Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons^™

School Killers Speak: A Comprehensive Examination Of Associated And/Or Mentally Ill And Non-Associated And/Or Mentally Ill School Violence Perpetrators In K-12 American Schools, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The American Gun Culture: Potential Impact On K-12 School Violence, Gordon A. Crews, Garrison A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Most researchers insist on combining all school shootings/violence incidents into one type of act and therefore one type of actor and one type of event. However, public mass shootings, university environments, international incidents, and K-12 school shootings and violence are not the same. They have different catalysts, motivations, types of occurrence, and offenders. The research for this work is part of a comprehensive examination of 78 currently incarcerated U.S. K-12 school violence offenders and their acts between 1979 and 2011 in 33 states. Topics examined include: weapons used and injuries incurred, availability of guns, where the gun or weapon …

A Study Of Ohio's Correctional Institution Inspection Committee's (Ciic) Inmate Surveys, Melissa W. Burek, John Liederbach, Joelle K. Bridges

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Correctional facilities have a discernible "social climate," or collection of contextual properties that derive from perceptions of both staff and prisoners. These properties include the physical, organizational, social, and emotional characteristics of correctional institutions. Ohio's Correctional Institution Inspection Committee (CIIC) requested research assistance to assess the validity of their adult and youth surveys, which are administered during the CIIC's regular inspections of facilities. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of these instruments and the process by which they are administered. The study builds on the existing line of research on prison social climate surveys.

Op-Ed: Cops Shoot And Kill Someone About 1,000 Times A Year: Few Are Prosecuted: What Can Be Done?, Philip M. Stinson

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Attributes Of Police Vehicle Crashes, David Lambert

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

While overall on-duty law enforcement deaths has decreased moderately from over 160 in 1980 to a level under 120 per year in the late 2000s, fatalities by motor vehicle collisions have steadily increased. This descriptive analysis examines police vehicle crashes during specific conditions such as emergency response, road surface, lighting, and weather in a large statewide police agency. Police vehicle crashes are most likely to occur on dry roads, in daylight conditions, and in clear weather on weekdays as opposed to weekends. Weather and lighting conditions are not the most frequent factors associated with cruiser crashes in this examination.

School Killers Speak: A Comprehensive Examination Of Perpetrators, Events, And Characteristics Of K-12 School Violence In America, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

This book resulted as part of a comprehensive and ongoing research project investigating the causes of K–12 school violence and disturbance in America. Between 2008 and 2012, all publicly available lists and news reports were scoured to obtain a population of names of perpetrators who committed violence on kindergarten to 12th-grade school property or at a school function since the 1700s (approximately 500-plus incidents initially identified).

Then the deceased, released, un-adjudicated, and otherwise un-locatable individuals were eliminated from the sample (decreasing cases to approximately 120 incidents). Finally, state correctional systems were extensively searched to determine the number of these offenders …

Juvenile Transfer To Adult Court: Ongoing Search For Scientific Support, David Myers

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

(From p. 3) The basic question addressed in this body of research is as follows: Does transferring juvenile offenders to the adult criminal justice system produce a specific deterrent, criminogenic, or null effect? Unfortunately, despite two decades of research and the meta-analytic techniques employed in this study, a definitive answer to this question remains unclear. Nevertheless, when the results of this meta-analysis are considered along with findings from other relevant research conducted during the past 20 years, it seems clear that the practice of treating juveniles as adults should be limited to the most serious, violent, and chronic offenders, who …

Assessing The Relevance Of Statistics And Crime Analysis Courses For Working Crime Analysts, Jonathan A. Kringen, Christopher M. Sedelmaier, Elink-Schuurman-Laura

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Crime analysts study criminal activity and police function to improve performance. Analysts inform operations, aid resource allocation, and evaluate programs. These tasks require high levels of statistical literacy. Given that most analysts are college-educated civilians, college coursework in statistics and/or crime analysis may represent the foundational knowledgebase within the profession. However, little research has attempted to determine if coursework teaches the skills needed by analysts. Underlying this issue is a limited understanding about what technical skills crime analysts regularly use. Analyzing parallel surveys of 98 criminal justice educators and 146 crime analysts, this study compares the skills taught in undergraduate-level …

Undocumented And Unaccompanied Latino Youth Who Are Exposed To Violence Are More Likely To Turn To Crime To Overcome Disadvantage., Marika Dawkins-Cavazos, Frank Anthony Rodriguez

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Recent years have seen growing concern over the increasing number of unaccompanied youth arriving at the US-Mexico border. But despite this concern, such undocumented youth have been an understudied group. In new research, Marika Dawkins and Frank A. Rodriguez interviewed undocumented and unaccompanied Latino youth living at the US-Mexico border. They find that members of this group who experience pervasive violence may be more likely to commit crimes in order to overcome personal hardships.

A Comparison Of Attributions, Self-Esteem, Anxiety, And Parental Attachment In Sexually Abused And Non-Abused Korean Children, Kyung-Shick Choi, Elizabeth Englander, Youngki Woo, Jisun Choi, Ji-Eun Kim, Hyejung Kim

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

This study attempts to address the dearth of information about child sexual abuse (CSA) and psychological functioning in Korean children by measuring the psychological impact of sexual abuse on children in South Korea. The original data were collected on 92 sexually abused children (age 13 or younger) who underwent medical forensic interviews and psychological evaluations prior to treatment. This study collected additional data reflecting specific psychological evaluations from a control group drawn from five randomly chosen elementary schools. The psychological impact on the group of sexually abused children was compared to the control group via the assessment of four major …

The Death Row Cookbook: An Examination Of Hustling As A Coping Mechanism For Death Row Prisoners, Gordon A. Crews, Stephen C. Stanko, Garrison A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

•Discuss a project examining the coping mechanisms and strategies of death row prisoners •Extensive research = humans imprisoned in general •Less research = individuals on death rows •Focus = “hustling” as a coping mechanism (inmates/COs) •Special interest = how food production (cooking ingenuity) in one’s cell can be used for both a coping mechanism and a revenue stream •Final consideration will be given to the impact on the “well-being” of inmates, security, and the prison environment

Is Bad Stronger Than Good? The Impact Of Police-Citizen Encounters On Public Satisfaction With The Police, Yudu Li, Ling Ren, Fei Luo

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Purpose

Drawing upon the negativity bias theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of positive and negative perceptions of police-initiated or citizen-initiated contacts on three distinctive dimensions of public satisfaction with police (PSWP).

Design/methodology/approach

The data were obtained from a random-sample telephone survey of 1,143 residents in Houston in 2012. The OLS regressions were conducted with variables derived from the contact model and neighborhood context model that were often employed in the PSWP research. Particularly, five dichotomous variables were created to tap into the nature and quality of the police-citizen encounters.

Findings

The results confirm the …

The Cost Of War: Weighing Civilian Losses In The Afghan War, Jibey Asthappan

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Spending almost US $700 billion to combat insurgents in Afghanistan, the U.S. population should be hopeful that they “bought” something of value as the Afghan War concludes. This exploratory study focuses on evaluating operations within Afghanistan by accounting for enemy and civilian losses. Integration of civilian losses offers an opportunity to evaluate operations that represent societal losses to the Afghan people. Regression estimates using zero-inflated negative-binomial models indicate that military operations resulted in more civilian casualties than enemy losses.

The Pracademic And Academic In Criminal Justice Education: A Qualitative Analysis, James E. Mccabe, Stephen A. Morreale, John R. Tahiliani

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Over the past several years, a few hundred colleagues involved in criminal justice education have participated in panel discussions and roundtables to discuss the trials and issues that have been observed by practitioners turned academics, or “pracademics.” Some complained of having difficulty breaking into academia. A debate has occurred in a number of colleges and universities over the benefit of having faculty with traditional academic credentials versus hiring non-traditional scholars with a blend of educational and practical experience. Similarly, there have been lively discussions over the appropriateness of a J.D. or professional doctorate as opposed to a Ph.D. in criminal …

Research Brief One-Sheet No.7: Police Integrity Lost: Introducing A Study Of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested, Philip M. Stinson, John Liederbach

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

There are no comprehensive statistics available on problems with police integrity, and no government entity collects data on all criminal arrests of law enforcement officers in the United States. Police crimes are those crimes committed by sworn law enforcement officers with the general powers of arrest. These crimes can occur while the officer is either on‐ or off‐duty and include offenses committed by officers employed by state and local law enforcement agencies. This study provides a wealth of data on a phenomena that relates directly to police integrity—data that previously did not exist in any useable format.

Police Integrity Lost: A Study Of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested, Philip M. Stinson, John Liederbach, Steven P. Lab, Steven L. Brewer Jr

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

There are no comprehensive statistics available on problems with police integrity, and no government entity collects data on all criminal arrests of law enforcement officers in the United States. Police crimes are those crimes committed by sworn law enforcement officers with the general powers of arrest. These crimes can occur while the officer is either on- or off-duty and include offenses committed by officers employed by state and local law enforcement agencies. This study provides a wealth of data on a phenomena that relates directly to police integrity— data that previously did not exist in any usable format. The first …

Research Brief One-Sheet No.8: The Impact Of Police Crime On Lgbtq+ People, Philip M. Stinson

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

This research brief provides a summary of a research presentation at the Forum on 21st Century Policing: Protecting the Rights of LGBTQ+ People held by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services at the U.S. Department of Justice, on July 21, 2016, in Washington, DC.

The Dark Figure Of Online Property Crime: Is Cyberspace Hiding A Crime Wave?, Maria Tcherni-Buzzeo, Andrew Davis, Giza Lopes, Alan Lizotte

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

A pronounced drop in crime, since the early 1990s, has encompassed every crime category tracked by the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports, including property crime. However, over the same period, the rates of online property crime (OPC) have been on the rise according to available evidence. We delineate the extent of our knowledge and data concerning cybercrime and identity theft and, using data from several nationally representative victimization surveys, offer an alternative view of property crime trends while pointing out the glaring gap in crime reporting and accounting in relation to the growing category of property crimes perpetrated online. In addition, …

Transnational Criminal Organizations (Tcos): The Case Of Combating Criminal Biker Gangs, Petter Gottschalk, Vesna Markovic

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Transnational crime organizations (TCOs) represent a challenge to societies all over the world. This article explores combating criminal biker gangs, where stakeholders in the community and governments vary in their responses. These stakeholders include the government, law enforcers, courts, and the communities. The variation in responses is conceptualized in terms of a four stage of growth model. This model includes criminal biker gang members being treated as movie stars, individual criminals, organized criminals, and finally, enemies of the state. A stage model is a theoretical approach to understanding different levels of maturity in combating criminal biker gangs. Due to the …

Federal Civil Rights Litigation Pursuant To 42 U.S.C. §1983 As A Correlate Of Police Crime, Philip M. Stinson, Steven L. Brewer Jr

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

The Civil Rights Act of 1871 (codified at 42 U.S.C. §1983 and commonly referred to as Section 1983) provides a civil remedy for aggrieved persons to sue state actors who under the color of law violate federally protected rights. Since the 1960s there has been an explosion of Section 1983 litigation in the federal courts against police officers and their employing municipal and county agencies. Due to a lack of official statistics and poor methodologies, research has yet to determine how common Section 1983 actions are against the police nationwide. This study examines the relationship between police crime and being …

Sometimes They Come Back: Examining The Threat Of Associated And Non-Associated And/Or Mentally Ill School Violence Perpetrators, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

In this chapter it is argued that school violence and its potential in K-12 schools cannot be dealt with by simply removing the troublesome/problematic students from classrooms and/or school grounds. The expelling, suspending, incarcerating, or placing of a juvenile in an alternative school setting may only increase their anger against their former school and teachers. An anger which may continue to grow throughout their lives. Moreover, there is a growing trend of students who have failed to achieve in life returning to their former school and committing acts of violence. The author focuses on two types of these perpetrators. First, …

South Africa, Gordon A. Crews, Sara K. Green

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Since the late 1990s, empirical evidence has strongly suggested a gradual increase in drug-related problems and substance abuse (illicit and prescription) in South Africa. Abuse of alcohol is still the primary issue, but other illegal drugs are a very close in any list of social ills for South Africa As in most parts of the world, issues and social problems associated with substance abuse continue to be exacerbated and perpetuated by socio-economic and developmental factors in South Africa. This issue is made worse by the fact that South Africa is one of the world’s largest producers of some illegal drugs …

Probation Officer Roles: A Statutory Analysis, Ming-Li Hsieh, Moana Hafoka, Youngki Woo, Jacqueline Van Wormer, Mary K. Stohr

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

There are a limited number of studies that explore the legally prescribed roles of probation officers. To address this, the current study employed a statutory analysis to examine how probation officer roles have changed over the past 30 years, identifying which tasks and roles are statutorily mandated for probation officers. Findings indicate that there is an emergence of a "case manager" approach in the legally prescribed roles for probation officers in many states, even though law enforcement-oriented tasks are slightly more prescribed by law than rehabilitation-oriented tasks.

California Police Sexual Misconduct Arrest Cases, 2005-2011, Philip M. Stinson, Zachary J. Calogeras, Natalie L. Dichiro, Ryan K. Hunter

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

This report was prepared at the request of the California Research Bureau. The data are from a larger study on police crime in the United States. Police crimes are those crimes committed by sworn law enforcement officers given the general powers of arrest at the time the offense was committed and/or at the time when the officer was arrested. These crimes can occur while the officer is on- or off-duty and include offenses committed by state, county, municipal, tribal, or special law enforcement agencies. Police crimes damage the occupational integrity of police officers, the organizational legitimacy of the employing law …

Intercoder Reliability Assessment Of Supplemental Document Coding In A Quantitative Content Analysis Study Of Police Crime In The United States, Raven Ory, Philip M. Stinson

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Dr. Stinson maintains an object-relational research database in OnBase, Bowling Green State University’s enterprise-level content management system. An analysis of the intercoder reliability of the supplemental articles indexed in OnBase during the years 2012-2014 was conducted to determine and promote reliability among research assistants. This project is important because reliability is the hallmark of any research database, and because the institutional memory is short with annual turnover of student research assistants working in Stinson’s research group. Training recommendations are made from the findings of this study for the purpose of improving the reliability of document coding in the project object …

Police Shootings: A New Problem Or Business As Usual?, Philip M. Stinson

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

All School Shooters Are Not Created Equal: Identifying New Typologies Of K-12 School Violence Perpetrators, Gordon A. Crews, Garrison A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

The focus will be to argue new typologies for K-12 School Violence Perpetrators and suggestions for improving responses to school violence in general.

Emerging Cultural Conflicts In Italy: A Challenge For Criminal Law, Raffaele Muzzica, Tracy Tamborra, Giuseppe Amarelli

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Because of recent and rapid increases in immigration rates, Italy has been confronted with new forms of cultural conflicts. Cultural conflicts have resulted in cultural offenses; these are acts committed and promoted by people belonging to a minority culture that are considered to be offenses by the majority controlled legal system. In addition to defining cultural offenses and presenting defenses that are presented when cultural offenses are tried, this paper highlights pros, cons and potential pitfalls of considering culture under Italian law. Finally, suggestions to improve legal considerations of cultural diversity in Italy are presented; specifically the creation of laws …

Police Integrity Lost: Police Crime In The United States, Philip M. Stinson

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Administering A Victim Impact Curriculum To Inmates: A Multi-Site Replication, Christopher M. Sedelmaier, Mario Thomas Gaboury

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

While restorative justice has been the topic of much research, a specific type of program included in restorative justice, Impact of Crime on Victims programs, has not been widely studied or assessed for effectiveness. This study examines Impact of Crime (IOC) on Victims Curriculum Development Programs. Offenders from programs in California, Ohio, Tennessee, and Virginia were participants in this research. A four state evaluation methodology was developed in order to assess the effectiveness of these programs in educating offenders about victims’ right and victim facts, as well as increasing their sensitivity to victims’ difficulties. The findings in this evaluation lend …