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Artificial Intelligence And Challenges Of Sustainable Library Services For Children And Young Adults In Nigeria, Ishioma Nwanapayi Iwegbue, Chigozie Blessing Mba Jul 2026

Artificial Intelligence And Challenges Of Sustainable Library Services For Children And Young Adults In Nigeria, Ishioma Nwanapayi Iwegbue, Chigozie Blessing Mba

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

No abstract provided.


A Framework For Enhancing Utilization Of Library Electronic Resources In Higher Institutions Of Learning, Niyonsaba Innocent, Atuha Peter, Natukunda Elizabeth, Arahe Turahe Glorious Jun 2026

A Framework For Enhancing Utilization Of Library Electronic Resources In Higher Institutions Of Learning, Niyonsaba Innocent, Atuha Peter, Natukunda Elizabeth, Arahe Turahe Glorious

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract

Electronic resources are now essential for teaching, learning, research and dissemination of knowledge in higher institutions of learning. Although many universities have invested heavily in digital collections, databases, electronic journals, electronic books, institutional repositories, and online reference services, the use of these resources is not as high as expected in many universities, especially in developing countries. Low awareness, lack of information literacy skills, limited technological infrastructure, poor internet connectivity, lack of training, and weak institutional support continue to impede the effective use of electronic resources. This is a review paper that explores the current state of electronic resource utilization …


A Study Of Library Web Pages In Websites Of Government Degree Colleges In Telangana State, Dr. Mohammadi Asra Sultana Apr 2026

A Study Of Library Web Pages In Websites Of Government Degree Colleges In Telangana State, Dr. Mohammadi Asra Sultana

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Libraries are an indispensable part of higher educational institutes. Academic websites provide us a virtual tour of the college. Library web pages in a college website are an important tool through which the students can be reached out to showcase and promote print and electronic resources, services, library activities, etc. The present study has been taken up to study the web pages of the websites of Government Degree Colleges in Telangana. Maximum number of colleges has uploaded information in their Digital Library button, followed by Library Services, Library Collection and Library Profile. A few colleges have uploaded information in other …


Library Support For Massive Open Online Courses (Moocs) In The Philippines: The Case Of American Corners, Princess Grace Wooden, Darin Jan Tindowen Jan 2026

Library Support For Massive Open Online Courses (Moocs) In The Philippines: The Case Of American Corners, Princess Grace Wooden, Darin Jan Tindowen

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study examined the role of libraries in supporting Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in the Philippines, with particular focus on American Corners as library-based learning spaces. Grounded in the increasing demand for flexible and accessible education, the study aimed to assess the readiness of American Corner libraries and determine the extent of MOOC implementation, as well as examine the relationship between these variables. A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was employed, involving 28 American Corner staff composed of directors and librarians from 14 participating institutions. Data were collected using a validated survey questionnaire and analyzed through frequency, percentage, weighted mean, …


Proficiency In Utilizing Web Resources And Applications To Support Researchers: A Gender Wise Analysis Of Engineering College Library Professionals In Kerala, Usman Koya P T, Dr. Gopakumar V Jul 2024

Proficiency In Utilizing Web Resources And Applications To Support Researchers: A Gender Wise Analysis Of Engineering College Library Professionals In Kerala, Usman Koya P T, Dr. Gopakumar V

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study aims to assess the proficiency of engineering college library professionals in Kerala in utilizing web resources and applications to support researchers. The focus is on the familiarity of library professionals with software essential for research scholars, access to Internet-based resources, and research and publishing tools. The study is limited to engineering college library professionals affiliated with APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala (KTU). Proficiency in commonly used software and tools in modern libraries, such as search engines, reference management software, and plagiarism detection software, is evaluated. Gender-based analysis is applied to the data gathered from 210 respondents out …


A Study On General Degree College Library Websites In Purba Bardhaman District In West Bengal, Partha Sarathi Mandal, Dr. Sukumar Mandal Jan 2024

A Study On General Degree College Library Websites In Purba Bardhaman District In West Bengal, Partha Sarathi Mandal, Dr. Sukumar Mandal

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Website is the mirror of an academic institution. It is not only a reflection of an institution but also acts as a beacon that steers one to find the right path in right time from any place at any time. It shows various information related to academic, administrative and services or facilities. So, it is the best time to evaluate the content of the websites. This is a study on the content of general degree college websites under the University of Burdwan with special reference to the Purba Bardhaman districts in West Bengal. A check list with 54 criteria is …


User’S Perceptions And Expectations With H.U Beg Library Services: A Study Of Service Quality Measurement, Muhammad Kabir Khan Jan 2024

User’S Perceptions And Expectations With H.U Beg Library Services: A Study Of Service Quality Measurement, Muhammad Kabir Khan

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The purpose of this study is to measure the service quality at the FAST H. U. Beg Library in Islamabad from the perspective of its users. The study also aims to report on the perceptions and expectations of users regarding the library's services. The methodology used was a survey approach, and data was collected from students, teachers, and staff members using a modified SERVQUAL questionnaire. The findings indicate that the library offers high-quality services and that users are satisfied with a range of its service quality qualities. The practical implication of this study is that it will encourage library professionals …


Adoption Of Artificial Intelligence To Improve Library Service Delivery In Academic Libraries In Kwara State, Nigeria, Abdrahman Atanda Moustapha, Ibrahim .O. Yusuf Mr Oct 2023

Adoption Of Artificial Intelligence To Improve Library Service Delivery In Academic Libraries In Kwara State, Nigeria, Abdrahman Atanda Moustapha, Ibrahim .O. Yusuf Mr

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Due to the increasing presence of artificial intelligence (AI) in developed countries, this paper examines the adoption of AI for effective library services in academic libraries in Nigeria. The paper defines artificial intelligence while chronicling its history. He also identified the advantages of adopting artificial intelligence in academic libraries, which include ease of use, endless functionality, and the ability to perform complex work, among others, and the challenges faced by library management towards adopting artificial intelligence, which include financial uncertainty, job loss, and technological defects, among others. The paper concluded that adoption of AI in academic libraries sets a new …


Marketing Of Library Services As Determinant For Undergraduates Patronage In Oghara Polytechnic Library Delta State, Nigeria, Eruviheme Patrick Chukwumawe, Ejiakor Chika Chinonso, Oluchi Juliet Nwagu, Onyedikachi Patience Azubuike Sep 2023

Marketing Of Library Services As Determinant For Undergraduates Patronage In Oghara Polytechnic Library Delta State, Nigeria, Eruviheme Patrick Chukwumawe, Ejiakor Chika Chinonso, Oluchi Juliet Nwagu, Onyedikachi Patience Azubuike

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract

The study investigated marketing of library services as a determinant for undergraduate’s patronage in Oghara Polytechnic library in Delta State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design using questionnaire as instrument for data collection. The population of the study consists of 31 library staff at the Oghara polytechnic library. A total of 31 questionnaires were distributed only 25 were retrieved. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics mean and percentage mean score of 2.5 and above. The study revealed that the needs for marketing library and information services in Oghara polytechnic libraries is keeping the clients in …


Assessing The Impact Of Access To Library Resources And Services On The Learning Outcomes Of Distance Learners In National Open University Of Nigeria, Musa Yila Umar Dr., Babarotimi Opeyemi Oluwaseun Mr., Snimbalya Simeon Bukar Mrs. Aug 2023

Assessing The Impact Of Access To Library Resources And Services On The Learning Outcomes Of Distance Learners In National Open University Of Nigeria, Musa Yila Umar Dr., Babarotimi Opeyemi Oluwaseun Mr., Snimbalya Simeon Bukar Mrs.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract

This paper examines the influence of access to library resources and services on the learning outcomes of distance learners in Nigeria. The study's objectives include investigating the impact of library resources and services on learning outcomes and exploring their joint influence. Research hypotheses are formulated and tested. The literature review demonstrates that library resources and services positively impact academic performance, research skills, engagement, and community sense among distance learners. Challenges such as user interface difficulties and information literacy skill gaps are discussed. The research methodology utilizes a survey design with a population of 4802 students and a sample size …


The Role Of Librarians In Curbing Monkey Pox In Nigeria, Helen Famaren Tor-Akwer Cln, Dominic Aondohemba Ihongo Cln, Gabriel Iortyom Ajav Cln Aug 2023

The Role Of Librarians In Curbing Monkey Pox In Nigeria, Helen Famaren Tor-Akwer Cln, Dominic Aondohemba Ihongo Cln, Gabriel Iortyom Ajav Cln

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The paper focuses on Influence of Librarians on curbing Monkey pox in Nigeria, it examines the concept of monkey pox and a brief history of it and how it got into Nigeria. Signs and symptom of monkey pox were also discussed as well as the mode of transmission which basically is through animals and from an infected person to the other. The paper further shows discussed the influence of librarians in curbing monkey pox in Nigeria. Four research objectives and four research questions were formulated for the study. Random sampling technique will be used to draw 250 health draws from …


The Impact Of Industrial Action On Academic Libraries In Nigerian Universities: An Overview, Helen Famaren Tor-Akwer Cln, Gabriel Iortyom Ajav Cln, Dominic Aondohemba Ihongo Cln Aug 2023

The Impact Of Industrial Action On Academic Libraries In Nigerian Universities: An Overview, Helen Famaren Tor-Akwer Cln, Gabriel Iortyom Ajav Cln, Dominic Aondohemba Ihongo Cln

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This paper studied the impact of industrial action on academic libraries in Nigerian Universities. The study adopted descriptive survey design with one research question and one hypothesis was formulated. The population of the study comprised of entire students and staff (academic and non-academic) of Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi and Benue State University formed the population of the study these give a total figure of 59,039. . Sample size and sampling Technique Out of a population figure of 59,039, a sample size of 810 was chosen using Taro Yamen technique. Method of data collection was Questionnaire, oral interview and participant …


Addressing Challenges & Reactions To Covid-19 In Academic Libraries, Teisha Robertson, Edna Foxhall, Monica Hodge Aug 2023

Addressing Challenges & Reactions To Covid-19 In Academic Libraries, Teisha Robertson, Edna Foxhall, Monica Hodge

Alabama Libraries

The unprecedented COVID-19 crisis has impacted many universities and academic libraries resulting in normal operations ceasing temporarily. Overall, academic libraries at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic immediately adjusted to the so-called new normal and accommodated disrupted work operations to operate successfully. This article discusses the procedures implemented, positive and negative reactions to these changes, and the challenges experienced at Alabama State University, Levi Watkins Learning Center, and other libraries. This article will also highlight implemented procedures carried out by other university libraries, including difficulties and successes that libraries experienced during peak periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. To conclude, academic …


Overdrive On An Academic Campus, Hassna Ramadan, Ashley Eaton Aug 2023

Overdrive On An Academic Campus, Hassna Ramadan, Ashley Eaton

Alabama Libraries

No abstract provided.


Library Support Services To Displaced Farmers In Benue State For Enhanced Food Production., Gabriel Iortyom Ajav, Helen Famaren Tor-Akwer, Dominic Aondohemba Ihongo Jul 2023

Library Support Services To Displaced Farmers In Benue State For Enhanced Food Production., Gabriel Iortyom Ajav, Helen Famaren Tor-Akwer, Dominic Aondohemba Ihongo

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study sought to establish the effect of food shortage caused by displacement of farmers in Benue state and the support services offered by libraries during the emergency circumstances of displaced farmers in Nigeria and Benue State in particular. This study sought to establish the effect of food shortage in Benue state caused by displacement of farmers. The study proposes that libraries cannot afford to close down their services of providing information to the users about the plights of farmers and the effect of these crises on food shortage. During displacement, libraries can provide mobile services and relevant information sources …


Marketing Of Library And Information Services In Medical College Libraries In The Punjab Pakistan, Amir Latif, Ikram Ul Haq Jul 2023

Marketing Of Library And Information Services In Medical College Libraries In The Punjab Pakistan, Amir Latif, Ikram Ul Haq

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Aim: This study was intended to investigate the marketing of library and information services in medical college libraries in the province of Punjab, Pakistan.

Research Methodology: The study employed a descriptive survey research design. The population consisted of 55 medical library in-charges, irrespective of their administrative set-up (public and private). A self-administrated questionnaire comprising five-point Likert scale was prepared. Which was pilot-tested and revised. The questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection consisted of seven main research questions with 72 items. The descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation of the data were analyzed by using …


Users’ Perception Of Staff Attitude As A Determinant Of Effective Library Service Delivery In Federal Universities In South-West, Nigeria, Lauretta Nnebuogor Ojei Mrs., Sunday Olanrewaju Popoola Jul 2023

Users’ Perception Of Staff Attitude As A Determinant Of Effective Library Service Delivery In Federal Universities In South-West, Nigeria, Lauretta Nnebuogor Ojei Mrs., Sunday Olanrewaju Popoola

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

ABSTRACT

Libraries are established purposively to acquire and organize knowledge and information content in different carriers and make them available to the intended audience in the best possible format and at the right time. Considering the customer as the king, this work sets out to investigate the perception of the users on the inherent attitude displayed by library staff in the federal universities in south-western Nigeria while delivering their services to the user community.

To achieve this, a descriptive survey was carried out using a sample size of 2576 out of 43355 population of registered users. A well-structured SERVQUAL questionnaire …


Participation Of Academic Libraries And Provision Of Covid-19 Information Services During The Pandemic In Nigeria, Flora Orewa May 2023

Participation Of Academic Libraries And Provision Of Covid-19 Information Services During The Pandemic In Nigeria, Flora Orewa

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Information was sought on the level of collaboration between academic libraries and known key players championing the prevention and control of COVID-19, the activities carried out in compliance with set protocols, information services offered, and the challenges faced. Results showed moderate level of collaboration and very limited direct synergistic interaction with public health groups, while they provided patrons with an avenue to source updates from library websites. There was high compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines; however, there was no specialized COVID-19 information service desk for patrons' inquiries. Libraries participated in the dissemination of COVID-19 information during the pandemic, especially to …


Scanning The Digital: Using Survey Data To Support Digital Scholarship Initiatives At The University Of Mississippi, Abigail Norris, Adam Clemons, Alex Watson May 2023

Scanning The Digital: Using Survey Data To Support Digital Scholarship Initiatives At The University Of Mississippi, Abigail Norris, Adam Clemons, Alex Watson

The Southeastern Librarian

Digital scholarship (the use of digital technology in research or teaching applications) is a new and growing field but many Mississippi libraries, including the University of Mississippi, are not officially supporting digital scholarship. To change this, librarians at the University of Mississippi sent out an online survey to faculty, staff, postdocs, and graduate students in order to gauge their interest in and experience with digital scholarship methods and tools and how the library can best support digital scholarship on campus. The results showed a wide variety of interest and expertise across several fields, mostly in the humanities, with important data …


Awareness And Adoption Of Mobile Technology-Based Library Services In Federal Polytechnics In Southwest Nigeria, Tunde Idris Yusuf, Omotayo Jimoh Jimoh May 2023

Awareness And Adoption Of Mobile Technology-Based Library Services In Federal Polytechnics In Southwest Nigeria, Tunde Idris Yusuf, Omotayo Jimoh Jimoh

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The paper examines the awareness and adoption of mobile technology-based library services in Federal Polytechnic in Southwest Nigeria. To achieve the set objectives, the study adopted descriptive survey with a mixed method that is quantitative and qualitative approaches. The targeted population for the study was registered users for 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 academic sessions of Federal Polytechnics in Southwest Nigeria. The sample size for the study was 390 registered users which represented 10% of the student’s population and 10 library staff was justified by the recommendation made by Nwana (1992). The convenience sampling technique was be used. The data were analysed …


Assessment Of Interpersonal Communication Skills For Provision Of Reference Services In Academic Libraries, Kogi State, Nigeria: A Study Of Tertiary Institutions In Kogi State, Nigeria, Agunsoye Florence Bosede May 2023

Assessment Of Interpersonal Communication Skills For Provision Of Reference Services In Academic Libraries, Kogi State, Nigeria: A Study Of Tertiary Institutions In Kogi State, Nigeria, Agunsoye Florence Bosede

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study dwells on the assessment of interpersonal communication skills for the provision of reference services in academic libraries in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study covered eight tertiary institutions in the State. Five research questions in line with the objective of the study were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study consists of all professional and para-professional librarians in tertiary Institutions in Kogi State. However, a simple random sampling technique was used in selecting fifteen (15) library personnel each from the eight (8) tertiary institutions in Kogi state to …


Cultural Competency In Universities And Library Services: Definition And Review, Brady Lund Dr, Maoka Dikotla Dr, Matlala Mahlatji, Ting Wang, Awojobi Esther Abosede Mar 2023

Cultural Competency In Universities And Library Services: Definition And Review, Brady Lund Dr, Maoka Dikotla Dr, Matlala Mahlatji, Ting Wang, Awojobi Esther Abosede

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Cultural competency is critical aspects that requires proper management in view of the fact that institutions of higher learning worldwide are more diverse with the greater rate of international student enrollment, expansion of opportunities for women and ethnic minorities, and increase in more affordable options for achieving a degree. This qualitative study sought to presents a literature review of the concept of cultural competency as it pertains to the provision of educational and library and information services at institutions of higher education. This literature review explores the various definitions for cultural literacy, how the concept has been used in higher …


Word Frequency- Content Analysis Approach To Identify The Terms In The Content Of Library Rules And Regulations Of Indian Universities And European Universities: A Comparative Study, Amita Roy Mar 2023

Word Frequency- Content Analysis Approach To Identify The Terms In The Content Of Library Rules And Regulations Of Indian Universities And European Universities: A Comparative Study, Amita Roy

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract:

Purpose: Rules and regulation hold the immense significance in library for effective and smooth running of the operation. The objectives of the study are to filter the significant terms on library use rules and regulations visible in library website of Indian universities and European universities.

Methodology: Word or term frequency analysis method is used in this study. ‘TagCrowd’ software is used to collect the terms/words related to library rules and regulations. Top frequency and least frequency terms are highlighted first. Further a comparative study is occurred between the common terms of Indian university and European university through Spearman’s Rank …


Oa And Oer In Education And The Knowledge Market: Presentation And Workshop Materials, Jillian Beckwell Jan 2023

Oa And Oer In Education And The Knowledge Market: Presentation And Workshop Materials, Jillian Beckwell

Honors Projects

Are you interested in being able to access reliable information, research, images, and more online without running into a paywall or fee? Are you interested in accessing online textbooks and other class materials without having to spend a single dollar? With Open Access and Open Educational Resources, these scenarios are possible. This presentation will discuss Open Access materials and Open Educational Resources, and their role in educational spaces and within the different Knowledge Market services.


Open Educational Resources And Institutional Repositories: Roles, Challenges, And Opportunities For Libraries, James Hutson, Susan Edele, Elizabeth Macdonald, Paul Huffman, Nancy Messina, Maggie Pavone, Carla Mueller, Gabriela Romero Dec 2022

Open Educational Resources And Institutional Repositories: Roles, Challenges, And Opportunities For Libraries, James Hutson, Susan Edele, Elizabeth Macdonald, Paul Huffman, Nancy Messina, Maggie Pavone, Carla Mueller, Gabriela Romero

Faculty Scholarship

The adoption of digital-born, Open Educational Resources (OER) has been proven to improve student retention and learning outcomes, and OER has the flexibly to support multiple modalities of instruction. Institutional Repositories are uniquely situated to act as a platform to support and distribute content that can be created collaboratively between faculty researchers as well as students. However, faculty are still largely hesitant to adopt OER sources for a variety of reasons, not least among them being a lack of exposure and understanding of the potential benefits for both faculty and students in keeping curriculum affordable, up-to-date, and nimble through media-rich, …


Implementation And Design Of E-Library System Using Qr Code And Smart Mobile Phone, Dheeraj Singh Negi Aug 2022

Implementation And Design Of E-Library System Using Qr Code And Smart Mobile Phone, Dheeraj Singh Negi

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This paper has been show that E-library system using the QR Code and smart mobile phone implementation and design of Library digital system. In this study we found the QR code is very useful of library services and Digitization. QR code easily scan to document like a books, Journals , Library website, Library Blog, Marketing of product etc. It’s very important Technology for Library automation and networking. Library staff is easily use this technology for Quick Time and user satisfaction.”


Information: Knowledge On Perception Of Resource Access And Intellectual Freedom (If), Obia Gopeh Inyang, Juliana Nwakaego Agwunobi Mrs Apr 2022

Information: Knowledge On Perception Of Resource Access And Intellectual Freedom (If), Obia Gopeh Inyang, Juliana Nwakaego Agwunobi Mrs

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Purpose: The study investigated information: Knowledge on perception of resource access and intellectual freedom. It is to display the state of the art at such a time when the political prowess had been used as a militating factor against the innovations that would have salvaged the cry for the quest for a developed economy through readership and intellectual freedom.

Methodology: Descriptive research survey was adopted to sample three academic libraries in Cross River South province; with 700 copies of questionnaires. Availability sampling was used giving a return rate of 676(96.57%).Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and percentages.

Findings: …


The National Library Of Pakistan: A Survey Of Users’ Satisfaction, Muhammad Afzal, Pervaiz Ahmad Prof. Dr. Mar 2022

The National Library Of Pakistan: A Survey Of Users’ Satisfaction, Muhammad Afzal, Pervaiz Ahmad Prof. Dr.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study aims to assess users’ satisfaction with the National Library of Pakistan (NLP). The study variables include facilities, collection, services, and attitude/behavior of staff along with demographics and open-ended comments. To carry out the objectives of the study, a semi-structured paper questionnaire using a modified Likert-type scale is administered personally by the principal researcher. Responses from one hundred (100) users are obtained employing a non-probability (accidental, voluntary) sampling technique. The majority of users show their satisfaction against all the variables. The users in open-ended comments suggest further improvement in facilities and services. This study may be helpful for the …


Users Perception Of The Role Of Academic Library In Private Universities In Delta State., Stanley Efe Okolo Feb 2022

Users Perception Of The Role Of Academic Library In Private Universities In Delta State., Stanley Efe Okolo

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study investigates Users Perception of the role of Academic Library in Private Universities in Delta State. Thus, the study outlined among others, the types of services provided, meaning of the concept users. To achieve this study, four (4) research objectives were formulated and they are: To identify the services of academic library; To ascertain users perception of academic libraries and their services; To know the various challenges that bedevil academic libraries in providing their services; Outline possible ways to remedy challenges of academic libraries. The study adopted a descriptive research method which gives room for the collection of …


Undergraduates’ Perception Of Library Service Quality And Value In The 21st-Century In Southeast Nigeria: A Case Study, Obiora Kingsley Udem, Joy Iguehi Ikenwe, Ethel Chinenye Ugwuamoke Nov 2020

Undergraduates’ Perception Of Library Service Quality And Value In The 21st-Century In Southeast Nigeria: A Case Study, Obiora Kingsley Udem, Joy Iguehi Ikenwe, Ethel Chinenye Ugwuamoke

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The purpose of this study is to explore the undergraduates’ perception of the quality and value of library services offered to them in the 21st-century in federal universities in Southeast Nigeria. Prof. Festus Aghagbo Nwako Library (PFANL) in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka was used as a case study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. From a population of 14,196 registered regular undergraduates’ users of the library, a sample of 120 was selected through an accidental sampling technique. From 120 questionnaires distributed, 103 copies received were valid, 17 responses were either incomplete or not answered, …