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Articles 61 - 90 of 130
Full-Text Articles in Cognitive Psychology
The Effects Of Serial Position, Evaluation Format, And Behavioral Isolate On Verbal And Nonverbal Clinical Cue Recognition And Performance Ratings, Timothy Robert Turner Jr.
The Effects Of Serial Position, Evaluation Format, And Behavioral Isolate On Verbal And Nonverbal Clinical Cue Recognition And Performance Ratings, Timothy Robert Turner Jr.
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Standardized patients are individuals trained to realistically portray specific physical and psychological symptoms and evaluate healthcare trainees on their patient interaction skills. Prior research suggests that individual differences among standardized patients often result in assessment variance. This study examined the effects of cue serial position and evaluation format on individuals' perceptual awareness and recognition accuracy of verbal and nonverbal clinical cues. It was predicted that implementing periodic evaluations would reduce participant working memory load and permit better awareness and recognition of relevant clinical cues than the traditional post-scenario evaluation format. The concurrent evaluation benefit was also expected to mitigate the …
Individual Differences And Usage Of Learner Control, Katelyn J. Cavanaugh
Individual Differences And Usage Of Learner Control, Katelyn J. Cavanaugh
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Past learner control research has shown discrepant findings for hypothesized learning outcomes. In order to shed light on these inconsistent findings, this study investigated adult learners' use of learner control features in an online training program, and examined the usage in relation to individual differences. A sample of participants recruited from a crowdsourcing website was given a high level of learner control, and their progress was tracked as they completed an online Microsott Excel training program. It was hypothesized that learner behavior during training partially mediated the relationship between individual differences and learning outcomes in a high learner control training …
The Effect Of Emotionally Arousing Negative Images On Judgments About News Stories, Martin Daniel Smith-Rodden
The Effect Of Emotionally Arousing Negative Images On Judgments About News Stories, Martin Daniel Smith-Rodden
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Two experiments investigated the effects of the presentations of photographic images (highly emotionally arousing/low arousal/no image) on people's attitudes after reading a news story. Experiment 1 presented a story and images about U.S. involvement in the Afghanistan War. Experiment 2 replicated the design with a story and images about African famine relief efforts. Consistent with predictions of the affect heuristic model of judgment formation, the addition of emotionally arousing pictures had an effect on people's support for the war in Afghanistan and their support for famine aid. Additionally, effects were observed in broader attitudes concerning participant's support of a militaristic …
Experiences Of The Process And Outcomes Of Group Dream Work, Penny Makris
Experiences Of The Process And Outcomes Of Group Dream Work, Penny Makris
Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations
Clients often wish to discuss their dreams in counseling sessions in order to make sense of their waking experiences. Although the efficacy of dream work has been indicated in numerous studies, other studies indicate that a majority of therapists report a lack of knowledge in working with dreams. The purpose of this qualitative heuristic design study was to explore the experiences of individuals participating in dream work groups that use the Ullman method as a foundation for exploring and finding meaning and waking life relevance from dreams. The Ullman method features a series of structured steps in which all group …
The Effects Of An Online Sleep Hygiene Intervention On Students' Sleep Quality, Giuliana Farias
The Effects Of An Online Sleep Hygiene Intervention On Students' Sleep Quality, Giuliana Farias
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Students in college or in their first year of medical school undergo increased educational and social pressure. To cope, students may sacrifice sleep to meet demands. Poor sleep affects learning, performance, and health. Studies have been successful at improving sleep quality through the use of in-person recruitment or cognitive-behavioral therapy delivered over the internet (Trockel, Manber, Chang, Thurston, & Tailor, 2011). The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether an online sleep hygiene intervention could improve sleep quality. One hundred thirty-eight students from one undergraduate institution in Southeast Virginia completed this study. Students were divided into groups; one …
The Hindsight Bias: Judgment Task Differentiation, Ross May
The Hindsight Bias: Judgment Task Differentiation, Ross May
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Recent hindsight bias research suggests that modern Cognitive Reconstruction theories that model hindsight effects as non-unitary phenomena potentially confound their findings by not differentiating between judgment tasks. This experiment tests a non-unitary approach of modeling hindsight effects that predicts confidence ratings and outcome likelihood judgments to be independent tasks, governed by differing cognitive processes and susceptible to unique patterns of hindsight bias. Predictions specify that sense-making theories accurately account for hindsight bias effects for outcome likelihood ratings and expectation based adjustment models accurately account for "I would have known that!" hindsight bias effects for confidence ratings. Utilizing a within-subjects, narrative …
Calibration Research: Where Do We Go From Here?, Linda Bol, Douglas J. Hacker
Calibration Research: Where Do We Go From Here?, Linda Bol, Douglas J. Hacker
Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Faculty Publications
Research on calibration remains a popular line of inquiry. Calibration is the degree of fit between a person's judgment of performance and his or her actual performance. Given the continued interest in this topic, the questions posed in this article are fruitful directions to pursue to help address gaps in calibration research. In this article, we have identified six research directions that if productively pursued, could greatly expand our knowledge of calibration. The six research directions are: (a) what are the effects of varying the anchoring mechanisms from which calibration judgments are made, (b) how does calibration accuracy differ as …
When Cognitive Bias Masquerades As Intervention Efficacy: Drinking Norms As Anchors And Norm Interventions As Anchoring Effects, Matthew R. Pearson
When Cognitive Bias Masquerades As Intervention Efficacy: Drinking Norms As Anchors And Norm Interventions As Anchoring Effects, Matthew R. Pearson
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Problematic drinking is a serious public health concern on college campuses in the United States. College students most frequently report drinking for social reasons, and perceptions of peers' drinking, or perceived drinking norms, are among the most consistent, robust predictors of college student drinking. Therefore, norm-based interventions have risen to prominence in the attempt to reduce the harm caused by college student alcohol use. However, the efficacy of these interventions may be obscured by cognitive bias. Specifically, providing information regarding the drinking norm may "anchor" individuals' estimates of their own behavior. Using samples of college student drinkers, two studies were …
Mood And Creativity: The Mediating Role Of Attention, Viktoria Tidikis
Mood And Creativity: The Mediating Role Of Attention, Viktoria Tidikis
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Within literature there are two opposing views regarding the role of emotions in the creative process. The most commonly held view contends that positive emotions enhance creativity, while negative emotions stifle it; yet, some studies show an opposite trend. To help resolve this conundrum, this research examined the mediating effect of attention on the relationship between mood and creativity. The results showed that positive deactivating and negative activating emotions led to broader attention, while positive activating and negative deactivating emotions caused narrowing of attention. Furthermore, the creative process is not uniform in its requirements of attentional breadth; some creative tasks …
Comics As A Cognitive Training Medium For Expert Decision Making, Amber Nalu
Comics As A Cognitive Training Medium For Expert Decision Making, Amber Nalu
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Experts such as military commanders must make decisions quickly and under deadly conditions. A variety of cognitive training media exist, from Powerpoint to virtual reality (VR) simulations; however, there are alternative media that have not yet been comprehensively studied for expert decision making training. In this study, the researcher has examined the use of comics as an alternative to current cognitive training media. In Experiment 1, naval submariners were shown a text-based medium or comic strip and asked to make a decision about the scenario after viewing. The scenario was derived from a situation that submariners were somewhat familiar with …
Remembering To Remember And The Consequences Of Forgetting: The Role Of Prospective Memory In Consumer Intentions, Eyad M. Youssef
Remembering To Remember And The Consequences Of Forgetting: The Role Of Prospective Memory In Consumer Intentions, Eyad M. Youssef
Theses and Dissertations in Business Administration
Picking up your dry cleaning after work, returning library books before the due date, picking up a friend at the airport; all of these tasks have one underlying feature that links them together. The tasks cannot be completed when the initial intention is formed. Prospective memory can be defined as remembering to remember (Winograd, 1988). It can also be defined as either remembering to do something at a particular moment in the future or as the timely execution of a previously formed intention (Kvavilashvili and Ellis, 1996). Remembering to do things (prospective memory) is just as much a use of …
Examining The Dual Process Model Of Decision Making In Visual Threat Detection And Human-Automation Interaction, Patricia Chin Brennan
Examining The Dual Process Model Of Decision Making In Visual Threat Detection And Human-Automation Interaction, Patricia Chin Brennan
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
This study examined the degree to which emotions and/or rational thinking should be emphasized to improve performance in target detection in complex tasks. Specifically, we evaluated the dual-process model of decision making to determine whether emotion or cognition (or a combination of the two) is more powerful in influencing decisions. Additionally, we considered how decisions are influenced with the addition of an automated agent to assist human decision making. Participants (n = 120) were randomly assigned to one of three framing manipulations, each with positive and negative incentives: the analytical frame emphasized numerical gains or losses; the affective frame presented …
Trust Judgments And The Hindsight Bias Effect, Martin Daniel Smith-Rodden
Trust Judgments And The Hindsight Bias Effect, Martin Daniel Smith-Rodden
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
A decision to trust or not to trust can be examined within a broader category of cognition research concerning decisions under uncertainty. The purpose of this research was to investigate trust decisions through the lens of the hindsight bias effect. The hindsight bias effect (sometimes known as the "I knew it all along" effect) is a consequence that often follows judgments under uncertainty. Two experiments examined participants' evaluations of trust outcomes to determine if and how judgments of trust might be susceptible to hindsight biases. Experiment 1 exposed participants to vignettes depicting a third-party trust transaction between friends, with outcomes …
Investigating Delay In Health Related Decision Making Versus Non-Health Decision Making, Ann Lassiter Edwards
Investigating Delay In Health Related Decision Making Versus Non-Health Decision Making, Ann Lassiter Edwards
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Health and non-health decision domains were examined to explore the differences in decision domain and delay preferences. Using an existing cognitive theory of delay (Bastardi & Shafir, 1998; Tykocinski & Ruffle, 2003), type of scenario (health vs. nonhealth) was manipulated within subjects with participants receiving three scenarios of each type. Certainty (certain vs. uncertain) and delay choice condition (no delay, delay, one-week delay) were manipulated between subjects. This resulted in a 2 (health) X 2 (certainty) X 3 (delay choice) split-plot factorial design. The dependent measure was the proportion of action responses (deciding to change status quo) across the three …
Examining Neurophysiological Evidence Of Age-Related Interactions Of Sensory And Cognitive Processes During Speech Processing, Cady Kristen Block
Examining Neurophysiological Evidence Of Age-Related Interactions Of Sensory And Cognitive Processes During Speech Processing, Cady Kristen Block
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
The present study sought to examine the contribution of sensory and cognitive factors on speech processing as evidenced by ERP measures and to find support for the Sensory Cognitive Interaction Theory (SCIT) and the Effortfulness Hypothesis in that older adults. who experience sensory deficits with normal aging. must put forth increased effort during early sensory stages of speech processing that may compromise subsequent semantic performance and recall of information. In the present investigation. younger and older adults performed a sentence verification task at low and high presentation levels (PL). Accuracy and response time to sentence verifications were assessed along with …
The Effect Of Task Instructions And Working Memory On Syllogistic Reasoning Performance, Clinton S. Comer
The Effect Of Task Instructions And Working Memory On Syllogistic Reasoning Performance, Clinton S. Comer
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to test the predictions of existing theories of syllogistic reasoning performance as they relate to working memory. One-hundred and twenty undergraduate students from Old Dominion University completed a working memory span test and evaluated 92 conclusions for possible, multiple model syllogisms. Participants were randomly assigned to either a validity or possibility reasoning task. The mean syllogistic performance scores and mean reaction times were compared across the two groups. Working memory span scores were added as a covariate to determine if there were differences in working memory and performance correlations between the two groups. Analyses …
Directed Forgetting Of Live Motion Events: An Investigation Of A New Stimulus Set, Shawn Dickerson
Directed Forgetting Of Live Motion Events: An Investigation Of A New Stimulus Set, Shawn Dickerson
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Instructions to forget presented information are often given and it is necessary to further understand how those involved can be affected by what is called "directed forgetting". The purpose of the current study was to investigate if a video stimuli would produce directed forgetting using the list method and a recognition style test. In addition, viewing live motion events has been suggested to be a more relevant modality to examine directed forgetting and thus another purpose of the current study was to utilize video stimuli to create a more valid assessment of this phenomenon. Participants (N=181) were selected through the …
The Relationship Between Valuing Diversity And Implicit Racial Bias: A Construct Validation Study, Rebekka Althouse Gordon
The Relationship Between Valuing Diversity And Implicit Racial Bias: A Construct Validation Study, Rebekka Althouse Gordon
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Two studies examined the construct validity of valuing diversity in relation to both explicit and implicit racial bias. In the first study, participants completed three measures: the Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale to measure valuing diversity; the Implicit Association Test to assess implicit racial bias; and the Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale to assess explicit racial bias. Results indicated there was a significant relationship between the valuing diversity and implicit racial bias measures as well as between the valuing diversity and explicit racial bias measures. The explicit and implicit racial bias measures accounted for unique variance in the valuing diversity construct. There was …
Alarm Relevance And Reliability: Factors Affecting Pilots' Alarm Prioritization, Elizabeth T. Newlin
Alarm Relevance And Reliability: Factors Affecting Pilots' Alarm Prioritization, Elizabeth T. Newlin
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of alarm reliability and relevance on pilots' trust. perceived relevance, alarm response frequency and time. Twenty pilots flew a simulated aircraft roundtrip from Dulles to Boston Logan and responded to 20 pressurization alarms. Alarm system reliability using two levels (60%, 80% true alarms) and system relevance with two levels (high at altitudes above 25,000 feet (ft) mean sea level (MSL), low below 25,000 ft MSL) were manipulated within groups. Results indicated participants perceived alarms above 25,000 ft MSL as more relevant and responded faster and more often to them. Participants …
Social-Cognitive Biases In Simulated Airline Luggage Screening, Jeremy R. Brown
Social-Cognitive Biases In Simulated Airline Luggage Screening, Jeremy R. Brown
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
The study examined the role that social-cognitive biases play in decision making processes during airline luggage screening, Participants (n = 96) performed a computer simulated task where they tried to detect hidden weapons in 200 x-ray images of passenger luggage. Participants saw each luggage image for either two seconds (high time pressure) or six seconds (low time pressure). In addition, on each trial, participants observed the pictures of the "passenger" to whom the luggage purportedly belongs. The "pre-anchor group" answered questions about the passenger before the luggage image appears, the "post-anchor" group answered questions after the luggage appears, and the …
The Relationships Among Age, Physical Activity, And Working Memory, Ellen M. Carpenter
The Relationships Among Age, Physical Activity, And Working Memory, Ellen M. Carpenter
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
As our population ages, determining exogenous factors that may offset cognitive decline become increasingly important. The primary goal of the present study was to determine whether older individuals who engage in regular physical activity demonstrate superior working memory performance relative to older sedentary individuals. Forty young (20 active, 20 sedentary) and forty older (20 active, 20 sedentary) individuals engaged in cognitive measures of information processing speed, inhibitory function, and verbal and visuospatial working memory. Age differences in recall were found for verbal and visuospatial span tasks, as well as for recall reaction time on verbal and visuospatial n-back tasks, and …
Hindsight Bias In Insight And Mathematical Problem Solving: Evidence Of Different Reconstruction Mechanisms For Metacognitive Versus Situational Judgments, Ivan K. Ash, Jennifer Wiley
Hindsight Bias In Insight And Mathematical Problem Solving: Evidence Of Different Reconstruction Mechanisms For Metacognitive Versus Situational Judgments, Ivan K. Ash, Jennifer Wiley
Psychology Faculty Publications
This article presents two experiments that used insight and mathematical problems to investigate whether different factors would affect hindsight bias on metacognitive and situational judgments. In both studies, participants initially rated their likelihood of solving each problem within a certain amount of time (metacognitive judgments) and rated the importance of each component of the problem for finding the solution (situational judgments). Next, participants attempted to solve each problem. In Experiment 1, all participants were given solution feedback information, but in Experiment 2, participants were not given any solution feedback. After 1 week, participants were asked to recall their original judgments. …
Towards A Diagnostic Framework For Understanding Complex Situations, José J. Padilla, Andres Sousa-Poza, Arturo Tejada, Samuel Kovacic
Towards A Diagnostic Framework For Understanding Complex Situations, José J. Padilla, Andres Sousa-Poza, Arturo Tejada, Samuel Kovacic
VMASC Publications
This paper presents a theoretical framework for the concept of understanding and how it can be used for assessing complex situations. Understanding is presented as a cognitive process on how an individual perceives and represents a complex domain based on his/her own predispositions, and how he/she selects knowledge or what may not be knowledge based on the same predispositions towards finding a set of solutions for the situation. Predispositions, in this case, are based on his/her epistemological, ontological and teleological biases while the domain is represented by irreducible and transient conditions. The final outcome is the match or mismatch of …
Cognitive Implications Of Facilitating Echoic Persistence, Carryl L. Baldwin
Cognitive Implications Of Facilitating Echoic Persistence, Carryl L. Baldwin
Psychology Faculty Publications
Seventeen participants performed a tone-pattern-matching task at different presentation levels while concurrently engaged in a simulated-driving task. Presentation levels of 60, 65, and 70 dBC (SPL) were combined factorially with tone-matching delays of 2, 3, and 4 sec. Intensity had no effect on performance in single-task conditions and short-delay conditions. However, when the participants were engaged concurrently in the driving task, a significant interaction between presentation level and delay was observed. In the longest delay condition, the participants performed the tone-patten-matching task more efficiently (more quickly and without additional errors) as presentation intensity increased. These findings demonstrate the interaction between …
Development Of A Theoretical Framework Of Distributed Cognition Phenomena In Control Centers During Crisis Conditions, Christopher J. West
Development Of A Theoretical Framework Of Distributed Cognition Phenomena In Control Centers During Crisis Conditions, Christopher J. West
Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Theses & Dissertations
The purpose of this research is to develop and partially validate a theoretical framework describing distributed cognition phenomena occurring in organizational control centers functioning in crisis environments. Using a systems approach, the work synthesizes existing constructs relating to distributed cognition then supplements this knowledge with review of crisis management literature. The goal of this effort is the development of a framework for understanding the impact of crisis conditions on such phenomena occurring within the specified setting. An exploratory case study approach was used to partially validate and refine the framework by gauging its ability to interpret the impact of crisis …
Using Working Memory Interference Tasks To Test For Verbal And Spatial Route Learning Strategies, Ian Reagan
Using Working Memory Interference Tasks To Test For Verbal And Spatial Route Learning Strategies, Ian Reagan
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Research indicates considerable individual variability exists on a host of tasks that measure navigational ability. This experiment examined the hypothesis that some individuals use verbal and others spatial processing to learn routes. A survey was used to categorize individuals into good or poor sense of direction (GSD or PSD) groups. Then participants learned two routes in a virtual setting; they learned one while engaged in spatial tapping and one while engaged in articulatory suppression. The experimenter led participants through the route once. Participants then traversed the route from memory. During the spatial tapping condition, participants in the GSD group were …
Theta Activity During Navigation In Virtual Environments, Colleen Margaret Moore
Theta Activity During Navigation In Virtual Environments, Colleen Margaret Moore
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Human navigation has gone through many different stages, from guidance by stars to guidance by technology. Theories for performance differences range from differences between individuals, to experience with the environment. Researchers turn to virtual environments during experimentation which are easy to manipulate and easier to measure during navigation. However, fidelity is an issue with regard to transfer of learning to a real world environment. We examined differences in theta activity during navigation in low and high fidelity virtual environments. The researchers recruited thirty-two students between the ages of 18-40 from the university subject pool for voluntary participation. We measured EEG …
Dissociable Aspects Of Mental Workload: Examinations Of The P300 Erp Component And Performance Assessments, Carryl L. Baldwin, Joseph T. Coyne
Dissociable Aspects Of Mental Workload: Examinations Of The P300 Erp Component And Performance Assessments, Carryl L. Baldwin, Joseph T. Coyne
Psychology Faculty Publications
Advanced technologies have enabled the choice of either visual or auditory formats for avionics and surface transportation displays. Methods of assessing the mental workload imposed by displays of different formats are critical to their successful implementation. Towards this end a series of investigations were conducted with the following aims: 1) developing analogous auditory and visual versions of a secondary task that could be used to compare display modalities; and 2) to compare the sensitivity of neurophysiological, behavioral and subjective indices of workload. Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed that analogous auditory and visual secondary oddball discrimination tasks were of equivalent difficulty …
Crisp And Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory And Pilot Weather Judgment: Implications For Vfr Flights Into Imc, Joseph T. Coyne
Crisp And Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory And Pilot Weather Judgment: Implications For Vfr Flights Into Imc, Joseph T. Coyne
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Weather represents one of the greatest hazards to general aviation (GA), accounting for 15% of the GA accident fatalities. Of the fatal weather accidents 90% are attributed to visual flight rules (VFR) flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The situation assessment hypothesis suggests that pilots may inadvertently enter IMC because they lack the sensitivity needed to distinguish between visual meteorological conditions (VMC) and IMC. An alternative hypothesis is that pilots recognize conditions have deteriorated but are motivated by some other factor, such as pressure from passengers. The present study uses Jensen's Pilot Judgment Model and Signal Detection Theory to explain …
The Role Of Field Dependence And Independence In Visual Search, Elizabeth A. Schmidt
The Role Of Field Dependence And Independence In Visual Search, Elizabeth A. Schmidt
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Research has shown that individuals are faster at searching for the presence of features in displays than the absence of features. The present study was designed to examine whether differences in the ability to search for the presence and absence of features are moderated by differences in the ability of individuals to perceive separate parts of the visual field as distinct from the background (field dependence/independence). In addition, spatial ability was examined to assess its relationship to field independency. Participants were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) and were divided into field …