Rain Harvesting In The Kathmandu Valley, Ambika P. Adhikari, Keshav Bhattarai

Himalayan Research Papers Archive

Nepal's political institutions and administrative units were thoroughly restructured in 2015 with the promulgation of the new Constitution. Several rural areas were combined to meet the definition of urban threshold criteria to classify rural areas into urban categories. Accordingly, over 3,900 local political and administrative units were amalgamated into 753 units, of which, 293 units are classified as urban. Within these newly defined urban areas, many natural environments have been converted into impervious surfaces such as paved roads, sidewalks, and building roofs. These impervious surfaces have drastically increased the amount of surface run-offs-often termed as "urban floods"--under increasing precipitation caused …

White House Office Of Science And Technology (Ostp) Updated Its U.S. Public Access Policy Guidance (August 25, 2022)

Copyright, Fair Use, Scholarly Communication, etc.

White House Office of Science and Technology (OSTP) updated its U.S. public access policy guidance (August 25, 2022)

Review On 11 Years Of Implementation Of Strategic Priority Program (Spp) On Space Science And Its Prospect, Ji Wu, Chi Wang, Quanlin Fan

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The Strategic Priority Program (SPP) on space science is a series scientific satellites program implemented by Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) since 2011. Since then, it has become the only and systematic space science satellite series of China. The article reviews the major scientific outcomes and technological breakthroughs in its first phase (2011-2016), the ongoing mission developments of its second phase (2017-2024), and the selected mission proposals for future space science program up to 2030. In 2016, President Xi has addressed:"to promote full developments of space science, space technology and space application," where he put space science in the first …

Thoughts On Space Science Development, Yidong Gu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Space science is a large-scale activity by using space vehicles to explore the universe and natural laws and carry out special experiments, which has made great contributions to the development of contemporary science. This paper outlines the major breakthroughs in international space science, analyzes the context and new trends of space science and manned exploration activities, reviews the development achievements of space science in China in the past 20 years, puts forward existing problems and gaps, and emphasizes the strategic position of space science and its importance to China's science and technology, aerospace and the national long-term development. It is …

Prospects Of Global Space Science Breakthroughs And China’S Contributions, Chi Wang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Space science is a frontier interdisciplinary subject that probes the macroscopic and microscopic worlds with spacecraft as a platform. Since the 1960s, many Nobel Prize-level discoveries and original achievements have been spawned in related basic science, breaking through the boundaries of human cognition of the nature, and expanding the human knowledge graph continuously. In the 21st century, with a new round of scientific and technological revolution brewing, space science has also entered a new era of revolutionary advancements. Here we review the major progress in global space science in the past ten years, as well as the trend of space …

Connecting The Last Mile To Speed Up Space Science Development Of China—Review And Prospect Of The Funding Practices For Space Science By Nsfc, Zengqian Hou, Yupeng Yao, Guoxuan Dong, Sheng Yu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Strengthening the basic scientific research in an all-round way and achieving more breakthroughs from zero to one as soon as possible are the major strategic needs of building a world leading power in science and technology in the new era. As the main channel funding basic research in China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) has always focused on the basic frontiers and major scientific issues in space science, carried out strategic research on the planning of relevant disciplines, sorted out key scientific questions, defined the priority development direction, and provided continuous and stable funding through major, key, …

On Index System Of Space Science Strength And Its Enlightenment, Quanlin Fan, Tingting Song, Peng Shi, Haiyan Wei, Xiaoli Chen, Xuezhao Wang, Shijie Guo

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Major achievements of space science and technology are important symbols of a country's scientific and technological level and ability. The basic consensus of the aerospace community is that China's space technology has been well-developed, space applications need to be strengthened, and space science is relatively the less-developed. Thus, it is extremely urgent for China to build a strong country in space science and tackle the "bottleneck". Here we elaborate the internal logic among the strength of S&T, aerospace, and space science, expound the connotation of space science strength, investigate the index system, and suggest the three-tier system scientifically for the …

Between “Breaking” And “Building”: The Bridge Theory Of Research Evaluation, Fang Xu, Xiaoxuan Li

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

How to build "new standards" after breaking "Siwei" is a hot and difficult issue in the current reform of research evaluation, which urgently needs good theoretical and methodological support. In this context, this study puts forward the BRIDGE theory of research evaluation of scientific researchers' achievements, which is to integrate the reasonable elements in the quantitative evaluation based on SCI papers into the "new standard" based on peer review, so as to build a bridge between quantitative analysis and qualitative evaluation. The practical application of BRIDGE theory is expressed as "Six Steps", in which the second step "Recode" and the …

Renewable Energy Legislation In Nevada: 2017 - 2021, Peter Grema, Zachary Walusek, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr.

Environment

The purpose of this fact sheet is to summarize legislative actions from the biennial 79th, 80th, and 81st Nevada Legislative Sessions (2017, 2019, and 2021) regarding solar energy production and state efforts to reach 50 percent energy production from renewable sources by 2030. By 2050, Nevada has a statutorily mandated obligation to be a net-zero carbon producer in fulfilling energy production needs from large scale utility services.

Computer And Broadband Internet Access In Nevada And The Mountain West, Peter Grema, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr.

Transportation & Infrastructure

This fact sheet examines data on computer and broadband internet access throughout the Mountain West (Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah). The original dataset from the United States Census Bureau is comprised of information from the American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates on total households with a computer and broadband internet access for various geographic areas and demographic groups throughout the United States.

Thoughts On Constructing Self-Reliance And Self-Strengthening Marine Scientific Observation And Detection Technology System, Yuantao Wu, Xiaobo Ren, Xiaonan Duan, Zhibin Wen, Danhong Dong, Jianping Yin, Zhongli Sha, Hongyu Zhao, Lei Jiang, Lixia Jiang, Gang Shen

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The marine area is a strategic area of China. To build China into a strong maritime country, we should enhance the capacity for exploiting marine resources, develop the maritime economy, protect the marine ecological environment, and resolutely safeguard national maritime rights and interests. Promoting marine science and technology to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance is an inevitable requirement for accelerating the construction of maritime country. The marine scientific observation and exploration is the basic means of understanding the ocean, and is also an important basis for the marine resources development, environmental protection and rights and interests protection. This paper …

Critical Technologies For Detection Of Polar Environment, Xiao Cheng, Shuangshuang Fan, Lei Zheng, Juanling Zhou

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The South and North poles are cold sources of the Earth system. The local climate and environment in polar regions have experienced rapid change under global warming. The development of technologies for the detection of the polar environment can provide critical support for the understanding of mechanisms of rapid climate change and the participation in international polar governance. Technologies for the detection of the polar environment have been seen considerable development in the past four decades since China engaged in polar expeditions. This study introduces the domestic and international development process and the current status of the related technologies. The …

In Situ Detection Technology For Deep Sea Extreme Environment: Research Status And Strategies, Xin Zhang, Chaolun Li, Lianfu Li

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The extreme environment of the deep sea has shaped special life processes with great resource potential, and its detection and research are the frontier of international earth science. While the harsh high-pressure environment of the deep sea greatly limits the application of deep-sea sampling and detection technology, the deep-sea in situ detection technology can obtain the component and content information of deep-sea samples without changing the location and state of the measured object, hence it is more and more widely used in the research of deep-sea extreme environment. The deep-sea extreme environment in situ detection technology has a broad prospect. …

Thinking On Nuclear Energy Supply Scheme For Underwater Observation And Exploration Equipment, Zilong Peng, Shuxue Yan, Jianping Yin, Lei Yang, Xiangzhou Cai, Jie Yu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The ocean is essential to country's strategic interests and common destiny of mankind, and therefore equipment of various kinds is urgently needed for all-around and multi-dimensional ocean observation and exploration. This article brief introduced the two technological approaches of nuclear energy supply for underwater observation and exploration equipment and relevant exchange technologies of nuclear heat to electric power, quantitatively summarized the applicability of nuclear energy supply on all kinds of equipment, discussed the nuclear safety issues thereon, and then recommended that the technology research of radioisotope fabrication and separation and the construction of relevant facility, the development of individual reactor …

Review And Prospect On International Ocean Circulation And Climate Observation Projects In Indo-Pacific Convergence Region, Fan Wang, Hui Zhou, Jianing Wang, Lin Wang, Yixin Ma

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Today, human society faces global warming and its subsequent challenges. The ocean, as one important supporting component of the earth's life system, plays a vital role in realizing the goal of sustainable development of human society. As the birthplace of the heat engine of the earth's climate system, the Indo-Pacific convergence region plays a decisive role in modulating the distribution of earth heat and climate change and has been the focus of international ocean and climate observation projects. This study aims to summarize the achievements and challenges in the international observation projects in the Indo-Pacific convergence region since the last …

Promote Deep Integration Of Innovation Chain And Industry Chain By Improving National Innovation Systems Of Crop Seed Industry, Ruimin Pei, Chao Zhang, Kaihua Chen, Xuemei Wei

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Under the new situation, expanding and strengthening the crop seed industry and ensuring food security have been elevated to the national strategic importance. It urgently needs to improve the crop seed national innovation system and promote the deep integration of the innovation chain and industrial chain. The crop seed industry in developed countries such as the United States has formed a relatively mature industrial innovation system dominated by enterprises; however, China's crop seed industry innovation system is large but weak, the seed industry innovation efficiency is low, and the innovation ecology of the innovation chain and the industrial chain integration …

Perspective On Key Materials For Marine Observation And Exploration Platform, Rui Yang, Yingjie Ma, Shijing Cheng

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

An overview is presented of the status of pressure-resistant structural materials and structural functional materials for application in marine observation and exploration platform. The key roles of new materials in facilitating high performance marine equipment are highlighted. The most in-demand observation tasks concern the upper ocean and low cost materials must be developed to manufacture affordable equipment. For deep ocean observations, future challenges are identified for developing next-generation high strength titanium alloys, buoyancy materials, lighting materials, and lubricating and sealing materials. Recommendations are proposed regarding project organization and research paradigm update, and emphasis is placed upon identifying and solving scientific …

Status And Trends Of Energy Power Supply Technologies For Underwater Equipment, Tianyuan Wu, Lixia Jiang, Guanglei Cui

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

In the process of cognition and exploration of the ocean, underwater observation and detection equipment is the necessary facility to enter and detect the ocean. These types of equipment provide technical support for the development and utilization of marine resources and is an important grip for the implementation of China's marine strategy and the construction of a strong marine country. However, limited by the current level of energy supply, the underwater equipment has problems such as single operation capacity and short single endurance time, which cannot meet the needs of long-term operation under complex working conditions. As the development of …