Psychology Commons^™

Family-Expressed Emotion, Childhood-Onset Depression, And Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Is Expressed Emotion A Nonspecific Correlate Of Child Psychopathology Or A Specific Risk Factor For Depression?, Joan Asarnow, Martha Tompson, Elizabeth Burney Hamilton, Michael J. Goldstein, Donald Guthrie

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Expressed emotion (EE) was examined, using the brief Five Minute Speech Sample measure, in families of (1) children with depressive disorders, (2) children with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and (3) normal controls screened for the absence of psychiatric disorder. Consistent with the hypothesis of some specificity in the association between EE and the form of child disorder, rates of EE were significantly higher among families of depressed children compared to families of normal controls and families of children with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Within the depressed group, the presence of a comorbid disruptive behavior disorder was associated with high levels of critical …

Assessing Recognition Of Sexist Language: Development And Use Of The Gender-Specific Language Scale, Mark R. Mcminn, Paul E. Williams, Lisa Graham Mcminn

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Teaching effective writing in the social sciences includes teaching recognition of sexist language. The development and teaching uses of the Gender-Specific Language Scale (GSLS), an instrument designed to assess recognition of sexist language, are described. Three experiments with predominantly European-American male and female students provide support for the reliability and validity of the GSLS, and suggest that it measures a different construct than an essay questionnaire used in previous studies of sexist language. Implications for teaching are discussed.

Exemplary Approach To Operationalizing Psychoanalytic Theory And Religion: Commentary On “The Relationship Of God Image To Level Of Object Relations Development”, Nancy S. Thurston

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

No abstract provided.

Shame And Guilt In Christian Children: Interventions With Projective Techniques And Play Therapy, Nancy S. Thurston

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Psychotherapy issues for religiously committed clients have been explored in several recent books and articles. While these works have focused on adults, little has been written on the therapy issues of religiously committed children. Emerging research suggests that children's conceptions of God are guite different than that of adults. Moreover, due to their concrete thinking, children often find it hard to grasp theological foundations to the Christian faith (e.g., salvation by grace) that adults typically assimilate into their world view. While chil־ dren generally learn of God's grace and mercy in Sunday school, it has been found that some of …

When "Perfect Fear Casts Out All Love": Christian Perspectives On The Assessment And Treatment Of Shame, Nancy S. Thurston

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Shame reactions are often uncomfortable, even excruciating, for clients to work through in therapy. When not adequately treated, shame reactions can seriously disrupt the therapy process. This article seeks to equip Christian mental health professionals with practical strategies for effectively assessing and treating shame reactions. Theoretical perspectives on shame within a Christian context are also briefly discussed.

Ret, Constructivism And Christianity: A Hermeneutic For Christian Cognitive Therapy, Mark R. Mcminn

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Constructivism has brought changes in cognitive therapy, including RationalEmotive Therapy, in recent years. The benefits of constructivism in cognitive therapy include a stronger tie with personality theory, greater appreciation of contextual factors affecting individual clients, and opportunities for considering religious values in therapy. The major liability of constructivism is that it allows little room for external sources of authority. A Christian hermeneutic is presented which allows cognitive therapists to enjoy the benefits of constructivism within a worldview that asserts authoritative boundaries. Clinical implications are discussed.

Selected Demographic Variables As Predictors Of Moral Development Among George Fox College Students, Joe D. Wood

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The theoretical basis of this research was based on Kohlberg's cognitive model of moral development. Rest's operationalization of principled moral reasoning, Davison's scale score, and Thoma's utilizer score were specifically examined. A predictive relationship between certain demographic variables and the principled moral reasoning and Davison's score have been identified in the research literature. The purpose of this study was to examine further this predictive relationship. The James D. Foster and Beth A. LaForce research project provided the archival data for this research. From the existing data, demographic variables were selected as predictors of moral development among incoming George Fox College …

Crime And Evil: Meta-Theory, Theory, And Praxis In Forensic Psychology, Eric David Kunkel

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The prevalence of crime is a world-wide problem, and concomitantly, the fear of crime grips the public. Also, social scientists remain pessimistic about solutions: many acquiesce in the •nothing works" conclusion. The general populace views crime as both pathological (i.e., sick) and evil. Privately, social scientists may agree, but professionally they describe crime as nothing but an illness. This research establishes that such reductionism limits the explanatory power of forensic psychology and that ruling out the existence of evil a priori is unscientific. First, the philosophy of science underlying the study of crime is examined. The history of science, the …

The Effects Of Exercise Over Time On Levels Of Anxiety And Self-Efficacy Among Women Undergraduates, Linda S. Noval

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Exercise has been shown to reduce anxiety. However, many people find exercise programs difficult to maintain. Researchers are now identifying factors associated with exercise adherence including selfefficacy. Teaching these skills to people may be important for the use of exercise as an intervention in reducing levels of anxiety. This study monitored levels of anxiety over time among women undergraduate students who were involved in four exercise conditions. The results suggest that while physical activity is associated with significantly higher levels of physical self-efficacy, it is not as closely associated with lower levels of trait anxiety.

Predicting Aggression Among Inpatient Adolescent Males With Mmpi Scales, Kent Hughes

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The purpose of this study was to develop a linear model of predicting aggression in inpatient adolescent males using selected MMPI clinical and special scales. The definition of aggression was measured by the number of seclusion and restraint interventions necessitated by each participant. Hospital records of 186 patients over a three year period were reviewed for MMPI data and seclusion and restraint information. Multiple regression analysis was utilized to analyze the data. A predictive equation was established including the MMPI Scale 8(Sc) in predicting number of restraint interventions. Although this equation was statistically significant at the .01 level, it was …

Issues In Integration: A, Rodger K. Bufford

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

No abstract provided.

Conflict Management Style And Burnout Of Missionaries, Richard W. Meyers

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The study examined modes of conflict resolution present in a sample of missionaries as well as relationships between modes of conflict resolution and demoqraphic characteristics. Additionally, relationships between modes of conflict resolution and burnout were investigated along with the relationships between levels of burnout and sample demographic characteristics. The instruments utilized with the sample of 150 missionaries included an individual data form, the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Management-of-Differences Instrument (the MODE), and the Staff Burnout Scale for Missionary Personnel (SBS-MP), an adaptation of the Staff Burnout Scale for Health Professionals (SBS-HP) by Jones. The conflict management mode of Avoiding was the most …

Effect Of School-Age Learning Disabled Children On Parent Perception Of Family Adaptability And Cohesion, William C. Buhrow Jr.

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Family systems theorists believe families have predictable, automatic behavior patterns. Families with learning disabled (LD) children have been found to experience a variety of maladaptive relationship patterns. This research investigated the question, ''Do school-age children with LD have a significant 8ffect on their parents' perceptions of their family's adaptability and cohesion, as measured by the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales II (FACES II)?" In response to this question, two primary hypotheses were proposed. The first predicted a significant difference on perceptions of family adaptability and cohesion among fathers and mothers of school-age LO and non-LO children. Parents of non-LO children …

Gender As A Mediating Factor In The Effects Of Parental Alcoholism On Children, Claire Rusunen

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) and several demographic variables were used to explore the major question: Does gender have a mediating effect on children of alcoholic/addict parents? Alcoholic/addict parents involved in chemical dependency treatment in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon, were recruited for participation in this study. Respondent parents completed a demographic questionnaire and a PIC on their oldest child. Thirty-three children aged 6 to 16 were surveyed. The participants were assigned to two of four study groups based on gender of the child and gender of the parent. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi square statistics were …

The Effect Of Age And Sexual Abuse On The Concept Of God In Children Ages Six Through Twelve, Laura Anne Roberts

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The purpose of this study was twofold. The first goal was to explore the relationship between the variables of age, sexual abuse, and the identity of the sexual offender upon the concept of God in children ages six through twelve. The second was to add to the literature regarding the assessment of the concept of God in children with an objective semantic differential scale instrument.

The sample consisted of 53 children from day care, church, and outpatient therapy settings. Nonabused children were divided on the basis of age (six through eight and nine through twelve). Sexually abused children were divided …

Spiritual Well Being, Religiosity, And Demographic Variables As Predictors Of The Use Of Christian Counseling Techniques Among Members Of Caps, U.S.A., Samuel A. Adams

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Despite the increasing attention being given to understanding the relationship between psychology and Christianity, there is little research investigating the actual practices of Christian psychotherapists. This study explored the use of Christian counseling techniques by Christian therapists. Specifically, it identified a set of variables which predicted the use of certain Christian counseling techniques among Christian therapist members of the Christian Association for Psychological studies (CAPS, USA) and described the range and frequency of their use.

Participants were 450 randomly sampled, clinical members of CAPS. Of the 450 surveyed, 340 responded, resulting in a 76% return rate. The total sample was …

The Effects Of God Language On Perceived Attributes Of God, Mark R. Mcminn, Sonja D. Brooks, Marcia A. Triplett, Wesley E. Hoffman, Paul G. Huizinga

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Sixty-three participants listened to an audio· tape asking them to imagine themselves in God's presence. Half the participants listened to a script in which God was presented as female and half listened to a script in which God was presented as male. Half of those in each group listened to a male narrator and the other half listened to a female narrator. Before and after listening to the script, participants rated the attributes of God on a forced-choice questionnaire. Those to whom God was presented as female were more likely to emphasize God's mercy at posttest whereas those to whom …

Communication Styles Of Children Of Mothers With Affective Disorders, Chronic Medical Illness, And Normal Controls: A Contextual Perspective, Elizabeth Burney Hamilton, Constance Hammen, Gayane Minasian, Maren Jones

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Research has demonstrated impaired parent-child relationships in families with affective disorders. The present study examines the association of children's interactional style during a direct conflict-solving task to both the mother's interactional style and the child's diagnostic status. The sample includes 63 children, ages 8 to 16, of mothers with affective disorders, chronic medical illness, and normal controls. Children's dominant coping style profile (CS) (autonomous, neutral, or critical) was related to their mother's affective style (AS) (benign or negative). Affective disorder in the child at 6-month followup was associated with a critical CS profile at intake, while the child's nonaffective symptomatology …

Effect Of School-Age Learning Disabled Children On Parent Perception Of Family Adaptability And Cohesion, William C. Buhrow

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Family systems theorists believe families have predictable, automatic behavior patterns. Families with learning disabled (LD) children have been found to experience a variety of maladaptive relationship patterns. This research investigated the question, "Do school-age children with LD have a significant effect on their parents' perceptions of their family's adaptability and cohesion, as measured by the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales II (FACES II)?"

In Response to this question, two primary hypotheses were proposed. The first predicted a significant difference on perceptions of family adaptability and cohesion among fathers and mothers of school-age LD and non-LD children. Parents of non-LD chidren …

Spiritual Well-Being, Religiosity, And Demographic Variables As Predictors Of The Use Of Christian Counseling Techniques Among Members Of Caps, U.S.A., Samuel Alexander Adams

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Despite the increasing attention being given to understanding the relationship between psychology and Christianity, there is little research investigating the actual practices of Christian psychotherapists. This study explored the use of Christian counseling techniques by Christian therapists. Specifically, it identified a set of variables which predicted the use of certain Christian counseling techniques among Christian therapist members of the Christian Association for Psychological Studies (CAPS, USA) and described the range and frequency of their use. Participants were 450 randomly sampled, clinical members of CAPS. Of the 450 surveyed, 340 responded, resulting in a 76% return rate. The total sample was …

Maternal Interaction Style In Affective Disordered, Physically Ill, And Normal Women, Elizabeth Burney Hamilton, Maren Jones, Constance Hammen

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Affective style (AS) and communication deviance (CD) have been suggested as markers of dysfunctional family environments that may be associated with psychiatric illness. Studies have focused mainly on parental responses during family interactions when an offspring is the identified patient. The present study is unique in examining AS and CD in mothers with unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, or chronic physical illness, and in normal controls. The sample consisted of 64 mothers with children ages 8 to 16. Unipolar mothers were more likely to show negative AS than were any other maternal group. There were no group differences for CD. Chronic …

The Problems Of Assessing Change In Hopelessness Among Employees In Employee Assistance Programs, James Paul Porowski

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Hope has been designated by many theorists as playing an important part in both psychological and physical healing. However, to this point, whether or not time-limited psychotherapy can increase the level of hope in clients has not been adequately investigated. This study sought to measure the level of hope in participants pre-therapy and post-therapy by the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). It also sought to explore the special problems that are encountered when conducting research within an Employee Assistance Program. Three hypotheses were proposed. The first stated that groups would differ in pretest hopelessness levels according to type of presenting problem. …

Psychoanalytic Object-Relations Theory And Western Orthodox Theology: Toward An Integrative Dialogue, Bruce H. Pickle

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

This is a study of humankind from the perspectives of a representative from psychology, the psychoanalytic British object-relations physician and psychoanalyst, William Ronald Dodds Fairbairn, M.D. (1889 to 1965), and from theology, the Western Orthodox Christian Dominican theologian and Doctor of the Church, St. Thomas Aquinas, O.P. (Order of Preachers) (1225 to 1274).

These theorist/practitioners share a common scientific and philosophical method dedicated to the discovery of reality under God. Each believed that a person's nature is relationally based. Both believed that the person is a psyche and soma, a psychological and biological, unity. Each believed that turning from real …

The Effect Of Being An Adult Child Of An Alcoholic On The Spiritual Well-Being Of Evangelical Christians, Dennis W. Henderson

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

In the last decade there has been a proliferation of research on adult children of alcoholics (ACAs). However, the religious domain of ACAs has received little investigation. Wilson (1988) studied Evangelical Christian ACAs and included a brief assessment of their religious well-being. She found that ACAs report lower religious well-being than nonACAs. The purpose of this investigation was to examine further Wilson's finding and to ask whether Evangelical ACAs can be differentiated from non-ACAs based on spiritual well-being as measured by the Spiritual WellBeing Scale (SWB) . The study included 136 adults who were gathered from three Portland, Oregon area …

The Effect Of Shame And Gender On The Concept Of God Among Christian College-Aged Students, Marc L. Chernizer

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

This study examined the effect of shame and gender on the concept of God, as measured by the Internalized Shame Scale and the Gorsuch Adjective Rating of God Scale, among Christian college-aged students at George Fox College. A total of 410 participants were randomly selected from the student population (190 male and 220 female) and sent the survey questionnaire through the campus mail.

The results, which were statistically analyzed using a two-way (2X3) ANOVA, demonstrated no significant main effects for shame or gender on each of the concept of God subscales. In addition, there was no significant interaction effect between …

Selected Demographic And Mmpi Scales As Predictors Of Seclusion And Restraint In An Inpatient Psychiatric Adolescent Male Population, Steven G. Hamming

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Working with troubled adolescents is a challenging and sometimes dangerous occupation. one of the means of control often employed in treatment settings with aggressive youth is seclusion and restraint. This intervention is intended as a means of helping the youth regain control while maintaining the safety of the therapeutic milieu for the other patients and staff members. Research implicates several demographic factors and personality styles which are observed with aggressive acting out in male adolescents. To examine the ability of these variables to predict the aggressive behavior warranting seclusion and restraint, archival data were collected from 186 former inpatient adolescent …

An Exploratory Factor Analysis Of The Character Assessment Scale, Kenneth Edward Lloyd

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

During the past three decades there has been a resurgence of interest among the social sciences in the study of morality. Among the theoretical perspectives demonstrating this growing interest has been the trait/individual difference approach, represented by the comprehensive personality-based theories of Peck and Havighurst (1960) and Hogan (1973), and a variety of more narrowly focused, trait-based instruments. One such instrument is The Character Assessment Scale (CAS) developed by Schmidt (1981, 1987). The CAS is a 225-item, true-false scale incorporating conventional moral values. scale composition includes (a) eight moral strength scales, (b) eight corresponding moral weakness scales, (c) eight combined …

The Effect Of Parent Christian Life Identity On Problem Behavior In Children With Learning Disorders, Philip A. House

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The purpose of this study conducted in the Summer and Fall of 1991 was to determine whether parent Christian life identity ameliorates problem behavior in children with learning disorders. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Child Behavior Checklist-Teacher Report Form (CBCL-TRF) were used to measure problem behavior of children aged 6-11 with identified learning disorders. Groupings of parents by active Christian and other (in-active Christian or non-Christian) life identity were studied. The central hypothesis was that children with identified learning disorders whose parents have an active Christian identity will have lower levels of social-emotional and behavioral problems than learning disordered …

Patterns Of Courtship For Remarriage: Implications For Child Adjustment And Parent-Child Relationships, Marilyn J. Montgomery, Edward R. Anderson, Mavis E. Hetherington, Glenn W. Clingempeel

Faculty Publications - Graduate School of Counseling

Most children who experience their parents' divorce also experience their custodial parent's remarriage. However, research has not addressed how patterns of courtship for remarriage influence the developing child and his or her relationships in the new family. This longitudinal study focuses on 57 remarried, stepfather families with a target child aged 9 to 13, using multimethod, multi-informant measures of child adjustment and parent-child relationships. Comparisons were made to determine whether the custodial mother's number of dating partners, remarriage courtship length, or the timing and sequence of typical courtship stages affected the child's adjustment and his or her relationships with the …

The Teacher's Role In Facilitating Memory And Study Strategy Development In The Elementary School Classroom, Barbara Moely, Silvia Hart, Linda Leal, Kevin Santulli, Nirmala Rao, Terry Johnson, Elizabeth Burney Hamilton

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

The efforts of 69 elementary school teachers to instruct children in cognitive processing activities were observed. Although the teaching of such activities was relatively infrequent, it varied by grade (occurring more often in grades 2-3 than in higher or lower grades) and by the content of instruction. Teachers of grade 4 and above more often provided rationales for the use of cognitive strategies than did teachers of younger children. In a second study, children of three achievement levels were selected from classrooms in which teachers varied in their use of suggestions regarding cognitive processes. Subsequent to training in the use …