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Industrial and Organizational Psychology Commons™
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Articles 211 - 240 of 335
Full-Text Articles in Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Income As A Predictor Of Employe Job Satisfaction And Motivation, Joseph Ryan Owens, Pankti Patel
Income As A Predictor Of Employe Job Satisfaction And Motivation, Joseph Ryan Owens, Pankti Patel
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Employee job satisfaction and motivation are linked to their income level. Employee job satisfaction refers to an individual's contentment with his or her job. Employee motivation has two components; extrinsic motivation refers to external benefits an individual gain (i.e. pay), whereas intrinsic motivation refers to an individual's inherent satisfaction with one’s job (i.e. pride in the work they do). Higher or lower income levels impact employee satisfaction and motivation. It is hypothesized that individuals with medium-income ($45,000-$139,999) will have higher job satisfaction and motivation than individual with low-income ($0-$44,999). An independent samples t-test will be conducted between the two groups …
Does Goal Setting Training And Self-Management Training Increase Self-Efficacy In Negotiation Even In The Presence Of A Negotiation Stereotype Threat, Ashley Miller, Michael Hein, Judith Van Hein, Mark Frame, Alexander Jackson
Does Goal Setting Training And Self-Management Training Increase Self-Efficacy In Negotiation Even In The Presence Of A Negotiation Stereotype Threat, Ashley Miller, Michael Hein, Judith Van Hein, Mark Frame, Alexander Jackson
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
With women gaining more knowledge and asking for more money, the disparity in the salary gap is starting to close. However, women are still getting paid less. It has been found that women generally do not negotiate as high of salaries as men (Mazei, Huffmeier, Freund, Stuhlmacher, Bilke, & Hertel, 2015). In fact, when women were reminded of the stereotype threat surrounding women and negotiation, they often had lower negotiated salaries and salary goals (Tellhed & Bjrklund, 2011; Kray, Thompson, & Galinsky, 2001). However, Gist, Stevens, and Bavetta (1991) found that salary negotiation performance was strongly, positively related to self-efficacy. …
Green Engagement: An Investigation Into The Relationship Of Millennial Engagement And An Organization’S Sustainable Performance Score, Nicolas Simard, John Lang, Rachel Boone, Samantha Harris, Rosalyn Rease, Shawn Bergman Ph.D, Jim Westerman Ph.D
Green Engagement: An Investigation Into The Relationship Of Millennial Engagement And An Organization’S Sustainable Performance Score, Nicolas Simard, John Lang, Rachel Boone, Samantha Harris, Rosalyn Rease, Shawn Bergman Ph.D, Jim Westerman Ph.D
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Since the start of the 21st century, the issue of sustainability in business and Human Resource practices has been a central topic of interest. More recently, human resources has come under considerable pressure to prove its worth, primarily by producing a more productive and engaged workforce. Sustainability has, thus, become an extremely interesting avenue of study for HR professionals as, at its core, sustainable practices aim to better all parts of an organization from the social, to the environmental, to the financial (the three components of the triple bottom line). This study will investigate the relationship between the extent to …
Employer Perceptions Of Addiction Recovery And Hiring Decisions, Haley Henderson, Valerie Hoots, Joseph Barnet, Andrea Clements
Employer Perceptions Of Addiction Recovery And Hiring Decisions, Haley Henderson, Valerie Hoots, Joseph Barnet, Andrea Clements
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Abstract Addiction to drugs and alcohol is a widespread, and ever-growing problem in American society today. Individuals who undergo treatment for their addiction often find it difficult to gain employment due to employers' negative perceptions of addiction. Previous research has found that many employers have a stigma of those in addiction recovery. However, little research has been done to determine if these stigmas affect hiring decisions. Drug and alcohol misuse are prominent in the Appalachian area, which presents an issue for employers in the area who maintain a drug-free work place or who have a stigma of those in addiction …
A Matter Of Time: Exploring Survival Analysis Through Cybersecurity, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Daniel Svyantek
A Matter Of Time: Exploring Survival Analysis Through Cybersecurity, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Daniel Svyantek
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Despite the impact of employee behavior on organizational security, the topic of cybersecurity historically remains the responsibility of Information Security Management researchers and Information Technology professionals. However, the exponential increase in the prevalence and repercussions of cyber-related incidents invites collaboration between the fields of I-O Psychology and cybersecurity. The proposed presentation discusses the potential for I-O Psychology to contribute to cybersecurity efforts while demonstrating the fundamentals and applicability of survival analysis.
Calling And Crafting In Cahoots, Sarah Graff
Calling And Crafting In Cahoots, Sarah Graff
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This project aims to examine the relationship between work as a calling, job crafting, and person-job fit. Work as a calling is the internal force that drives individuals toward a specific career, whereas job crafting is the active adjustments one makes to improve aspects of his or her work. Person-job fit is the perception that employees have concerning a match between oneself and the chosen career path. Despite the numerous beneficial outcomes that have been empirically supported over time, only job crafting has been investigated as a direct predictor of this fit. Even then, there seems to be little research …
Perceptions Of Stress And Its Impact On Burnout Depending On Job Status, Alexandra Martin
Perceptions Of Stress And Its Impact On Burnout Depending On Job Status, Alexandra Martin
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Previous research has found that stress is a key contributor to burnout, and the causes of stress include job demands, lack of resources, and personality traits (Bakker et al., 2014). Although most research on burnout has focused on employed populations, with work demands and resources contributing to burnout, college students may also be susceptible to burnout from their academic demands (Pisarik, 2009). Several studies have focused on the ways in which motivational dispositions can affect student burnout (Duran et al., 2006; Pisarik, 2009). However, there is a lack of research examining how perceptions of stressors can affect burnout. Particularly, viewing …
Influence Of Culture (Us And Turkey) On Reactions To Social Network Screening, Jarod Fyler, Yasmin Ayala-Johnson, Yalcin Acikgoz
Influence Of Culture (Us And Turkey) On Reactions To Social Network Screening, Jarod Fyler, Yasmin Ayala-Johnson, Yalcin Acikgoz
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Abstract Social Media has impacted every facet of society. One implication of Social Media concerns hiring practices. The ubiquity, easy-access, and wealth of information offered by Social Media have caught the eyes of recruiters. A survey by Careerbuilder (2018), which suggests 7 in 10 US employers use Social Media to research job candidates, captures this growing trend. HR departments in favor of Social Network Screening (SNS) argue that it helps avoid negligent hiring, attracts passive job-seekers, and investigates beneficial personality traits. But comparable issues, like lack of validity, legality, and privacy, also accompany it (e.g., Van Iddekinge, Lanivich, Roth, & …
Appraisal-Tendency Framework: Emotions And Perceptions Of Social Injustice, Sarah Tucker, Theresa Depriest
Appraisal-Tendency Framework: Emotions And Perceptions Of Social Injustice, Sarah Tucker, Theresa Depriest
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This research project studies the Appraisal-Tendency Framework. Specifically, it observes whether emotional dispositions, such as sadness-proneness or trait anger, affect judgements made on whether a situation is just or unjust. In addition, this study also presents the question of whether gender impacts perceptions of fairness. All participants will be recruited from a Southeastern University. This study consists of two parts. For part one, all participants will complete an online survey to assess individual differences. Part two contains the experimental manipulations. This study uses a 2 (emotional induction) x 2 (gender of actor) design. For the emotional induction, participants will be …
How To Get A Job: Deception In The Applicant Advice Industry, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Kate Conkey, Thomas Wilmore, Daniel Svyantek
How To Get A Job: Deception In The Applicant Advice Industry, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Kate Conkey, Thomas Wilmore, Daniel Svyantek
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
The performance of applicants in a job interview is a well-studied topic within I-O psychology, yet less attention has been given to applicant preparation throughout the hiring process. While professional interview coaching has been rigorously tested, the surfeit of freely-available information circulating the internet has yet to be examined for content accuracy and integrity. In an attempt to highlight this industry under-examined by researchers, the current study proposes an investigation of online materials aimed at job applicants. Particularly, the proposed study aims to determine the sources of advice materials and whether they promote applicant deception during the job interview. Using …
Survival Of The Safest: Examining Organization Risk Factors For Cybersecurity Incidents, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Thomas Wilmore, Kate Conkey, Daniel Svyantek
Survival Of The Safest: Examining Organization Risk Factors For Cybersecurity Incidents, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Thomas Wilmore, Kate Conkey, Daniel Svyantek
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
[Invited adaptation from presentation proposal, "A Matter of Time: Exploring Survival Analysis Through Cybersecurity] Given that employees pose a large threat to organizational cybersecurity, much research attention has been directed to identifying individual risk factors for cybersecurity noncompliance and misbehavior at the cost of examining broad organizational risk factors. However, no study to date has formally examined how the risk of organizational cybersecurity incident changes over time, or how organizational characteristics affect this risk. The proposed study aims to conduct a survival analysis (SA) of cybersecurity events across the past decade, examining broad factors that impact the changing probability of …
Does Defining More Anchors On Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales Increase Rater Accuracy In Employment Interviews?, Mary Iseral, Mark Frame
Does Defining More Anchors On Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales Increase Rater Accuracy In Employment Interviews?, Mary Iseral, Mark Frame
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This research study seeks to determine if defining more anchors on behaviorally anchored rating scales increases rater accuracy in ratings of employment interview responses. Additionally, the study will investigate if there are differences in accuracy of ratings between situational and behavioral interviews. Past research has found that BARS produces more accurate ratings when compared to other scales such as a Likert scale. Little research has been conducted regarding how many anchors should include behavioral descriptions on BARS. We propose that defining five anchors on BARS will produce more accurate results compared to only defining three anchors. Participants will be recruited …
Suffering From Whiplash? The Effects Of Pencil Whipping On Data Variability In The Safety Industry, Maira Compagnone, Royale Nicholson, Sam Biggs, Connor Linden, Tara O'Neil, Matthew Laske, Philip Hinson, Yalcin Acikgoz
Suffering From Whiplash? The Effects Of Pencil Whipping On Data Variability In The Safety Industry, Maira Compagnone, Royale Nicholson, Sam Biggs, Connor Linden, Tara O'Neil, Matthew Laske, Philip Hinson, Yalcin Acikgoz
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Big data is being used by organizations to identify trends and predict future safety incidents. However, analytics using big data relies heavily on data quality, which can be compromised by a lack of data variability. In the safety industry, the data reports most frequently analyzed include checklists that are filled out by managers and operators, and research is being attempted to link the variables from these reports to safety outcomes. A major obstacle is the reduced variability in these reports due to a phenomenon known as “pencil whipping.” Pencil whipping occurs when an employee completes a safety checklist during behavior-based …
Applying The Learning-By-Teaching Method In A Classroom Setting, Savannah Cain
Applying The Learning-By-Teaching Method In A Classroom Setting, Savannah Cain
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
It has been determined that there are many different ways to learn. Learning-by-teaching is a generative learning strategy and will be the main topic for the current research. The learning-by-teaching literature is very scattered in its approach. Some of the research has focused on showing the effect in a lab setting (e.g., Annis, 1983; Bargh & Schul, 1980; Fiorella & Mayer, 2013; Fiorella & Mayer, 2014; Hoogerheide et al., 2016; Hoogerheide et al., 2014; Herberg, Levin, & Saylor, 2012; Nestoiko, et al., 2014), while other research has focused on determining if teaching TAs using computer software can produce increased learning …
Quality Assessment Of Work Recovery Activities: Guidance For Recovering From Work-Related Demands, Emily Nixon, Christopher J. L. Cunningham, Brian J. O'Leary, Kristen Jennings Black
Quality Assessment Of Work Recovery Activities: Guidance For Recovering From Work-Related Demands, Emily Nixon, Christopher J. L. Cunningham, Brian J. O'Leary, Kristen Jennings Black
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
The proposed study is designed to test a revised work recovery process model and gather data to provide guidance for work recovery activities based on their recovery quality value. Using an integrated and modified model of the stress-recovery process, recovery quality will be measured in terms of potential for psychological detachment, mastery, and control, with relaxation serving as an outcome state associated with the proposed three core recovery mechanisms. Underlying theoretical frameworks such as the Conservation of Resources Theory, the Effort-Recovery Model, and the Job-Demands Resource model served as the foundation to describe the importance of recovering depleted resources. Past …
Preferences And Decision Making In Large-Scale Communities, Cassandra Martin, Kristin Weger
Preferences And Decision Making In Large-Scale Communities, Cassandra Martin, Kristin Weger
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Understanding the formation of preferences as they relate to decision making is a crucial task in identifying aspects of major projects; however, current literature has a deficit of this focus in regards to large-scale projects and large communities. This study aims to bolster the understanding of these large community preferences as they relate to large-scale projects. The study was conducted at two American Astronomical Society (AAS) conferences to gain information from the astrophysics community regarding NASA Decadal missions. Community preferences for Decadal missions are assessed through the Decadal Survey to summarize the opinions of the astronomical community regarding which missions …
Growing And Sustaining Effective Leadership, Jacob Theut
Growing And Sustaining Effective Leadership, Jacob Theut
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Lean leadership organizations have been found to have higher productivity and performance. Leaders in these organizations implement their employees to embrace a culture of continuous improvement. Yet, only a few organizations have actually succeeded in their transformation by creating a culture that sustains a continuous improvement process. A transformation within an organization requires a vital behavioral shift from employees, especially those in leadership positions, in order to break from the typical way that organizations have long encouraged them to behave. Although the importance of lean leadership has been emphasized in previous literature, no consistent definition of lean leadership qualities exist. …
Investigating Stress Fasting And Possible Organizational Interventions, Andrea Meggison, Xaymara Gonzalez-Adams, Jeeun Yi
Investigating Stress Fasting And Possible Organizational Interventions, Andrea Meggison, Xaymara Gonzalez-Adams, Jeeun Yi
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This project will have two studies: Study 1 aims to examine the relationship between perceived stress and stress fasting, while Study 2 examines how employees who engage in stress fasting react to various organizational interventions. Occupational Health Psychology research has largely focused on the obesity epidemic in the U.S., which includes stress eating and applicable organizational interventions. Little research has been done on individuals who are more likely to participate in stress fasting, which may have equally detrimental health and organizational outcomes. Stress fasting is a detrimental reduction in calories and nutrition consumed, during times of real or perceived stress. …
Part-Task Training Versus Whole-Task Training For Simple Versus Complex Tasks, Kerstie Mckinzey Hillman, Michael Hein, Ph.D.
Part-Task Training Versus Whole-Task Training For Simple Versus Complex Tasks, Kerstie Mckinzey Hillman, Michael Hein, Ph.D.
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
There is a plethora of approaches to training people on complex tasks. One method that has commonly been used is the whole-task training approach. Whole-task training occurs when an individual or group of people are trained on a task in its entirety within one training session (Wightman & Lintern, 1985). Another approach that has been used to train individuals on a complex task is through part-task training. Part-task training involves breaking down a complex task into smaller elements and training individuals on each of these elements before having to perform the task as a whole (Hasher, 1971). Throughout literature there …
Investigating The Relationship Between Telecommuting And Career Harm, Cary Mcleod, Patrick Mccarthy
Investigating The Relationship Between Telecommuting And Career Harm, Cary Mcleod, Patrick Mccarthy
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This project aims to examine how the use of flexible work arrangements influence career earnings and promotions at work. The study will focus on the flexible work arrangement of telecommuting because of telecommuting’s surge in popularity over the last decade and the need for more studies assessing telecommuting’s effects. Research shows many benefits are associated with flexible work arrangements like job satisfaction, increased productivity, decreased turnover, and organizational savings. Flexible work arrangements, however, have been shown to potentially impede wage growth and other career advancing opportunities (e.g. promotions). For example, the use of FMLA policies as a flexible work arrangement …
The Relationship Between Bullying And Job Performance In An Organization, Samantha Fogelberg, Taylor Willits
The Relationship Between Bullying And Job Performance In An Organization, Samantha Fogelberg, Taylor Willits
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This research proposal explores how counterproductive behavior within the workplace affects important work outcomes. Specifically, we will be examining the relationships between bullying, peer competition, and peer conflict and how it influences job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and job performance. Bullying is a severe problem faced in many environments, and with new technology, such as social media, it has become even more prominent in society. For the purpose of this study, bullying is defined as an instance in which someone attacks another with harmful words or physical aggression. Discovering how bullying and related factors affect job performance, job satisfaction, and …
Personality Function Pairs And Their Effect On 360-Feedback Reports, Cooper Drose, Keith Eigel Phd, Sara Musgrove Phd
Personality Function Pairs And Their Effect On 360-Feedback Reports, Cooper Drose, Keith Eigel Phd, Sara Musgrove Phd
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Personality Function Pairs and their effect on 360-Feedback Reports Cooper Drose, Keith Eigel, Ph.D, Sara Musgrove, Ph.D. Abstract For years, researchers in psychology have researched the impact of one’s personality type and what effects it has on their everyday lives; however, there has been a lack of research on each person’s personality function pair. The personality function pair is the middle two letters in someone’s four-letter personality code, (Golden, 1979) often labeled as their decision-making style (Sefcik, Prerost, Arbet, 2009). For this study, we compiled data from the past 8 years and have a total of 609 participants. We sought …
Can A Leader Be Too Conscientious? A Linear Vs. Curvilinear Comparison, Leah Frazier, Adriane M.F. Sanders
Can A Leader Be Too Conscientious? A Linear Vs. Curvilinear Comparison, Leah Frazier, Adriane M.F. Sanders
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Past research examines relationships between personality and leadership. One well studied factor of personality is conscientiousness. This personality trait would seem to be ideal in a leader. However, there may be a dark side to conscientiousness if a leader reaches a point in conscientiousness where it has a negative affect on their leadership skills. Studies have been conducted to examine the shape of the relationship between conscientiousness and aspects of leadership, though the results are inconclusive. For this proposed research study, the hypothesis is that a curvilinear shape is predicted between conscientiousness and leadership in higher education, meaning that leadership …
Easing The Return To Normalcy: Reintegrating Victims Of Domestic Violence Into The Workplace, Corrine Wolfe, Alexandra Zelin
Easing The Return To Normalcy: Reintegrating Victims Of Domestic Violence Into The Workplace, Corrine Wolfe, Alexandra Zelin
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
There is a plethora of research regarding domestic violence, but there is a considerable lack of research on when victims of domestic violence return to the workplace. When victims of domestic violence return to work, they may experience symptoms of withdrawal, disengagement, and lower productivity. Therefore, it is important for organizations to understand how to reintegrate victims of domestic violence into the workplace without taking on the role of a psychologist. We propose in order to successfully reintegrate victims of domestic violence into the workforce, it is imperative that organizations provide emotional, psychological, and physical resources to best support the …
A Systematic Narrative Review Of Training Programs For Prisoners In The United States, Hannah Stockdale, Lillian Eby Phd, Melissa Robertson Phd
A Systematic Narrative Review Of Training Programs For Prisoners In The United States, Hannah Stockdale, Lillian Eby Phd, Melissa Robertson Phd
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Every year in the United States, a large number of ex-offenders are convicted of a new crime after their initial release. Although the national statistic for prison recidivism is debated, a study published in 2018 by the U.S Department of Justice reported that 83% of state prisoners released in 2005 across 30 states were arrested again at least once after their release (Alper, et al., 2018). Research exists on the cause of recidivism as well as strategies to reduce it (Schmitt, Warner, & Gupta, 2010; Koschman and Peterson, 2013). One factor that contributes to this high rate of recidivism is …
Validating An Ally Skill-Building Workshop: Assessing Antecedents And Outcomes, Chelsea Wymer, Alexandra Zelin
Validating An Ally Skill-Building Workshop: Assessing Antecedents And Outcomes, Chelsea Wymer, Alexandra Zelin
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Ally Skill-Building workshops are a recent development within the diversity field. Building allies in the workplace is essential to creating a culture of inclusion and respect and assists in mitigating the potential negative implications of an ever-increasing diverse workforce. While theoretical evidence exists surrounding individual and contextual factors that may impact the effectiveness of an Ally Skill-Building Workshop, no study has addressed the social norms, personality dispositions, biases stemming from social categorizations, reactions, and behavioral intentions over time. Specifically, assessing the level of inclusivity of participating organizational departments via social norms will help determine the environment in which an ally …
Understanding Assistive Programs: Evaluating The Impact Of Various Math Services On Student Performance, Austin M. Melzer, Yasmin Ayala-Johnson, Stella Arnesen, Scott Kirby, Elise Haylett, Jessica Harris, Andrea Reubens, Shawn Bergman
Understanding Assistive Programs: Evaluating The Impact Of Various Math Services On Student Performance, Austin M. Melzer, Yasmin Ayala-Johnson, Stella Arnesen, Scott Kirby, Elise Haylett, Jessica Harris, Andrea Reubens, Shawn Bergman
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
High school math performance has the potential to have a positive impact on later educational success. This project seeks to determine the role of math services and intervention programs including online and in-person tutoring, workshops, coaching, physical tools, and other class services on students’ performance in the North Carolina’s High School Math 1 course. Data being used was gathered from rural North Carolina middle and high schools by the college access program GEAR UP (Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs). The effects of these services will be measured by End of Grade (EOG) test and course grades in …
Work And Family Life: The Relationship Between Spousal Support, Spousal Conflict, And Work Outcomes, Ella Welch, Taylor Willits
Work And Family Life: The Relationship Between Spousal Support, Spousal Conflict, And Work Outcomes, Ella Welch, Taylor Willits
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Abstract Balancing relationships and jobs are difficult in the fast-paced lifestyle that the average American worker faces on a regular basis. If the relationship or job is more difficult and takes more energy and time, it may have an effect on the other. Too much attention on either area can be detrimental to the other, so it is crucial to maintain a balance between both areas of life. This idea is known as the spillover effect (i.e., how having a good marriage can produce satisfaction in both a relationship and in work) (Liang, 2015). Furthermore, family and work relationships can …
Does A Quota A Day Keep The (Safety) Doctor Away? The Effect Of Mandatory Observation Quotas On Safety Outcomes, Maira Compagnone, Ava Young, Rachel Bellflowers, Tara O'Neil, Matthew Laske, Yalcin Acikgoz
Does A Quota A Day Keep The (Safety) Doctor Away? The Effect Of Mandatory Observation Quotas On Safety Outcomes, Maira Compagnone, Ava Young, Rachel Bellflowers, Tara O'Neil, Matthew Laske, Yalcin Acikgoz
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Injuries and fatalities continue to occur at high rates across industries (BLS, 2018) despite attempts from researchers and practitioners to identify risks and improve operating procedures. Data analysis is currently used across other industries to improve outcomes, and the safety industry is turning to the use of big data in an attempt to lower injury rates. Despite the growing body of research including both data and safety outcomes, little has been done to understand the mechanisms of one of the most popular intervention techniques, behavior-based safety (BBS). BBS relies on human observation techniques, along with checklists, which increases the amount …
Can Hate Be Diluted?, Lacey Rutherford, Lauren Testerman, Windy Gordon
Can Hate Be Diluted?, Lacey Rutherford, Lauren Testerman, Windy Gordon
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Negative social evaluation can create a negative emotional response. Extreme negative evaluations create fear or anger and reduce self-efficacy (Pekrun, 2006; Shields, 2015). These negative feelings could harm the individual and they almost certainly reduce performance. Factors that neutralize the harmful effect of negative social evaluation could have utility in any performance or work setting. One factor that should be considered is the size of the social group within which the negative evaluation occurred and the “weight” of the negative evaluation. In simple terms, perhaps several positive or neutral evaluations can offset the effect of a single negative evaluation. This …