Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Psychology Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

2008

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 781 - 810 of 1093

Full-Text Articles in Psychology

Assessment Of Preferences For Individuals With Severe Disabilities, Meghan Foster Jan 2008

Assessment Of Preferences For Individuals With Severe Disabilities, Meghan Foster

Masters Theses

Identifying preferences for individuals with disabilities is a big challenge for behavior analysts, teachers, and parents. Some individuals with disabilities lack the ability to verbally communicate their likes and dislikes, or wants and needs on a daily basis. When a loved one or teacher mistakes an indication of preference and produces an undesirable stimulus, this frequently causes aberrant responses. For these reasons, it is important that an efficient means of identifying preferences for individuals with disabilities is devised. The following pages examine areas of research into the study of individual preferences for specific stimuli and the different means of assessing …

Go to article

Quality Of The Teacher-Child Relationship And Self-Worth In Middle-Childhood, Hannah Ozier Jan 2008

Quality Of The Teacher-Child Relationship And Self-Worth In Middle-Childhood, Hannah Ozier

Masters Theses

The quality of the teacher-child relationship has been described as having implications for the social, emotional, and cognitive development of children, in addition to future school-related outcomes, such as school adjustment and performance (Birch & Ladd, 1998; Hamre & Pianta, 2001). Previous research has focused on children in preschool or kindergarten. The purpose of the present study was to provide information about the teacher-child relationship in middle childhood by examining factors attributed to influencing the relationship. Teachers' perceptions of their relationship with students, measured by the Student Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS), was compared to factors such as sex of the …

Go to article

Is Hypnosis An Appropriate Conjunctive Treatment For Dental Phobia?, Zach Mccready Jan 2008

Is Hypnosis An Appropriate Conjunctive Treatment For Dental Phobia?, Zach Mccready

The Journal of Undergraduate Research

This paper was written to explore the use of hypnosis as a conjunctive treatment. A brief history of hypnosis from ancient times to modern practice is presented as well as public views, mechanisms, effects, uses, evidence, and dentistry-specific case studies. Hypnosis has been both widely accepted and rejected, and its methods and uses have evolved over time. Current research has found neurophysiological evidence to support the use of hypnosis, and it has been successfully used in various fields of practice. No single indicator can prove the phenomenon and its effectiveness is the result of a complex set of procedures. Hypnosis …

Go to article

Tools For The Assessment Of Undergraduate Research Outcomes, Linda Rueckert Jan 2008

Tools For The Assessment Of Undergraduate Research Outcomes, Linda Rueckert

Psychology & Gerontology Faculty Publications

The recent focus on the importance of assessment has resulted in the development of a number of tools to assess student learning outcomes (e.g. Angelo & Cross, 1993). However, most of these tools have focused on what students learn in the classroom. The outcomes of student involvement in research tend to be less well defined, and therefore more difficult to measure, than the outcomes of traditional classroom learning. Nevertheless, some of the existing assessment tools may be appropriate for the assessment of learning through research, and others have recently been developed explicitly for that purpose (e.g. Lopatto, 2004; Tariq, Stefani, …

Go to article

Retributive Justice, Restorative Justice, And Forgiveness: An Experimental Psychophysiology Analysis, Charlotte Vanoyen-Witvliet, Everett L. Worthington, Lindsey M. Root, Amy F. Sato, Thomas E. Ludwig, Julie J. Exline Jan 2008

Retributive Justice, Restorative Justice, And Forgiveness: An Experimental Psychophysiology Analysis, Charlotte Vanoyen-Witvliet, Everett L. Worthington, Lindsey M. Root, Amy F. Sato, Thomas E. Ludwig, Julie J. Exline

Faculty Publications

This experiment assessed the emotional self-reports and physiology of justice outcomes and forgiveness responses to a common crime, using a three Justice (retributive, restorative, no justice) × 2 Forgiveness (forgiveness, none) repeated-measures design. Participants (27 males, 29 females) imagined their residence was burglarized, followed by six counterbalanced justice–forgiveness outcomes. Imagery of justice—especially restorative—and forgiveness each reduced unforgiving motivations and negative emotion (anger, fear), and increased prosocial and positive emotion (empathy, gratitude). Imagery of granting forgiveness (versus not) was associated with less heart rate reactivity and better recovery; less negative emotion expression at the brow (corrugator EMG); and less aroused …

Go to article

The Effects Of Target Age And Perceived Death Responsibility On Posthumous Impression Formations, Jenny Rebekah Heilborn Jan 2008

The Effects Of Target Age And Perceived Death Responsibility On Posthumous Impression Formations, Jenny Rebekah Heilborn

Master's Theses

Death positivity biases and posthumous evaluations are considered a universal normative social phenomenon which influences social judgments of the dead; we postulate that these individual biases are mediated by both sympathy and fear of mortality, or the belief in a just world. Study 1 postulated that sympathy mediates such positivity biases when target responsibility for cause of death is manipulated. We hypothesized the mediation of the just world violation on posthumous evaluatory measures when age at the time of death was manipulated in Study 2. Although results were inconclusive for both studies, alternate hypotheses and boundary conditions of death positivity …

Go to article

The Benefits Of Pet Ownership For Single Adults In Midlife, Lauren Mcgillivray Jan 2008

The Benefits Of Pet Ownership For Single Adults In Midlife, Lauren Mcgillivray

Theses : Honours

Pets are shown to enhance quality of life through support and companionship. Midlife is a time where pets may be most valuable, since it is a time that involves critical changes to intimate relationships, roles and status. In this article a critical review of the literature on midlife development and demographic trends was carried out. Further, the psychological literature on human-pet relationships was reviewed and integrated with midlife research. Evidence for the psychological and physical benefits of pets is examined and the implications and potential benefits for middle aged adults are discussed. Findings suggest that pets may help to reduce …

Go to article

Promoting Environmentally Responsible Behaviors Using Motivational Interviewing Techniques, Sarah L. Tribble '08 Jan 2008

Promoting Environmentally Responsible Behaviors Using Motivational Interviewing Techniques, Sarah L. Tribble '08

Honors Projects

An experimental design was used to determine whether environmentally responsible behaviors (ERBs) could be promoted by exposing participants to two motivational interviewing techniques-provision ofinformation and engagement in a decisional balance exercise. We hypothesized (a) a main effect of the information manipulation such that provision ofbasic as well as normative information about the current state ofglobal warming would be more effective than basic information only at promoting ERBs, which would in turn be more effective than a control information group and (b) a main effect ofthe decisional balance manipulation such that engagement in a decisional balance activity would be more effective …

Go to article

The Effects Of The Norepinephrine Agonist, Guanfacine, On Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairments In The Rat, Andrew P. Tharp '08 Jan 2008

The Effects Of The Norepinephrine Agonist, Guanfacine, On Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairments In The Rat, Andrew P. Tharp '08

Honors Projects

Cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease are known to result from decreases in acetylcholine within the cholinergic system ofthe medial septal area, which projects to the hippocampus. Recent studies have proposed that increasing levels ofthe neurotransmitter norepinephrine may help to decrease the cognitive impairments associated with Alzheimer's disease and aging. The present study measured the effects that Guanfacine, an alpha-2 noradrenergic agonist, has on memory deficits produced by the acetylcholine antagonist, Scopolamine. Memory ability was assessed using an object recognition task and a socially transmitted food preference task. Following administration of Scopolamine, memory ability was significantly impaired from baseline levels …

Go to article

From Mario To Manhunt: The Effects Ofviolent Video Game Content And Competition On Hostility And Aggressive Cognitions, Courtney Lee '08 Jan 2008

From Mario To Manhunt: The Effects Ofviolent Video Game Content And Competition On Hostility And Aggressive Cognitions, Courtney Lee '08

Honors Projects

Research has shown that playing violent video games can lead to increases in aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This study further examined this effect using a specially designed video game that allowed for precise manipulation ofviolent game play. Competition was independently manipulated and the interactive effects of competition and violence were studied. It was hypothesized that violence combined with competition would lead to greater aggressive thought and feelings. Consistent with this hypothesis, results show that male participants in the high violence, high competition condition report significantly greater hostility than participants in other conditions. Female participants show significantly greater hostility in …

Go to article

Validation Of A Measure Of Affective, Inferential, And Holistic Intuition, Lauren A. Carlson '08 Jan 2008

Validation Of A Measure Of Affective, Inferential, And Holistic Intuition, Lauren A. Carlson '08

Honors Projects

A new theory of intuition synthesizes current theoretical models suggesting the existence of three types of intuition: affective, inferential, and holistic (Pretz & Totz, 2(07). However, current intuition measures inadequately assess these types. In response, a new intuition inventory, the Types of Intuition Scale (TIntS), was created containing subscales measuring affective, inferential, and holistic intuition. The current study attempted to establish the factor structure and validity of the TIntS. A factor analysis of TIntS data from 332 participants revealed four distinct factors of intuition: affective, inferential, abstract holistic, and incubation. Additionally, 227 of these participants completed other measures of intuition …

Go to article

The Effects Of Cardiorespiratory Fitness On Behavioral And Neuroelectric Indices Of Cognition In Young Adults, Elizabeth K. Mraz '08 Jan 2008

The Effects Of Cardiorespiratory Fitness On Behavioral And Neuroelectric Indices Of Cognition In Young Adults, Elizabeth K. Mraz '08

Honors Projects

Effects ofcardiorespiratory fitness on cognition were assessed for 72 young adults. Participants completed an executive control task while behavioral and neuroelectric indices ofcognition were obtained. Behavioral (reaction time, response accuracy) and neuroelectric (P3 amplitude, P3 latency) measures ofcognitive function and processing were examined in relation to fitness to determine the unique influence offitness on cognition. A graded maximal exercise test was used to measure fitness by assessing maximal oxygen consumption. Higher fitness was associated with a smaller difference in P3 amplitude across expectancies as well as a longer P3 latency at the central midline site, suggesting a relationship between fitness …

Go to article

The Effects Of Social Ostracism On Frontal Lobe Electroencephalogram Activity, Jennifer A. Morozink '08 Jan 2008

The Effects Of Social Ostracism On Frontal Lobe Electroencephalogram Activity, Jennifer A. Morozink '08

Honors Projects

This project is part of a larger investigation involving personality traits and their relation to the individual's response to ostracism as well as effects of social ostracism on frontal lobe EEG activity.

Go to article

The "Evolution" Of Media: The Influence Of A Media Literacy Campaign On Self Esteem And Body Image, Vasiliki D. Dremonas '08 Jan 2008

The "Evolution" Of Media: The Influence Of A Media Literacy Campaign On Self Esteem And Body Image, Vasiliki D. Dremonas '08

Honors Projects

For decades, society has criticized the media for instigating many of the physical, social, and psychological maladies that affect females of all ages. However, recent advertising approaches, namely the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty, endeavor to sell products by responsibly endorsing attainable beauty ideals. The present study seeks to empirically evaluate whether campaign efforts like Dove's are successful at reducing negative female body image, or whether they are instead counterproductive to their goal due to what social psychologists term "sleeper effect" processes. 102 female undergraduates were either exposed to the Dove commercial Evolution in its entirety, Evolution in part, or …

Go to article

Behavioral Responses To Predictable And Unpredictable Competitors And C-Fos Expression In The Amygdala And Nucleus Accumbens, Jennifer Schnupp '08 Jan 2008

Behavioral Responses To Predictable And Unpredictable Competitors And C-Fos Expression In The Amygdala And Nucleus Accumbens, Jennifer Schnupp '08

Honors Projects

The present study examined the effects of the presence of a competitoron the behavior of individual rats in a foraging paradigm as was done in Farmer-Dougan, Dougan, Knight, Toelle, and Chandrashekar (2007). Rats foraged for food in a large open field, with pellets delivered in one patch on a Variable Interval schedule (VI). During alone conditions, each rat foraged by itself. During the unpredictable competitor condition, a competitor rat was introduced on an unpredictable basis on the last day of foraging. In this condition, the rats displayed avoidance behavior and were significantly undermatching as was observed in Farmer-Dougan et al. …

Go to article

Increasing Condom-Related Behavioral Intentions, Motivation, And Willingness Via Social Ties In Advertisements, Marylee Richardson '08 Jan 2008

Increasing Condom-Related Behavioral Intentions, Motivation, And Willingness Via Social Ties In Advertisements, Marylee Richardson '08

Honors Projects

Although researchers have identified factors associated with increased condom use, STI prevalence rates are still high, and condom use rates are still low. Various advertising techniques have been implemented to increase condom use, but these techniques are largely self-focused. Based on research in exercise adherence and cognitive interdependence, this study used advertisements targeting social ties to increase condom use. One hundred forty-seven Illinois Wesleyan University students viewed one of six critical advertisements--a self-focused condom advertisement, a relationship-focused condom advertisement, a friendship-focused condom advertisement, a self-focused sunscreen advertisement, a relationship-focused sunscreen advertisement, or a friendship-focused sunscreen advertisement. Participants then completed measures …

Go to article

Can We Improve Emotional Intelligence? Addressing The Positive Psychology Goal Of Enhancing Strengths - Chapter 2 From "Emotional Intelligence: Perspectives On Educational And Positive Psychology", Kelly B.T. Chang Jan 2008

Can We Improve Emotional Intelligence? Addressing The Positive Psychology Goal Of Enhancing Strengths - Chapter 2 From "Emotional Intelligence: Perspectives On Educational And Positive Psychology", Kelly B.T. Chang

Faculty Publications - Psychology Department

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Japanese Folk Concept Of Mentsu: An Indigenous Approach From Psychological Perspectives, Chun-Chi Lin, Susumu Yamaguchi Jan 2008

Japanese Folk Concept Of Mentsu: An Indigenous Approach From Psychological Perspectives, Chun-Chi Lin, Susumu Yamaguchi

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Attitudes Towards And Perceptions Of Entrepreneurs In Central Eastern Europe (Poland, The Czech Republic, And East-Germany), Ute Stephan, Martin Lukes, Dominika Dej, Peter G. Richter Jan 2008

Attitudes Towards And Perceptions Of Entrepreneurs In Central Eastern Europe (Poland, The Czech Republic, And East-Germany), Ute Stephan, Martin Lukes, Dominika Dej, Peter G. Richter

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Parenting And Adolescent Attachment In India And Germany, Isabelle Albert, Gisela Trommsdorff, Ramesh Mishra Jan 2008

Parenting And Adolescent Attachment In India And Germany, Isabelle Albert, Gisela Trommsdorff, Ramesh Mishra

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Culture As Unfolding Process: Integrating Perspectives In Building A Theory, Ludmila N. Praslova Jan 2008

Culture As Unfolding Process: Integrating Perspectives In Building A Theory, Ludmila N. Praslova

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Current theory and research in culture and psychology produced multiple definitions and conceptualizations of culture. This paper reviews several approaches to understanding culture and introduces an integrative model of Culture as Unfolding Process (CUP) as a way of integrating insights from several perspectives. The model highlights mechanisms of cultural change and stability, and provides a versatile framework for understanding culture on multiple levels.

Go to article

Antidotes To High School Economics (Mis-)Education On World Hunger, Julie A. Nelson Jan 2008

Antidotes To High School Economics (Mis-)Education On World Hunger, Julie A. Nelson

Economics Faculty Publication Series

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Front Matter Jan 2008

Front Matter

Modern Psychological Studies

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Relationship Between Trait Anxiety And Health-Related Factors, Sarah L. Garnaat, Jessica E. Gwinn, Sara L. Riley, Lisa A. Winslow, Michael C. Hansbourgh, Amanda L. Zielinski, Erin L. Gorter, Jennifer Blevins, Sumner J. Sydeman Jan 2008

Relationship Between Trait Anxiety And Health-Related Factors, Sarah L. Garnaat, Jessica E. Gwinn, Sara L. Riley, Lisa A. Winslow, Michael C. Hansbourgh, Amanda L. Zielinski, Erin L. Gorter, Jennifer Blevins, Sumner J. Sydeman

Modern Psychological Studies

Growing evidence indicates that anxious individuals are more likely to engage in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors associated with coronary heart disease. We examined the relationship of Trait Anxiety (T-Anx) with lifestyle behaviors and physiological variables in a sample of 34 college undergraduates scoring in the upper/lower quartiles on T-Anx (50% women). Participants were assessed for physiological variables (BP, BMI) and behaviors including cigarette smoking, activity/exercise level, alcohol intake, and sleep. High T-Anx participants smoked significantly more cigarettes, slept significantly fewer hours, and engaged in significantly less vigorous-intensity physical activity than low T-Anx participants. No significant differences between groups were noted on …

Go to article

The Relationship Between Racial Attitudes And Racial Anxiety In A Diverse Academic Setting: Is It Black And White?, Chelsea G. Mcaloon Jan 2008

The Relationship Between Racial Attitudes And Racial Anxiety In A Diverse Academic Setting: Is It Black And White?, Chelsea G. Mcaloon

Modern Psychological Studies

In past years, the face of America's workplaces and academic settings has become increasingly diverse, making it important to investigate modern racial attitudes and their relationship with interracial interactions. While there has been extensive study of the racial attitudes of Whites, those of Blacks are less frequently examined, especially in relation to interracial anxiety. One-hundred-forty-one White and 95 Black undergraduate students participated in this correlational study, in which they completed separate measures of racial attitudes and interracial anxiety. Results indicated a significant negative correlation between the variables for both Blacks (r = -.552,p < .01) and Whites (r = -.574,p < .01). As hypothesized, this demonstrated that individuals who endorse certain, negative racial attitudes would likely experience more anxiety in an interracial interaction. Findings may have important implications for improving interracial interactions in the workplace and an academic setting.

Go to article

Integrating Eastern Philosophy Into Western Psychology: A Primer For Students Of Applied Psychology, Erica Hurley, Jennifer L. Callahan Jan 2008

Integrating Eastern Philosophy Into Western Psychology: A Primer For Students Of Applied Psychology, Erica Hurley, Jennifer L. Callahan

Modern Psychological Studies

A review of undergraduate texts marketed as providing an introduction to clinical psychology located no chapters devoted to the emerging practice of integrating Eastern philosophy with Western psychological practices. Thus, this paper provides students with a primer of this important emerging area by reviewing cultural differences that challenge the successful integration of Eastern philosophy with Western psychology, before focusing specifically on Taoist philosophy and its implications for Western psychotherapy. The congruence of Taoism with the "common" factors of Western psychotherapy (i.e., those mechanisms of change thought to transcend theoretical psychotherapy orientation) will be discussed, as will congruence with "specific" cognitive …

Go to article

Body Dissatisfaction And Self-Esteem Among Male College Students, Jessie Devlin, Lindsay Ross, Beth A. Kotchick Jan 2008

Body Dissatisfaction And Self-Esteem Among Male College Students, Jessie Devlin, Lindsay Ross, Beth A. Kotchick

Modern Psychological Studies

The purpose of this study was to examine self-esteem, exposure to the media's portrayal of the ideal male body, and athletic standing of college-aged men in relation to body dissatisfaction. College men (N= 100) were surveyed on these variables. It was hypothesized that males with greater body dissatisfaction would have lower levels of self-esteem. Further, it was expected that males who were more frequently exposed to the body ideal would have higher levels of body dissatisfaction, and that males who do not participate in a college sport would have higher levels of body dissatisfaction than those who do. Results show …

Go to article

The Relationship Between Stress And College Adjustment: The Moderating Role Of Spirituality, Ashley K. Gilliam, Carolyn Mcnamara Barry, Natasha A. Bacchus Jan 2008

The Relationship Between Stress And College Adjustment: The Moderating Role Of Spirituality, Ashley K. Gilliam, Carolyn Mcnamara Barry, Natasha A. Bacchus

Modern Psychological Studies

Spirituality has been shown to moderate the negative effects of stress on physical and psychological adjustment; however, research utilizing a developmental approach in understanding the role of spirituality in the relation between stress and college adjustment has been scant. In the current study, spirituality was hypothesized to moderate the relation between stress and college adjustment (i.e., academic, social, personal-emotional, goal committed/institutional attachment). Also, stress was expected to differ by year in college and gender. Students (N = 131, Mage = 19.81, SD =1.35) from a mid-Atlantic medium-sized parochial comprehensive university completed several questionnaires; results were analyzed with hierarchical regressions. Gender, …

Go to article

Big Five Personality Characteristics And Commitment Levels In Romantic Relationships, Ruth S. O'Brien, Joy N. Smithson, Barth L. Weathington, Lauran R. Booher Jan 2008

Big Five Personality Characteristics And Commitment Levels In Romantic Relationships, Ruth S. O'Brien, Joy N. Smithson, Barth L. Weathington, Lauran R. Booher

Modern Psychological Studies

While numerous empirical studies have looked at commitment levels across various aspects of life, little research has attempted to integrate these disparate literatures. Accordingly, this study attempts to address this gap by adapting a taxonomy of commitment commonly used in the workplace to the analysis of commitment in romantic relationships. Additionally, the relationship between personality and levels of commitment in romantic relationships were investigated utilizing the Big Five personality factors. Results indicated that personality does relate to commitment and that the affective (emotional) and continuance (economic) facets of commitment have specific relevance to understanding commitment expressed in romantic relationships. Gender …

Go to article

Biological Challenge Procedures Used To Study Co-Occurring Nicotine Dependence And Panic Disorder, Kenneth Abrams, Koen Schruers, Fiammetta Cosci, Shaun Sawtell Jan 2008

Biological Challenge Procedures Used To Study Co-Occurring Nicotine Dependence And Panic Disorder, Kenneth Abrams, Koen Schruers, Fiammetta Cosci, Shaun Sawtell

Psychology Faculty Work

A wide array of biological challenge procedures – including carbon dioxide inhalation, hyperventilation, and breath holding – have been used to model panic in laboratory settings. Originally used to study developmental processes in panic disorder (PD), these procedures, along with nicotine patch administration and self-administered smoking, have recently been applied to help understand the etiology of co-occurring nicotine dependence and PD. The goals of the present paper are to review studies that have employed biological challenges to study the comorbid condition, identify the advantages and limitations of the various procedures, describe desirable outcome measures for use in biological challenges, and …

Go to article

First Prev Next Last