Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Library and Information Science Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Education (372)
- Information Literacy (326)
- Archival Science (314)
- Scholarly Communication (299)
- Arts and Humanities (291)
-
- Collection Development and Management (238)
- Scholarly Publishing (206)
- History (140)
- Higher Education (136)
- Cataloging and Metadata (91)
- Communication (88)
- Law (73)
- Business (67)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (63)
- Curriculum and Instruction (47)
- Intellectual Property Law (44)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (43)
- Digital Humanities (32)
- Religion (32)
- Communication Technology and New Media (30)
- Sociology (29)
- Engineering (28)
- Social Media (28)
- Christianity (26)
- Science and Technology Studies (24)
- Health Sciences and Medical Librarianship (23)
- Law Librarianship (23)
- Mass Communication (23)
- Institution
-
- Purdue University (380)
- San Jose State University (185)
- Kennesaw State University (179)
- Grand Valley State University (112)
- University of Rhode Island (101)
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (82)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (80)
- Central Washington University (71)
- University of Kentucky (71)
- Georgia Southern University (61)
- Utah State University (44)
- Clemson University (43)
- The University of Akron (41)
- Gettysburg College (35)
- University of Denver (35)
- Hope College (34)
- University of Northern Iowa (34)
- University of South Carolina (34)
- Singapore Management University (31)
- Brigham Young University (30)
- George Fox University (29)
- Portland State University (29)
- Western University (29)
- Syracuse University (28)
- Western Kentucky University (27)
- University of Central Florida (26)
- California State University, San Bernardino (24)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (24)
- Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library, The George Washington University (23)
- Minnesota State University, Mankato (23)
- Keyword
-
- Library science (107)
- Information literacy (96)
- Academic libraries (77)
- College publications (66)
- Grand Valley State University--Periodicals (66)
-
- Libraries (66)
- Universities & colleges--Michigan--Allendale (66)
- Student publications (62)
- Collection development (52)
- Library (50)
- Faculty Senate (48)
- Library Impact Statement (48)
- Lib_pub (43)
- Open access (42)
- Archives (41)
- Collaboration (39)
- Community outreach (38)
- Librarians (38)
- Library events (38)
- Assessment (37)
- Book review (35)
- Library instruction (34)
- Grand Valley State University; Publications; Universities and colleges (30)
- Higher education (29)
- Scholarly communication (26)
- Student Newspaper (24)
- The Anchor (24)
- Gettysburg College (23)
- Librarianship (23)
- Communication (22)
- Publication
-
- Against the Grain (266)
- Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) (136)
- Georgia Library Quarterly (74)
- Library Impact Statements (72)
- Charleston Library Conference (70)
-
- Publications and Research (63)
- The Southeastern Librarian (49)
- Faculty Publications (47)
- Proceedings from the Document Academy (39)
- Brooks Library Events (37)
- Copyright, Fair Use, Scholarly Communication, etc. (36)
- Presentations (34)
- Volume 50, July 13, 2015 - June 6, 2016 (31)
- Volume 51, July 11, 2016 - June 5, 2017 (31)
- Collaborative Librarianship (29)
- The Christian Librarian (29)
- Publications (24)
- The Anchor: 2016 (24)
- Georgia International Conference on Information Literacy (23)
- Library Faculty and Staff Publications and Presentations (23)
- Library Publications (1999-2023) (22)
- Library Scholarship (22)
- Provenance, Journal of the Society of Georgia Archivists (22)
- SLIS Connecting (22)
- Libraries Faculty and Staff Scholarship and Research (21)
- Scholars’ Mine Statistics (21)
- School of Information Student Research Journal (21)
- Libraries (20)
- FIMS Publications (19)
- Journal of International Technology and Information Management (19)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 481 - 510 of 2789
Full-Text Articles in Library and Information Science
In The Highways And Hedges: Library Support For Oer Adoption Efforts At Higher Education Institutions Across Virginia, Tara Cassidy, Olivia Reinauer, Anita R. Walz
In The Highways And Hedges: Library Support For Oer Adoption Efforts At Higher Education Institutions Across Virginia, Tara Cassidy, Olivia Reinauer, Anita R. Walz
Charleston Library Conference
A growing number of Virginia higher education libraries are involved in supporting and leading Open Educational Resource (OER) adoption efforts. Statewide, OER initiatives include a unique blend of administrative and grassroots organizations and individuals that work hand in hand to leverage the economic benefits and educational advantages of open educational resources. This article highlights library engagement and leadership, successes and growing pains, on the many levels of OER efforts in Virginia Higher Education.
Where Do We Go From Here: Choosing A Framework For Assessing Research Data Services And Training, William M. Cross, Hilary M. Davis
Where Do We Go From Here: Choosing A Framework For Assessing Research Data Services And Training, William M. Cross, Hilary M. Davis
Charleston Library Conference
Research data management has become a critical issue for campus researchers, funding agencies, and libraries, who have made substantial investments of time, energy, and resources into support for managing and sharing data. As data management programs proliferate, however, assessment of research data services has become a notorious challenge for libraries. How can we know—and demonstrate—that our efforts are having an impact, and how can we learn to make them even more effective?
In this session, we will present a survey of several frameworks for assessing research data management services. We will lead a discussion about the application of different frameworks …
E‐Book Tune‐Up: Maintaining, Sustaining, And Expanding Your Demand‐Driven E‐Book Program, Caroline Mills, Janet A. Nazar, Michelle R. Desilets, Nathan Carlson
E‐Book Tune‐Up: Maintaining, Sustaining, And Expanding Your Demand‐Driven E‐Book Program, Caroline Mills, Janet A. Nazar, Michelle R. Desilets, Nathan Carlson
Charleston Library Conference
Just like a car, an e‐book program needs continuous maintenance in order to run smoothly. What can we do to structure our e‐book collections to better meet institutional need? Many factors come into play in building a successful demand‐driven acquisition (DDA) program. Student preferences, actual use, collection development, and faculty/staff education and support are all important aspects of maintaining and sustaining a DDA program. This paper describes how the Furman University Library in South Carolina and the Metropolitan State University Library (Metro State) in Minnesota assessed and fine‐tuned their respective DDA programs, and the results of these changes.
Building A Scholarly Communication Boot Camp For East Carolina University Liaisons, Cindy D. Shirkey, Jeanne Hoover
Building A Scholarly Communication Boot Camp For East Carolina University Liaisons, Cindy D. Shirkey, Jeanne Hoover
Charleston Library Conference
A growing demand for scholarly communication expertise led two librarians at East Carolina University to create a series of informative and interactive sessions for liaisons. These boot camp sessions covered topics such as open access, citation management, research impact, data management, authors’ rights, copyright, digital humanities, and OER. The goal of the boot camp was to familiarize liaisons with these concepts enough so that they might be able to talk with faculty about them. To achieve this goal, the developers of the sessions used active learning exercises and a flipped classroom model.
Cc‐By: Is There Such A Thing As Too Open In Open Access?, Leetta M. Schmidt, Kyle K. Courtney, Calvin Manning
Cc‐By: Is There Such A Thing As Too Open In Open Access?, Leetta M. Schmidt, Kyle K. Courtney, Calvin Manning
Charleston Library Conference
Support and demand for researchers to publish in open access (OA) journals has been growing steadily among funding agencies, research organizations, and institutions of higher education. The Wellcome Trust and the Research Councils UK OA policies have begun imposing more finite restrictions, like publishing only under CC‐BY licenses, on researchers. CC‐BY, or Creative Commons Attribution, is one of several, and the most open, of all creative commons licensing. It most closely embodies the definition of OA, as established by the Berlin Declaration and Bethesda Statement on Open Access, by allowing for the most reuse, including the unrestricted creation of derivatives. …
Summon, Ebsco Discovery Service, And Google Scholar: Comparing Search Performance Using User Queries, John Vickery
Summon, Ebsco Discovery Service, And Google Scholar: Comparing Search Performance Using User Queries, John Vickery
Charleston Library Conference
No abstract provided.
The Secret Life Of Articles: From Download Metrics To Downstream Impact, Carol Tenopir, Lorraine Estelle, Wouter Haak
The Secret Life Of Articles: From Download Metrics To Downstream Impact, Carol Tenopir, Lorraine Estelle, Wouter Haak
Charleston Library Conference
No abstract provided.
Balancing Bananas: Collection Assessment Of Patron‐Driven Acquisitions, Gabrielle Wiersma, Rhonda Glazier, Denise Pan, Stephanie Spratt
Balancing Bananas: Collection Assessment Of Patron‐Driven Acquisitions, Gabrielle Wiersma, Rhonda Glazier, Denise Pan, Stephanie Spratt
Charleston Library Conference
The libraries in the University of Colorado (CU) System have been using patron‐driven acquisitions (PDA) to build a shared collection of e‐books for many years. This paper presents our experiences as both early adopters of PDA and libraries with longstanding PDA e‐book programs and describes an analysis of how PDA has impacted collections at each of the libraries in the CU System.
Interrogating Demand: Pathways Toward Purchase In Patron‐Influenced E‐Book Models; University Of California‐Wide Demand‐Driven Acquisitions—E‐Book Hopes And Dreams Revisited, Kerry P. Scott
Charleston Library Conference
From January 2013 to date, the University of California has piloted a system‐wide e‐book demand driven access (DDA) program comprised of University Press publications in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. This paper reviews the pilot’s progress, specifically focusing on how well it has achieved the hopes and dreams laid out by several of the participating campus librarians prior to the pilot’s launch.
Interrogating Demand: Pathways Toward Purchase In Patron‐Influenced E‐Book Models, Jim Dooley
Interrogating Demand: Pathways Toward Purchase In Patron‐Influenced E‐Book Models, Jim Dooley
Charleston Library Conference
E‐books are available to academic libraries through a wide variety of acquisition models. The University of California, Merced (UC Merced) Library has used demand‐driven acquisitions (DDA) as its principal model for providing access to e‐books from its founding in 2005 to the present. This paper will discuss the influence of the situation at UC Merced on the implementation of DDA plans for e‐books and the results of the most recent five years of operations of these plans.
Three Heads Are Better Than One: Organizational Changes In Collection Management Leadership, Barbara A. Bishop, Adelia B. Grabowsky, Liza Weisbrod
Three Heads Are Better Than One: Organizational Changes In Collection Management Leadership, Barbara A. Bishop, Adelia B. Grabowsky, Liza Weisbrod
Charleston Library Conference
Financial pressures, shrinking staff, shifting user expectations, and advances in format access and availability mean that organizational change seems to have become a constant in today’s academic library. The area of collection management has not been immune from change; the increasing emphasis on electronic formats, questions about access versus ownership, and the rise of open access have all required adjustment in managing collections. Even with all this change, most academic libraries have retained an organizational structure with a single person serving as a collection management coordinator or decision maker. This presentation details the shift in one academic library from a …
Developing A Weighted Collection Development Allocation Formula, Jeff Bailey, Linda Creibaum
Developing A Weighted Collection Development Allocation Formula, Jeff Bailey, Linda Creibaum
Charleston Library Conference
In this preconference workshop Bailey and Creibaum gave attendees detailed instruction on how to create a spreadsheet‐based library collection development allocation formula, one option to manage a library’s collection development budget. The presenters demonstrated and led participants through the process of creating customizable Excel‐based formulas that can be modified to utilize the criteria relevant to a specific library and institution. The primary element in the success of such a formula is the use of weights applied to each factor contained in the spreadsheet. Potential factors include the number of students majoring in a degree program, total faculty per department, departmental …
Vendorbrarians: Librarians Who Work For Vendors And The Value They Provide To Library Customers, Charlie Remy
Vendorbrarians: Librarians Who Work For Vendors And The Value They Provide To Library Customers, Charlie Remy
Charleston Library Conference
A panel of librarians working for different kinds of library vendors discussed their unique and valuable roles inside their organizations. The session was moderated by an Electronic Resources Librarian with an interest in library/vendor relationships. Librarians can add value to their company’s relationships with library customers as they share the same basic skill set as their colleagues in libraries and have a better understanding of their needs, industry standards, and the day to day realities of their customers. Topics discussed included the kinds of roles librarians can have at vendors, how these positions compare and contrast with more traditional library …
Learning Mendeley Through Its Certification Program For Librarians, Rajiv Nariani, Yath Ithayakumar
Learning Mendeley Through Its Certification Program For Librarians, Rajiv Nariani, Yath Ithayakumar
Charleston Library Conference
York University Libraries (YUL) ended its subscription to their default citation management program in the summer of 2015. The Mendeley Certification Program for Librarians was launched during that time and the science librarian at YUL completed this program. The steps undertaken during the completion of the program led to successful migration to the freely available, and libraries supported, citation management programs. This paper details the various initiatives that were done prior to and during the certification program and how completing the program has benefited our academic community. The certification program has helped solidify relations with faculty and students during the …
Aligning Collections With Emerging Needs In Research Informatics, Heidi J. Tebbe, Darby Orcutt
Aligning Collections With Emerging Needs In Research Informatics, Heidi J. Tebbe, Darby Orcutt
Charleston Library Conference
Some of the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Libraries’ largest investments are in collections, digital library development, and technology‐rich collaborative spaces. The goal of the NCSU Libraries Fellows Program initiative, "Aligning Collections with Emerging Needs in Research Informatics," is to ensure these areas leverage one another to the benefit of our users in support of emerging research informatics needs through licensing and acquisition of new data sources, as well as leveraging the capabilities of new high‐tech library spaces. Over its two years, this initiative seeks to address and mainstream subject specialists’ and selectors’ consideration of high‐tech research informatics needs of …
Leveraging Usage Data And User‐Driven Development To Extend The Use Of Collections, Kristen Garlock
Leveraging Usage Data And User‐Driven Development To Extend The Use Of Collections, Kristen Garlock
Charleston Library Conference
In 2014, the JSTOR Labs team used an algorithm to identify more than 9,000 articles on JSTOR that exhibited patterns of use consistent with being used in the classroom or assigned as coursework. Using a low‐cost rapid development approach called “flash builds,” the team validated and built a prototype browser for this dataset with the direct involvement of teachers at the secondary and introductory college levels. This dataset is now available as “Classroom Readings,” a free and open experimental resource. Classroom Readings (http://labs.jstor.org/readings) is designed to help educators find articles on JSTOR that are good candidates for teaching, adding value …
From Chaos To Community: Two Libraries Finding A Unified Direction, Melissa Johnson, Rod Bustos, Sandra Bandy
From Chaos To Community: Two Libraries Finding A Unified Direction, Melissa Johnson, Rod Bustos, Sandra Bandy
Charleston Library Conference
In January 2013, the University System of Georgia Board of Regents consolidated a health sciences university and a predominantly undergraduate liberal arts university. Each university had its own library, and the consolidation presented several challenges to the newly formed University Libraries. One major challenge was unifying the catalog as each library follows different classification standards. National Library of Medicine call numbers and Medical Subject Headings were utilized on the Health Sciences campus, and Library of Congress call numbers and subject headings were used on the liberal arts campus. After recognizing the differences in the catalog records, the Libraries asked “Where …
Cost Per User: Analyzing Ezproxy Logs For Assessment, Tiffany M. Lemaistre
Cost Per User: Analyzing Ezproxy Logs For Assessment, Tiffany M. Lemaistre
Charleston Library Conference
Cost per use has long been a staple of collection development decision‐making for electronic resources, but what of the users behind those retrieval and search counts? Questions about the interdisciplinary usage of an e‐resource, the depth of integration into a given program or course, and who will miss it if it is cancelled are generally relegated to the realm of anecdotal evidence. Researchers at Nevada State College have made efforts to remedy this gap in knowledge by analyzing EZProxy logs, which can be set up to capture unique user identifiers at the point of authentication into library electronic resources. When …
How Do We Study Satisfaction With Academic E‐Book Collections?, Beth Caruso, Alison D. Bradley
How Do We Study Satisfaction With Academic E‐Book Collections?, Beth Caruso, Alison D. Bradley
Charleston Library Conference
Much of the existing literature on patron satisfaction with e‐books in academic settings does not differentiate between platforms, formats, and other conditions that drastically change the user’s ability to read, annotate, and use e‐book content. The Charlotte Initiative is a project funded by the Mellon Foundation to convene a working group that investigates principles for permanent acquisition of e‐books for academic libraries. As part of this project, a user experience research team has been created to review the existing literature on patron satisfaction with multiple aspects of e‐books. During summer 2015, this research team began a metastudy to determine areas …
The User‐Driven Collection 4.0: The Next Phase In User‐Driven Monographic Acquisition, Darby Orcutt
The User‐Driven Collection 4.0: The Next Phase In User‐Driven Monographic Acquisition, Darby Orcutt
Charleston Library Conference
For more than a decade, the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Libraries has had some level of user-driven collecting. Periodically building upon the success of these programs, which has often entailed pushing vendor and library systems beyond their current capacities, the Libraries is now poised to move most of our monographic selection into user‐driven pools.
Next Steps In Discovery Implementation: User‐Centered Discovery System Redesign, Richard Guajardo, Kelsey Brett, Frederick Young
Next Steps In Discovery Implementation: User‐Centered Discovery System Redesign, Richard Guajardo, Kelsey Brett, Frederick Young
Charleston Library Conference
This paper will discuss a discovery system redesign project at the University of Houston Libraries, and in particular the Discovery Redesign Team’s collaborative, user‐centered approach. Throughout the redesign process, the team collected information about the needs and expectations of internal and external users regarding the Library’s discovery system. The team worked with two internal working groups to gather and evaluate the collected information. The results of this evaluation were used to make user‐centered design decisions.
The Discovery Redesign Team worked with the Discovery Advisory Group, made up of library employees from various departments, to seek feedback and suggestions throughout the …
Tough Love: Guiding Student Researchers Toward A Better Future For E‐Books, Emily Oconnor, Kara Kroes Li, Melissa Fulkerson
Tough Love: Guiding Student Researchers Toward A Better Future For E‐Books, Emily Oconnor, Kara Kroes Li, Melissa Fulkerson
Charleston Library Conference
EPUB has emerged as the standard format for e‐books due to its numerous advantages over PDF, including superior accessibility, enhanced navigation, lighter file sizes, optimization for mobile devices, and support for non‐English languages, to name a few. However, there is little understanding of EPUB’s advantages among end users and little appreciation for EPUB’s potential in academic libraries. This paper provides a literature review and perspectives from a publisher, an aggregator, and end users (higher education library) about solutions that drive increased knowledge and use of the EPUB format for e‐books in the academic library. It will summarize the reasons for …
What Are We Thinking? Collections Decisions In An Academic Library, Tasha Cooper, Linda Galloway, Shannon Pritting
What Are We Thinking? Collections Decisions In An Academic Library, Tasha Cooper, Linda Galloway, Shannon Pritting
Charleston Library Conference
When faced with multiple competing priorities for investment in library resources, there are many important aspects to consider. From student enrollment to prominence of programs, there are both data‐driven and intangible factors to weigh. In addition, most library collections now focus on the immediate needs of students and researchers instead of collecting for posterity. This just‐in‐time versus just‐in‐case collection development mindset prioritizes different resource attributes and requires an often unfamiliar level of acquisitions flexibility.
Collection development in academic libraries is challenging and complex. Some of the complexity is the result of numerous choices including, but not limited to:
Collection building …
Managing, Marketing, And Measuring Open Resources, Trey Shelton, Steven Carrico, Ann Lindell, Tara T. Cataldo
Managing, Marketing, And Measuring Open Resources, Trey Shelton, Steven Carrico, Ann Lindell, Tara T. Cataldo
Charleston Library Conference
Academic libraries face many opportunities and challenges in managing, marketing, and measuring open resources (OR). Many questions arise when incorporating OR into an academic library collection. How do libraries select quality OR for inclusion in the collection? What tools and practices are used to manage electronic access? How can libraries better market OR to faculty? How can libraries measure the use and usefulness of OR? This paper outlines a project launched to improve the management of OR at the University of Florida’s George A. Smathers Libraries; as well as incorporating feedback garnered at the Charleston Conference discussion forum on the …
Multiplying By Division: Mapping The Collection At University Of North Texas Libraries, Karen Harker, Janette Klein, Laurel Crawford
Multiplying By Division: Mapping The Collection At University Of North Texas Libraries, Karen Harker, Janette Klein, Laurel Crawford
Charleston Library Conference
The University of North Texas (UNT) Libraries has developed a unique collection assessment tool, the Collection Map, to provide support for a new access‐based collection development philosophy. UNT Librarians realized the limitations of traditional assessment methods to gauge the impact of emerging acquisitions models such as demand‐driven acquisitions (DDA) and large interdisciplinary e‐book collections. What was needed was a flexible, nimble assessment system to track access, holdings, and interlibrary loan (ILL) activity for each academic discipline. The Collection Map is a database that links items, and their associated data, to any one of several dozen overlapping subcollections via Library of …
The Unknown Path—Evaluating Electronic Resources For Access‐Based Collection Development, Laurel S. Crawford, Erin Miller, Mark Henley
The Unknown Path—Evaluating Electronic Resources For Access‐Based Collection Development, Laurel S. Crawford, Erin Miller, Mark Henley
Charleston Library Conference
In 2015, the University of North Texas Libraries implemented an access‐based collection development policy. This new policy, coupled with the increase of interdisciplinary studies at the University, dictated the necessity for a more exhaustive evaluation of continuing resources such as databases, journals, and standing orders before they are purchased. The collection development department created a rubric of criteria to address all aspects of the evaluation. This article will provide a brief description of access‐based collection development and a detailed discussion of the rubric’s criteria and how it will be implemented.
Preserving The Past For The Future: Moving Toward Best Practices And Tools For Thoughtful Monographic Withdrawal, Mary Miller, Jennifer Teper
Preserving The Past For The Future: Moving Toward Best Practices And Tools For Thoughtful Monographic Withdrawal, Mary Miller, Jennifer Teper
Charleston Library Conference
This paper presents significant findings from a 2015 survey of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and Oberlin Group Libraries to learn how institutions make decisions to withdraw or retain print monographs. The survey was part of a two‐pronged national study led by preservation and conservation experts to better understand which kinds of data, policies, data sharing mechanisms, and other communication strategies libraries use and need to make informed decisions about monograph withdrawals in their collections. This study reviews how policies are (or aren’t) developed, what kinds of data are (or aren’t) used, and which stakeholders are (or aren’t) consulted. …
Teetering Between Two Systems For Managing E‐Book Records, Stephen Francoeur, Michael Waldman
Teetering Between Two Systems For Managing E‐Book Records, Stephen Francoeur, Michael Waldman
Charleston Library Conference
Drawing on our experience with the Primo discovery service at Baruch College, we will discuss the extent to which libraries can expect that they can treat e‐book packages in discovery services in the same manner that they treat journal packages. Given that many libraries are still trying to bridge parallel systems for the discovery of e‐books—the catalog and the discovery service—this presentation will help organize the problem so that we can develop a deeper understanding of the challenges and outline a map for charting the way ahead.
A New Kind Of Social Media Strategy: Collecting Zines At The Vassar College Library, Heidy Berthoud
A New Kind Of Social Media Strategy: Collecting Zines At The Vassar College Library, Heidy Berthoud
Charleston Library Conference
“Where do we go from here?” One way that the Vassar College Library is answering this question is by making concerted efforts to promote unique or rarely held materials—that is, nurturing collections that will make us stand out from the crowd. With that goal in mind, the Vassar College Library has spent the past year working to create a collection of zines.
This article will discuss the importance of social media in the acquisition of zines, using the Vassar College Library’s experience as an example. Zines are DIY, self‐published materials that are a vibrant and creative way to represent diverse …
Libraries In A Bind: Practical Solutions And Human Responses To A Weeding Mandate, Alex D. Mcallister, Allan Scherlen, Christina Mayberry, Kathy Marks, Carla Caforio
Libraries In A Bind: Practical Solutions And Human Responses To A Weeding Mandate, Alex D. Mcallister, Allan Scherlen, Christina Mayberry, Kathy Marks, Carla Caforio
Charleston Library Conference
Many university libraries are currently engaged in major weeding projects as they reduce their print book collections to make room for new space configurations to accommodate emerging library trends such as makerspaces and transitioning toward a predominately e‐book collection.To address such a deselection project effectively requires both practical solutions and tact in dealing with faculty who seriously value their collections of print books. Librarians from two universities will share practical approaches to managing a large weeding project and for dealing diplomatically with book users affected. Representatives for deselection project services will also offer insights into their logistic support for handling …