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Articles 571 - 600 of 4147
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Robert Stoller, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Robert Stoller, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Robert Stoller was an American psychiatrist who studied gender identity and sexuality. Stoller was born in 1924 and died in 1991 (Green, 1992). He died in a car accident near his home, at the age of 66 (Cook, 1992). Stoller received his bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and received his medical degree in 1948 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (Goleman, 1991). Stoller also completed psychoanalytic training at the Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, where he worked under psychoanalyst Hanna Fenichel.
Generativity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Generativity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In psychology, the term generativity refers to concern for the future and the need to offer positive contributions to future generations. The term first appeared in stage seven of Erik Erikson’s model of psychosocial development (generativity vs. stagnation). Erikson’s model postulates that generativity occurs explicitly in middle adulthood, but a more recent model of generativity created by Dan McAdams proposes that generativity occurs as a function of increasing cultural demand and concern for future generations, rather than a function of personality change (McAdams, 2001).
Complex Emotions, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Complex Emotions, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Complex emotions are ways in which an individual reacts and respond to complex social situations when encountering people and situations in the social world. Thus, complex emotions are ways of coping and adapting to complex social situations. Complex emotions are mental representations that have been studied on a three-level analysis surrounding the body, mind, and society, which translates to the biological and the evolutionary, the mental and the psychological, and the social and the cultural. This approach has been referred to as the neurocognitive sociology of emotions.
Birth Complications, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Birth Complications, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Complications during childbirth can pose a serious threat to both infant and maternal health. Birth complications can lead to a variety of different health risks, ranging from minor to severe in nature. The following common labor complications can happen even after a standard pregnancy with no difficulties or high risk variables.
The Life Of Susan Sutherland Isaacs, Cherish J. Caldwell, Rachel C. Davis, Betty S. Lai
The Life Of Susan Sutherland Isaacs, Cherish J. Caldwell, Rachel C. Davis, Betty S. Lai
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Susan Sutherland Isaacs was a British psychologist and psychoanalyst who rose to prominence during the nineteenth century progressive educational movement. Isaacs is best known for her publications on the intellectual and social development of children, as well as her theories regarding the education of children through free play. Furthermore, Issacs served as the first principal of the Malting House School, one of the earliest progressive schools to incorporate the theories of psychoanalysis within its curriculum (Graham, 2009).
Parental Influence, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Parental Influence, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
An adequate level of parenting—providing enough nutrition, shelter, exposure to language and peers, or not harshly punishing children (punching, kicking, striking with a weapon)—seems to not have a long-term effect on cognitive development in children. Twin and adoption studies have found that intelligence is accounted for almost entirely by genes and nonshared environment, which includes peers, teachers, and unique experiences. However, there are parenting styles and types of home environments that are correlated with better school performance, stronger school engagement, and more words spoken at certain ages.
Gifted Children, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Gifted Children, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Children can be gifted in a variety of different areas, including musical talent, athleticism, and artistic ability among others. The focus of this entry will be solely on those children who are gifted in intellectual ability and academic achievement. Identification of intellectual giftedness usually requires an individually administered intelligence test, achieving a Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) of 130 or higher, which is a threshold that dates back to Lewis Terman’s research at Stanford in the early to mid 20th century. Although this seems like an arbitrary score, an IQ score of 130 and above is where an individual scores two …
The Marshmallow Task, Laurel A. Brabson, Hannah M. Coffey, Mary Margaret Ruckle, Cheryl B. Mcneil
The Marshmallow Task, Laurel A. Brabson, Hannah M. Coffey, Mary Margaret Ruckle, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
To study the human systems of self-control during delayed gratification, Dr. Walter Mischel and colleagues developed what became the famous Marshmallow Test, published in Science in 1989. This study became a frontrunner in the field of psychology, laying the foundation for future studies in impulse control. Dr. Mischel was born in 1930 in Vienna, Austria. He was a professor at the University of Colorado, Harvard University, and Stanford University where he originally conducted the Marshmallow Test. Dr. Mischel currently holds a professorship at Columbia University.
Perception, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Perception, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Perception is the process through which humans are able to select, organize, and interpret sensory input from the external environment. This process of selection, organization, and interpretation of external sensory stimulation results in our internal representation of the outside world, as well as our conscious experience. Through the process of perception, we are able to gain information and knowledge about our environment, allowing us to safely and effectively navigate in the world.
Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
From a child’s embryonic development in the womb to adulthood, nutrition plays a key role in physical, mental, and social growth and development. Throughout the lifespan, proper nutrition and growth are essential to living a long, healthy life. Nutrition is particularly important in the developmental period.
Craik & Lockhart: Levels Of Processing, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Craik & Lockhart: Levels Of Processing, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
What is the nature of mental activity that allows a child to remember a past experience? Traditionally, the question of memory was answered with an exclusively static model: The mind was said to have storage bins to which represented experiences are added. Depending on the exact nature of the storage bin, the experience is remembered either for a short time (i.e., shortterm memory) or for a long time (i.e., long-term memory). Though widely familiar, this model of static storage bins falls notoriously short on explaining the nuance of memory findings. For example, short-term memory appears to have strict capacity limits …
Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The research process begins with an initial observation that scientists or researchers of various backgrounds want to engage in and understand, which prompts them to formulate theories and hypotheses, collect data, and use statistical procedures to organize, summarize, and interpret gathered data. Research conducted through questionnaires or surveys are often utilized to determine the nature of a population or the interests of members in a particular group.
Durable Power Of Attorney, Carolyn L. Carlson
Durable Power Of Attorney, Carolyn L. Carlson
Essays in Developmental Psychology
A power of attorney is a written document that authorizes an individual (an “agent” or “attorney-in-fact”) to act on behalf of another individual (the “principal”) in a fiduciary capacity related to matters specified within the power of attorney document. The agent does not have to be a licensed attorney in order to assume the role as agent, but must act with care and in good faith when dealing with the principal’s affairs. An agent’s power can be limited to a specific transaction, such as purchasing a specified piece of real estate, or the agent can be authorized to complete various …
Possible Selves, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Possible Selves, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Self-concept is an individual’s idea of who the individual was in the past, who the individual is at present, and who that individual has the potential to become in the future. When considering self-concept, group memberships and other social roles typically shape how an individual thinks about him- or herself. A strong self-concept helps an individual to make sense of his or her present situation, maintains positive feelings through difficult situations, make sensible predictions about the future, as well as helps to sustain motivation.
Intersensory Redundancy, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Intersensory Redundancy, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
How does redundancy in the input affect the child’s attention? Consider, for example, a scenario in which the child is listening to a parent’s utterances, as well as watching the parent’s lips moving in synchrony with the speech. Intuitively, one might assume that there is an inherent advantage in such informational coherence. The match between sounds and visual input might help constrain attention in productive ways. Alternatively, a mismatch in intersensory information might affects attention negatively. The reality of how intersensory redundancy affects a child’s attention is more surprising than what intuition might suggest, as we discuss in this essay.
Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed
Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Psychomotor ability is defined in terms of the relationship between cognitive functions and motor activities. It plays an important role in acquiring and carrying out a broad range of physical skills and coordinated behaviors, such as playing a sport, or in everyday activities like pouring a glass of milk or applying makeup. Psychomotor speed therefore is the rate at which a certain psychomotor behavior can be carried out. Because of the relevance of psychomotor speed to many areas of personal functioning, it has been extensively studied in a wide variety of applied contexts including sports performance, personnel selection within the …
Spirituality, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Spirituality, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The concept of spirituality is polysemic and adapts different meaning based on individual experiences, culture, and purpose. For many, spirituality means being a part of a structured religion such as attending church, going to a mosque or synagogue. For others, it is a personal journey that involves meditation, yoga, private worship with a higher power or God and reflection. Spirituality can also be a way of seeking meaning through connections with other people, or nature. Virtually, it is a broad concept that allows multiple perspectives to take hold. While the object or belief may differ, the commonality among spirituality suggests …
Ethnic Identity Formation (In A Changing World), Kerrie S. Devries, Jonathan B. Santo
Ethnic Identity Formation (In A Changing World), Kerrie S. Devries, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Ethnic identity is a multidimensional construct with varied and changing definitions. Psychologist Jean Phinney (2000, 2003) broadly defines ethnic identity as “an enduring, fundamental aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings associated with that group membership.” Typically, members of ethnic groups will share a similar culture, religion, language, race, values, or place of origin. As individuals become aware of their ethnicity in the context of their surroundings, ethnic identity develops and changes over time. Ethnic identity has been shown to impact a broad range of an individual’s feelings, …
Midlife Stress, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Midlife Stress, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Midlife stress occurs naturally through the aging process but can be the result of an external psychological stressor due to loss or change such as occupational stress, health concerns, parental bereavement and divorce. Coping with the psychological suffering associated with these stressors brings challenges throughout all stages of life, but when it occurs during midlife it can be complicated by heightened or unique feelings of bewilderment. For men, recognition of their own mortality and sense of purpose in life can drive the experience of midlife stress. For women, this experience may be derived from feelings of emptiness and sadness, physical …
Information Processing Theory (R.J. Lachman), Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Information Processing Theory (R.J. Lachman), Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Information Processing Theory is a cognitive approach designed to understand human learning. Several perspectives of this theory emerged from the cognitive revolution in psychology beginning in the 1950s. The invention of the technological age of computers brought with it an innovative way of understanding how information is processed in humans. This lead researcher to draw analogies between the processing ability of humans and computers. The human-computer analogy developed from the foundation that as computers are able to process information so too can humans in a very similar method. Both encompasses ‘cognitive’ processes such as learning or obtaining information, solving problems, …
Mathematical Skills, Rhonda Douglas Brown
Mathematical Skills, Rhonda Douglas Brown
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Mathematical Skills are essential for understanding how the world works and for solving problems that are important to human survival and prosperity. They are used in everyday living in societies across the world. The most basic mathematical skills involve estimating the amount of small sets of items without using symbols, called number sense, and tracking a small number of individual objects through space and time, called parallel individuation. These skills are thought to be present at birth or early in life and to increase in precision into adulthood.
David F. Bjorklund, Rhonda Douglas Brown
David F. Bjorklund, Rhonda Douglas Brown
Essays in Developmental Psychology
David F. Bjorklund is an eminent scholar in the field of developmental psychology. He was born on June 13, 1949 in Worcester, Massachusetts. He received his bachelor’s degree cum laude in psychology from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 1971. His graduate degrees include a master’s in psychology from the University of Dayton in 1973 and a doctorate in developmental psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1976, as well as a Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2002. He received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Bern, Switzerland in 2015. Bjorklund is currently a Professor of …
Lifespan Perspective, Leila Eikevik
Lifespan Perspective, Leila Eikevik
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Psychologists who study human development have adopted the lifespan perspective, which maintains that important changes occur during every period of development and that these changes must be interpreted in terms of the culture and context in which they occur (Boyd and Bee, 2009). Prior to this understanding, the subject of development was limited to childhood. This view has shifted because it is evident adults continue to experience major life changes and there has been a significant increase in age expectancy. Therefore, all stages of life are equally important. Lifespan development begins at the time of conception and continues up until …
Marriage, Kim Fitzgibbon
Marriage, Kim Fitzgibbon
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Official legislation on the touted “fundamental right” of marriage dates back to the 1800s in the United States, showing the prominence and important that the concept of marriage has on society. Changes in laws and policy have increased the opportunity for marriage to a larger population and as such, research on the construct, its benefits, challenges and statistics has become an area of significant interest. The legal and financial implications of a marriage contract have also encouraged researchers due to the serious and long-lasting implications such a contract can have. Reasons to marry are endless, are highly individualized and can …
Naïve Theories, Ethan Fleuchaus, Heidi Kloos
Naïve Theories, Ethan Fleuchaus, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
While the idea of the mind as a blank slate has long been abandoned, the question of what exactly a “non-blank slate” might look like is still debated. In this entry we discuss the claim that children are equipped with naïve theories—primitive, incomplete, or otherwise ill-formed, but nevertheless systematic, mental representations of cause-effect relations. Other terms that reflect this idea include ‘misconceptions’, ‘naïve beliefs’, ‘prior theories’, ‘alternative conceptions’, or ‘intuitive theories’. Their main characteristic is that they interfere with an open-minded exploration of the surrounding. The unfortunate result of such biased exploration is that children ignore evidence that conflicts with …
Heinz Werner, Ethan Fleuchaus, Katie Cunningham, Heidi Kloos
Heinz Werner, Ethan Fleuchaus, Katie Cunningham, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Heinz Werner (February 11, 1890 – May 14, 1964) was an Austrian psychologist who played an active role in defining the field of developmental psychology at the start of the 20th century. While initially seeking to become a composer and music historian, he changed his mind after listening to a lecture on Immanuel Kant at the University of Vienna. Werner became engrossed in topics of philosophy and psychology (which were combined at the time), and he wrote his dissertation on the psychology of aesthetic experiences. Subsequently he worked at the University of Hamburg, where he published the first edition of …
Patriarchal Violence, Fallon Flowers, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Patriarchal Violence, Fallon Flowers, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Patriarchal violence has been described as a pattern of behavior by men perpetuated against women in order to maintain control over women and their behavior. Ultimately, it is meant to oppress them; resulting in women being relegated to a lower position in society. The need for men to exert control over women via Patriarchal violence has roots in one’s cultural, societal, and moral beliefs. Such beliefs pertain to what is considered appropriate and what is considered inappropriate in a cultural context. One of the burgeoning examples of this form of violence against women is the “honor killing”, the killing of …
Anxiety In Old Age, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Anxiety In Old Age, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Andrew N. Meltzoff was born on February 9, 1950 in the United States. He studied psychology at Harvard University and did graduate work at the University of Oxford, in England, with Jerome Bruner, earning his doctorate there in 1976. Meltzoff began his professional career at the University of Washington in 1977, serving as a Professor of Psychology since 1988. He is currently co-director of the University of Washington Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, an interdisciplinary research center.
Adolescent Death, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Adolescent Death, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
According to recent statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are approximately 9,500 adolescent deaths per year in the United States, as defined by mortality rates for individuals aged 15-19. CDC statistics also show that the leading causes of death for American adolescents were unintentional accidents and injuries, suicide and homicide. Furthermore, according to David Balk’s Handbook of Adolescent Death and Bereavement, gender and racial differences contribute to disproportionate mortality rates, with African American and Hispanic males finding themselves significantly more likely to be killed by homicide than Caucasian counterparts.
Secondary Mental Abilities, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Secondary Mental Abilities, Kim Fitzgibbon, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Mental abilities have commonly been broken down into two main categories; primary and secondary. Primary mental abilities are thought to be large scale groups with similar abilities. Secondary mental ability builds off foundational primary mental abilities of intelligence. Research has suggested that there are six main secondary mental abilities, with the potential for additional abilities to be named or discovered as more research emerges. Expanding research on these abilities has also suggested that they can morph and evolve with age, just as primary abilities related to intelligence.