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2008

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Articles 811 - 840 of 1093

Full-Text Articles in Psychology

Linkages Between Cigarette Smoking Outcome Expectancies And Negative Emotional Vulnerability, Kirsten A. Johnson, Michael J. Zvolensky, Erin C. Marshall, Adam Gonzalez, Kenneth Abrams, Anka A. Vujanovic Jan 2008

Linkages Between Cigarette Smoking Outcome Expectancies And Negative Emotional Vulnerability, Kirsten A. Johnson, Michael J. Zvolensky, Erin C. Marshall, Adam Gonzalez, Kenneth Abrams, Anka A. Vujanovic

Psychology Faculty Work

The present investigation examined whether smoking outcome expectancies, as measured by the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (SCQ; [Brandon, T.H., & Baker, T.B., (1991). The Smoking Consequences Questionnaire: The subjective expected utility of smoking in college students. Psychological Assessment, 3, 484–491.]), were incrementally related to emotional vulnerability factors among an adult sample of 202 daily cigarette smokers (44.6% women; Mage= 23.78 years, SD = 9.69 years). After controlling for cigarettes smoked/day, past 30-day marijuana use, current alcohol consumption, and coping style, negative reinforcement/negative affect reduction outcome expectancies were significantly associated with greater levels of negative affectivity, emotional dysregulation, and anxiety sensitivity. The …

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Associative Retrieval Processes In Episodic Memory, Michael J. Kahana, Marc W. Howard, Sean M. Polyn Jan 2008

Associative Retrieval Processes In Episodic Memory, Michael J. Kahana, Marc W. Howard, Sean M. Polyn

Psychology - All Scholarship

Association and context constitute two of the central ideas in the history of episodic memory research. Following a brief discussion of the history of these ideas, we review data that demonstrate the complementary roles of temporal contiguity and semantic relatedness in determining the order in which subjects recall lists of items and the timing of their successive recalls. These analyses reveal that temporal contiguity effects persist over very long time scales, a result that challenges traditional psychological and neuroscientific models of association. The form of the temporal contiguity effect is conserved across all of the major recall tasks and even …

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Myspace Use As A Potentially Dysfunctional Internet Behavior, Linda Maria Anderson Jan 2008

Myspace Use As A Potentially Dysfunctional Internet Behavior, Linda Maria Anderson

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

As Internet use has increased, the use of social networking websites such as MySpace and Facebook has become widespread. This study examined the prevalence of dysfunctional Internet-related behaviors in a sample of 302 undergraduates with MySpace accounts. Dysfunctional Internet behaviors were assessed by a Dysfunctional Internet Use Scale (DIUS) developed by Morahan-Martin and Schumacher (2000), and dysfunctional Internet behaviors specifically related to MySpace were assessed by a separate instrument modeled on the DIUS, the Dysfunctional MySpace Use Scale (DMUS). According to criteria suggested by Morahan-Martin and Schumacher, the prevalence of dysfunctional Internet use in the present sample was 39.7%, and …

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Change Of Physical Context Impairs Cardiovascular Habituation To Stress, Kevin M. Palmer Jan 2008

Change Of Physical Context Impairs Cardiovascular Habituation To Stress, Kevin M. Palmer

HIM 1990-2015

The present study examined whether cardiovascular habituation to stress is affected by a change in the physical context in which a stressor is encountered. Twenty-five undergraduate students at the University of Central Florida, Palm Bay Campus, were exposed to 4 trials of a stressor consisting of mental arithmetic while under evaluative observation. It was hypothesized that if participants experienced a change in the physical context in which stress was experienced on the final trial, they would demonstrate impaired habituation to stress as indicated by measures of heart rate and blood pressure. Physical context was manipulated by either asking participants to …

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Exploring The Relationship Between Patients' Health Locus Of Control And Perception Of Physician's Support, Maria F. Ricci Twitchell Jan 2008

Exploring The Relationship Between Patients' Health Locus Of Control And Perception Of Physician's Support, Maria F. Ricci Twitchell

HIM 1990-2015

This study explored the relationship between patients' Health Locus of Control and their perceptions about the nature of their physician-patient relationship. The Locus of Control Scale and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale were implemented to measure the degree of personal control individuals attribute to their health. The Health Care Climate Questionnaire was used to measure the perceived physician support. The predicted result of the study was that patients who exhibit a higher degree of internal health locus of control would report better relationships with their physicians. This hypothesis was confirmed; there was a positive relationship between Internal health …

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Hyperactivity In Boys With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Ubiquitous Core Symptom Or Manifestation Of Working Memor, Jennifer Bolden Jan 2008

Hyperactivity In Boys With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Ubiquitous Core Symptom Or Manifestation Of Working Memor, Jennifer Bolden

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Hyperactivity is currently considered a core and ubiquitous feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, an alternative model challenges this premise and hypothesizes a functional relationship between working memory (WM) and activity level. The current study investigated whether children s activity level is functionally related to WM demands associated with the domain-general central executive and subsidiary storage/rehearsal components using tasks based on Baddeley s (2007) WM model. Activity level was objectively measured 16 times per second using wrist- and ankle-worn actigraphs while 23 boys between 8 and 12 years of age completed control tasks and visuospatial/phonological WM tasks of increasing memory …

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Cross-Modal Effects In Tactile And Visual Signaling, James Merlo Jan 2008

Cross-Modal Effects In Tactile And Visual Signaling, James Merlo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Using a wearable tactile display three experiments were conducted in which tactile messages were created emulating five standard US Army and Marine arm and hand signals for the military commands, namely: "Attention", "Halt", "Rally", "Move Out", and "Nuclear Biological or Chemical event (NBC)". Response times and accuracy rates were collected for novices responding to visual and tactile representations of these messages, which were displayed either alone or together in congruent or incongruent combinations. Results indicated synergistic effects for concurrent, congruent message presentations showing superior response times when compared to individual presentations in either modality alone. This effect was mediated by …

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Moderators Of Trust And Reliance Across Multiple Decision Aids, Jennifer Ross Jan 2008

Moderators Of Trust And Reliance Across Multiple Decision Aids, Jennifer Ross

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The present work examines whether user's trust of and reliance on automation, were affected by the manipulations of user's perception of the responding agent. These manipulations included agent reliability, agent type, and failure salience. Previous work has shown that automation is not uniformly beneficial; problems can occur because operators fail to rely upon automation appropriately, by either misuse (overreliance) or disuse (underreliance). This is because operators often face difficulties in understanding how to combine their judgment with that of an automated aid. This difficulty is especially prevalent in complex tasks in which users rely heavily on automation to reduce their …

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Motorcycle Conspicuity: The Effects Of Age And Vehicular Daytime Running Lights, Lorenzo Torrez Jan 2008

Motorcycle Conspicuity: The Effects Of Age And Vehicular Daytime Running Lights, Lorenzo Torrez

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Research has shown that riding a motorcycle can potentially be much more dangerous than operating a conventional vehicle. There are factors inherent in driving or riding a small two wheeled vehicle, such as a motorcycle, moped or even bicycle that can potentially decrease their ability to be seen or noticed by other drivers. This disadvantage is reflected in the disproportionate over-representation of injuries and/or fatalities incurred by this particular driving group. This creates a significant problem which deserves dedicated evaluation as to causative factors and/or influential variables. The following research was conducted with intentions to investigate the topic of motorcycle …

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The Impact Of Organizational Politics On Mentoring Relationships, Nicholas Bencaz Jan 2008

The Impact Of Organizational Politics On Mentoring Relationships, Nicholas Bencaz

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Mentoring in the workplace has become an increasingly popular trend because of its touted success at addressing the career and social related needs of employees. While the majority of the research on mentoring has examined protege benefits, far fewer studies have examined the potential negative effects of mentoring. Moreover, little is known about the antecedents of negative mentoring experiences. A primary objective of the present study was to investigate relations between mentor and protege perceptions of organizational politics and reports of functional and dysfunctional mentoring. In addition, I examined the joint contribution of functional and dysfunctional mentoring to a number …

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Multimedia Computer-Based Training And Learning: The Role Of Referential Connections In Supporting Cognitive Learning Outcomes, Sandro Scielzo Jan 2008

Multimedia Computer-Based Training And Learning: The Role Of Referential Connections In Supporting Cognitive Learning Outcomes, Sandro Scielzo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Multimedia theory has generated a number of principles and guidelines to support computer-based training (CBT) design. However, the cognitive processes responsible for learning, from which these principles and guidelines stem from, are only indirectly derived by focusing on cognitive learning outcome differences. Unfortunately, the effects that cognitive processes have on learning are based on the assumption that cognitive learning outcomes are indicative of certain cognitive processes. Such circular reasoning is what prompted this dissertation. Specifically, this dissertation looked at the notion of referential connections, which is a prevalent cognitive process that is thought to support knowledge acquisition in a multimedia …

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The Influence Of Cultural Diversity On Initial Decisions To Trust In Newly Forming Teams: A Policy Capturing Approach, Heather Priest Walker Jan 2008

The Influence Of Cultural Diversity On Initial Decisions To Trust In Newly Forming Teams: A Policy Capturing Approach, Heather Priest Walker

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study investigated the impact of diversity on the decision to trust at team formation when no history or prior relationship exists. The study consisted of two phases: 1) a selection phase and 2) a policy capturing phase. The first phase consisted of demographics, propensity to trust, and prejudice scales that were used to select participants for phase 2. The second phase consisted of a full factorial design, policy capturing study which consisted of 64 scenarios which varied the level (i.e., high and low) of 6 variables: cultural diversity, attribution, perceptions of risk, trustworthiness, third party information, and role clarity. …

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Work-Family Conflict And Performance Evaluations: Who Gets A Break?, Kara Hickson Jan 2008

Work-Family Conflict And Performance Evaluations: Who Gets A Break?, Kara Hickson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Forty percent of employed parents report that they experience work-family conflict (Galinsky, Bond, & Friedman, 1993). Work-family conflict (WFC) exists when role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible. WFC is associated with decreases in family, job, and life satisfaction and physical health; intention to quit one's job; and increases in workplace absenteeism. Women may be more impacted by WFC than men, as women report completing 65-80% of the child care (Sayer, 2001) and spend 80 hours per week fulfilling work and home responsibilities (Cowan, 1983). Research suggests that WFC can be reduced with social support, such …

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The Effects Of Training On Goal Orientation, Mentoring Relationship Processes, And Outcomes, Shannon Scielzo Jan 2008

The Effects Of Training On Goal Orientation, Mentoring Relationship Processes, And Outcomes, Shannon Scielzo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of preparatory training for mentors and proteges with respect to relationship processes and outcomes. Specifically, it was proposed that training provided to mentors and their proteges should foster a high learning goal orientation and a low avoid goal orientation. The former is associated with learning for the sake of continuous improvement and the latter is associated with a willingness to be perceived by others as having failed at a task. It was hypothesized that mentors and proteges who received goal orientation training prior to beginning their formal mentoring sessions …

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Family Conflict And Emerging Adults' Attributions Of Conflict In Romantic Relationships, Arazais Oliveros Jan 2008

Family Conflict And Emerging Adults' Attributions Of Conflict In Romantic Relationships, Arazais Oliveros

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The impact of parents' marital conflict and parent-child conflict on the adjustment of children is well documented. Given the theoretical and empirical data to support a relationship between experiencing interparental and parent-child conflict during childhood and later conflict in romantic relationships, it is important to investigate the potential mechanisms that operate in this relationship. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the extent to which attributions of conflict mediate the relationship between experiencing interparental and parent-child conflict and later conflict in a romantic relationship. Results were based on the responses of emerging adults (190 males and 473 females) enrolled in …

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Police Stress, Dennis J. Stevens Jan 2008

Police Stress, Dennis J. Stevens

Political Science & Global Affairs Faculty Publications

This entry defines police officer stress and describes its consequences, origins, and the individual and organizational methods to control it. Controlling stress can enhance the delivery of police services and guide officers toward healthy lifestyles. One definition of stress is the wear and tear our bodies and minds experience as we react to physiological, psychological, and environmental changes throughout our lives. It is a nonspecific response of the body to a demand for change. Its centerpiece is the relationship between an external event and an internal response: For every action, there’s a reaction.

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Happy Joyous And Free An Exploration Of The Relationship Between Quality Of Life And Affiliation With Alcoholics Anonymous, August L. Leming Jan 2008

Happy Joyous And Free An Exploration Of The Relationship Between Quality Of Life And Affiliation With Alcoholics Anonymous, August L. Leming

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

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Student As Active Agent: A Grounded Theory Of The Postsecondary Transition Experiences For Students With Psychiatric Disabilities, Christina Garczynski Liparini Jan 2008

Student As Active Agent: A Grounded Theory Of The Postsecondary Transition Experiences For Students With Psychiatric Disabilities, Christina Garczynski Liparini

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

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The Long Term Psychological Effects For Survivors Of Sibling Incest And Their Capacities To Have Adult Relationships That Are Intimate And Autonomous, Thomas Michael Mcgrath Jan 2008

The Long Term Psychological Effects For Survivors Of Sibling Incest And Their Capacities To Have Adult Relationships That Are Intimate And Autonomous, Thomas Michael Mcgrath

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

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The Relationship Between Self-Awareness And Executive Functioning In Learning Disabled College Students With And Without Executive Deficits, Melissa Fiorito-Grafman Jan 2008

The Relationship Between Self-Awareness And Executive Functioning In Learning Disabled College Students With And Without Executive Deficits, Melissa Fiorito-Grafman

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

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Vocational Call As An Alternative Pathway To Career Decision: A Phenomenological Study, Esperanza F. Hernandez Jan 2008

Vocational Call As An Alternative Pathway To Career Decision: A Phenomenological Study, Esperanza F. Hernandez

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

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Peforming Under Pressure: An Examination Of Performance, Workload, And Measures Of Acute Stress, Robyn D. Petree Jan 2008

Peforming Under Pressure: An Examination Of Performance, Workload, And Measures Of Acute Stress, Robyn D. Petree

Psychology Theses - Archive

Although many organizations use in-basket simulations as a means of selection and development, empirical guidance regarding the design of in-baskets is lacking. This study sought to fill that gap by examining the relationships between workload, stress, and performance using an in-basket simulation. Workload was manipulated by creating three variations of a task, differing only in quantity of issues to be addressed, to see how people perform under conditions that represent too much work, a moderate amount of work, and not enough work. Salivary cortisol samples were examined to investigate participants' stress levels throughout the simulation. Results revealed that performance was …

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Psycho-Social Effects Of A Brain-Training Program Among Healthy Older Adults, Desma Hurley, M. Jean Turner, William C. Bailey Jan 2008

Psycho-Social Effects Of A Brain-Training Program Among Healthy Older Adults, Desma Hurley, M. Jean Turner, William C. Bailey

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

Grounded in cognitive neuroscience and social exchange theory, this research evaluated the relationship between changes in cognitive functioning and two psycho-social dimensions of life among healthy adults over the age of 70 (N=12). Specific psycho-social dimensions examined were social interaction and depression. Six females and six males participated in the study. All were white, college-educated individuals residing in a life-care residential retirement community. The participants used the Posit Science® Brain Fitness Program™, an auditory-based computer training program that improves memory and speed of processing, for forty hours over an eight-week period. Pre- and post-tests related to social interaction and depressive …

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Meaning Of Place: Exploring Long-Term Residents Attachment To The Physical Environment In Northern New Hampshire, Laura A. Alexander Jan 2008

Meaning Of Place: Exploring Long-Term Residents Attachment To The Physical Environment In Northern New Hampshire, Laura A. Alexander

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This study explores the meaning of place and the role of the physical setting, relative to sociocultural elements, for long-term, year-round residents of northern New Hampshire for two dimensions of place: attachment and identity. Resident-employed photography was used to prompt research participants to think about how they are attached to place and how it shapes their identity, and their photos served as a way to enter quickly and deeply into a conversation about place meaning. Data was analyzed according to the tradition of grounded theory and five themes of meaning emerged as follows: The physical setting is stable, restorative, where …

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Relationship Between Self-Reported Lifestyle Habits, Social Support, And Physiological Factors Associated With Hypertension : A Biopsychosocial Investigation, Deborah A. Chiumento Jan 2008

Relationship Between Self-Reported Lifestyle Habits, Social Support, And Physiological Factors Associated With Hypertension : A Biopsychosocial Investigation, Deborah A. Chiumento

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

The relationship between hypertension and related biological, psychological, and social variables among patients diagnosed with hypertension was investigated utilizing the biopsychosocial model. Fifty-four participants from one outpatient private medical office were administered a demographic form, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Health Adherence Behavior Inventory (HABIT), the Inventory for Cognitive Distortions (ICD), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Results indicated that the participants' use of caffeine positively correlated with their high blood pressure readings. In addition, participants who reported having significant social support engaged in more health promoting behaviors. These findings were consistent with the hypotheses. Limitations …

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Characteristics For Success: Predicting Intervention Effectiveness With The Job Characteristics Model, Sallie Weaver Jan 2008

Characteristics For Success: Predicting Intervention Effectiveness With The Job Characteristics Model, Sallie Weaver

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The current study examines the effects of the five core job characteristics (skill variety, task significance, task identity, autonomy, and feedback) proposed by Hackman-Oldham (1974) at the team level by investigating whether the model variables are related to the effectiveness of a motivationally-based team-level productivity enhancement intervention. Previous literature has almost exclusively focused on the effects of these job characteristics at the individual level and their direct relationships with employee attitudes and subjective measures of performance. This thesis aims to further the job characteristics literature by exploring the effects of the characteristics at the team level, as well as the …

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Cultural Worldview Assessment Placement: Establishing The Validity Of The Native Self Actualization Placement Assessment (Nsa-Pa), Sidney Ann Stone Brown Jan 2008

Cultural Worldview Assessment Placement: Establishing The Validity Of The Native Self Actualization Placement Assessment (Nsa-Pa), Sidney Ann Stone Brown

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The purpose of this dissertation is to finalize a written version of the Native Self- Actualization Placement Assessment tool (NSA-PA) and to explore the content validity of the NSA-PA. Brown (1981) described an oral assessment tool for categorizing cultural identity among Native Americans. This tool was identified by Richard Dana ( 1993) as the preferred tool in assessment of urban Indian acculturation. The oral nature of Brown's ( 1981) instrument, however, limits its application and distribution. A Native Self-Actualization tool has been developed from the oral assessment standardized questions and expanded by four domains. This tool was designed to assess …

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The Children's Coping Behavior Questionnaire: Development And Validation, Brittany Cornell Hernandez Jan 2008

The Children's Coping Behavior Questionnaire: Development And Validation, Brittany Cornell Hernandez

LSU Master's Theses

Coping is defined as the actions and cognitions used to manage stressful demands. As children develop, coping becomes more refined and situation-specific. Children’s coping styles have been found to relate to distress and adjustment. Despite the importance and implications of children’s coping responses, there is no accepted standard in measuring children’s coping. Past research has had to utilize the few measures in existence, despite possible psychometric inadequacies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a psychometrically sound self-report measure of coping in children and adolescents. After initial item generation, pilot testing, and item elimination, the data were factor …

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Assessing The Effectiveness Of The Response To Instruction Model For English Language Learners By Utilizing A Non-Language-Based Intervention, Chisato Komatsu Jan 2008

Assessing The Effectiveness Of The Response To Instruction Model For English Language Learners By Utilizing A Non-Language-Based Intervention, Chisato Komatsu

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the use of the Response to Intervention (RTI) model for English Language learners (ELLs) by using a computerized constant time delay procedure (CTD) that de-emphasized the use of language. Forty-five ELLs, 22 native English speakers, and five students with a diagnosis of mild mental retardation participated in the study. A computer-administered CTD procedure was utilized for paired associate tasks. The study found differences and patterns in students’ performances that could be used to differentiate responders and non-responders to intervention. An interesting finding was that once the students were divided into groups …

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Development And Validation Of The Adolescent Routines Questionnaire: Parent And Self-Report, Kara Meyer Jan 2008

Development And Validation Of The Adolescent Routines Questionnaire: Parent And Self-Report, Kara Meyer

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The popular parenting literature often has stressed the importance of establishing predictable routines in the lives of young children. In addition, routines as a part of parenting treatment packages have been shown to reduce child behavior problems, as well as disruptive meal and bedtime behavior. Establishing homework routines can lead to increased cooperation and work completion during homework as well as classroom preparedness. Furthermore, empirical literature suggests that the presence of routines is related to overall child health and adherence to medical regimens. Although promising new instruments have been developed to assess daily routines in preschool and school-aged children, none …

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