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Articles 61 - 90 of 572
Full-Text Articles in Leadership Studies
There Goes My Antihero: How Wendy Byrde Broke Bad, Melissa Vosen Callens
There Goes My Antihero: How Wendy Byrde Broke Bad, Melissa Vosen Callens
Heroism Science
Despite the increase of male antiheroes in popular culture, the number of female antiheroes is sparse, particularly when female characters are romantically involved with male antiheroes. There are several reasons for this disparity, partially which can be explained by affective disposition theory. First, female characters are rarely given agency and adequate backstories. Second, in order for female characters to be antiheroes, they typically must challenge gender role stereotypes, especially as they pertain to motherhood. Finally, they are often treated poorly by other characters in the series. All of these reasons have a profound effect on how audiences perceive female characters …
Buddhist Ethics As A Path: A Defense Of Normative Gradualism, Javier S. Hidalgo
Buddhist Ethics As A Path: A Defense Of Normative Gradualism, Javier S. Hidalgo
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
This essay defends a new interpretation of Buddhist ethics: normative gradualism. According to normative gradualism, what we have normative reason to do depends on our stage along the Buddhist spiritual path. The essay shows how normative gradualism can justify distinctive features of Buddhist ethics and reconcile consequentialist and eudaimonistic interpretations of Buddhist moral thought.
Sober Thoughts On Drunken Consent: Intoxication And Consent To Sexual Relations, Samuel Director
Sober Thoughts On Drunken Consent: Intoxication And Consent To Sexual Relations, Samuel Director
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Drunken sex is common. Despite how common drunken sex is, we think
very uncritically about it. In this paper, I want to examine whether drunk individuals
can consent to sex. Specifically, I answer this question: suppose that an individual,
D, who is drunk but can still engage in reasoning and communication, agrees to have
sex with a sober individual, S; is D’s consent to sex with S morally valid? I will argue
that, within a certain range of intoxication, an individual who is drunk can give valid
consent to have sex with an individual who is sober.
Consensus, Convergence, And Covid-19: The Ethical Role Of Religious Reasons In Leaders’ Response To Covid-19, Marilie Coetsee
Consensus, Convergence, And Covid-19: The Ethical Role Of Religious Reasons In Leaders’ Response To Covid-19, Marilie Coetsee
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Focusing on current efforts to persuade the public to comply with COVID-19 best practices, this essay examines what role appeals to religious reasons should (or should not) play in leaders’ attempts to secure followers’ acceptance of group policies in contexts of religious and moral pluralism. While appeals to followers’ religious commitments can be helpful in promoting desirable public health outcomes, they also raise moral concerns when made in the contexts of secular institutions with religiously diverse participants. In these contexts, leaders who appeal to religious reasons as bases of justification for imposing COVID policies may seem to fail to show …
In Pursuit Of Important Goals: Nostalgia Fosters Heroic Perceptions Via Social Connectedness, Margaret A. Kneuer, Jeffrey D. Green, Scott T. Allison
In Pursuit Of Important Goals: Nostalgia Fosters Heroic Perceptions Via Social Connectedness, Margaret A. Kneuer, Jeffrey D. Green, Scott T. Allison
Heroism Science
Research on the theoretical order causally linking heroism to social connectedness and inspiration does not exist to our knowledge (Allison & Green, 2020). We propose that nostalgia is a source of heroism because of the social nature of nostalgic memories. We designed two studies, one correlational and one experimental, to test how nostalgia relates to pursuit of an important goal, through increasing social connectedness, heroic perceptions, and inspiration. Online participants completed an ordinary writing task (Study 1) or were randomly assigned to either a nostalgic or ordinary writing task (Study 2), followed by measures of social connectedness, heroic perceptions, inspiration, …
Curb Your Heroism: How Larry David, An Old, Bald Misanthrope, Won The Hearts Of Millions, Scott T. Allison, James K. Beggan, Olivia Efthimiou
Curb Your Heroism: How Larry David, An Old, Bald Misanthrope, Won The Hearts Of Millions, Scott T. Allison, James K. Beggan, Olivia Efthimiou
Heroism Science
For eleven television seasons, viewers of the series Curb Your Enthusiasm have been witness to a main character in Larry David who paradoxically displays attributes that are both endearing and revolting. This article offers an analysis of Larry David’s character with the goal of ascertaining his heroic nature, specifically focusing on whether he best meets the scientific criteria for a hero or for an antihero. Drawing from the literature of heroism science, we examine a large body of evidence from episodes of the series supporting arguments for both heroism and antiheroism in Larry’s character. Consistent with definitions of heroism, Larry …
Niche Diversity Predicts Personality Structure Across 115 Nations, Patrick K. Durkee, Aaron W. Lukaszewski, Christopher Von Rueden, Michael D. Gurven, David M. Buss, Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
Niche Diversity Predicts Personality Structure Across 115 Nations, Patrick K. Durkee, Aaron W. Lukaszewski, Christopher Von Rueden, Michael D. Gurven, David M. Buss, Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
The niche-diversity hypothesis proposes that personality structure arises from the affordances of unique trait combinations within a society. It predicts that personality traits will be both more variable and differentiated in populations with more distinct social and ecological niches. Prior tests of this hypothesis in 55 nations suffered from potential confounds associated with differences in the measurement properties of personality scales across groups. Using psychometric methods for the approximation of cross-national measurement invariance, we tested the niche-diversity hypothesis in a sample of 115 nations (N = 685,089). We found that an index of niche diversity was robustly associated with …
Jepson School Of Leadership Studies Dean's Report 2021 - 2022, Sandra J. Peart
Jepson School Of Leadership Studies Dean's Report 2021 - 2022, Sandra J. Peart
Jepson School of Leadership Studies Dean's Reports
University of Richmond's Jepson School of Leadership Studies Dean's Report for 2021 - 2022.
The Dynamic Negotiated Exchange Model Of Heroism And Heroic Leadership: Lessons From The Covid-19 Pandemic, Scott T. Allison, James K. Beggan
The Dynamic Negotiated Exchange Model Of Heroism And Heroic Leadership: Lessons From The Covid-19 Pandemic, Scott T. Allison, James K. Beggan
Interdisciplinary Journal of Leadership Studies
This article proposes a new model of heroism and heroic leadership that conceptualizes the exchange relationship between heroic leaders and the recipients of heroic action as dynamic and negotiated. Previous exchange models portraying heroic leadership exchange as static and passive are shown to be inadequate under conditions of major societal upheaval. Underlying the Dynamic Negotiated Exchange (DNE) model is the idea that equitable hero–recipient exchange during times of societal crises becomes strained and subject to negotiated revision. The terms of the negotiation are first manifest in media dialogue and then translate to individual or structural reforms offering more equitable exchange …
Growth Mindsets Of Anxiety: Do The Benefits To Individual Flourishing Come With Societal Costs?, Crystal L. Hoyt, Jeni L. Burnette, Emma Nash, Whitney Becker, Joseph Billingsley
Growth Mindsets Of Anxiety: Do The Benefits To Individual Flourishing Come With Societal Costs?, Crystal L. Hoyt, Jeni L. Burnette, Emma Nash, Whitney Becker, Joseph Billingsley
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Believing anxiety can change is a predictor of wellbeing, in part, because such beliefs – known as growth mindsets – predict weaker threat appraisals, which in turn improves psychological functioning. However, feeling a sense of personal threat facilitates social activism, and thus growth mindsets may undermine such action. Across six studies (N = 1761), including cross-sectional and experimental approaches (3 pre-registered), growth mindsets predict flourishing, including wellbeing, resilience, and grit. We find that growth mindsets indirectly predict reduced activism against social threats through reduced threat appraisals, which are critical motivators of activism. The total effect linking growth mindsets to activism …
Of Blood Transfusions And Feeding Tubes: Anorexia-Nervosa And Consent, Samuel Director
Of Blood Transfusions And Feeding Tubes: Anorexia-Nervosa And Consent, Samuel Director
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa experience dysmorphic perceptions of their body and desire to act on these perceptions by refusing food. In some cases, anorexics want to refuse food to the point of death. This paper explores the following question: If an anorexic, A, wants to refuse food when the food would either be lifesaving or prevent serious bodily harm, can A's refusal be valid? It is shown that there is compelling reason to think that anorexics can validly refuse food, even in these extreme circumstances.
Where They Sing Solo: Accounting For Cross-Cultural Variation In Collective Music-Making In Theories Of Music Evolution, Aniruddh D. Patel, Christopher Von Rueden
Where They Sing Solo: Accounting For Cross-Cultural Variation In Collective Music-Making In Theories Of Music Evolution, Aniruddh D. Patel, Christopher Von Rueden
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Collective, synchronous music-making is far from ubiquitous across traditional, small-scale societies. We describe societies that lack collective music and offer hypotheses to help explain this cultural variation. Without identifying the factors that explain variation in collective music-making across these societies, theories of music evolution based on social bonding (Savage et al.) or coalition signaling (Mehr et al.) remain incomplete.
Believing In The American Dream Sustains Negative Attitudes Toward Those In Poverty, Crystal L. Hoyt, Jeni L. Burnette, Rachel B. Forsyth, Mitchell Parry, Brenten H. Deshields
Believing In The American Dream Sustains Negative Attitudes Toward Those In Poverty, Crystal L. Hoyt, Jeni L. Burnette, Rachel B. Forsyth, Mitchell Parry, Brenten H. Deshields
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
A critical lever in the fight against poverty is to improve attitudes toward those living in poverty. Attempting to understand the factors that impact these attitudes, we ask: Does believing that meritocracy exists (descriptive meritocracy) sustain negative attitudes? Using cross-sectional (N = 301) and experimental (N = 439) methods, we found that belief in the United States as a meritocracy is associated with blaming people living in poverty and predicts negative attitudes toward them. Replicating and extending these findings, we experimentally manipulated beliefs in meritocracy and blame. Weakening American Dream beliefs predicted improved attitudes toward those in poverty. Understanding the …
Constructing The Heroic Whistleblower: A Social Scientific Approach, Brian K. Richardson, Joseph Mcglynn
Constructing The Heroic Whistleblower: A Social Scientific Approach, Brian K. Richardson, Joseph Mcglynn
Heroism Science
Many whistleblowers perform heroic acts, but not all whistleblowers are heroes. Motivation, method, and risk vary across whistleblower contexts. Although many whistleblowers portray aspects of archetypal heroism, research is needed to specify the qualities of heroic whistleblowers from non-heroic whistleblowers. The present study aims to develop an archetype of heroic whistleblowers. We identify five dimensions of whistleblowing heroism and then draw upon data from interviews that we conducted with 32 actual whistleblowers to provide examples of each element. We argue there are five dimensions of the whistleblowing process that distinguish heroic whistleblowers. The five dimensions include 1) motivation for blowing …
When They Lost Their Words: The Impact Of Microaggressions And Exclusion On Chinese International Students’ Linguistic Capacity And Leadership Emergence, Kexin Li
Honors Theses
This research investigates the impact of microaggressions and social exclusion on Chinese international students’ English fluency and leadership emergence. We entered a group of Chinese international students into an online study in which they filmed two videos of themselves speaking English before and after being exposed to either an identity-threatening or an identity-safe condition, both presenting an ostensible group they would be joining and with the identity-safe condition added small inclusionary changes. The results demonstrated that Chinese international students speak English more fluently and tend to show more interest in participating in group activities when put into an identity-safe environment. …
The Case For The Moral Rationale Of Diversity, Will Walker Jr.
The Case For The Moral Rationale Of Diversity, Will Walker Jr.
Honors Theses
Although there is much literature highlighting the instrumental benefits of diversity (Gurin et al., 2002; Gurin et al., 2004; Hurtado,2006; Jayakumar,2008), little research focuses on the effects of diversity that arise because of moral rationales for diversity. Expanding into the question of diversity rationale’s effect, we in this study measured the relationship between institutional rationales for diversity and undergraduate students’ perceived feelings of belonging. Using one-tailed multivariate analysis of variance (N=257), our results show that the moral rationale for diversity has more beneficial outcomes for undergraduate students, regardless of their race or ethnicity. More specifically, our analyses show that undergraduate …
Doing Good Better: The ‘Do Good’ App, Emily Trumble
Doing Good Better: The ‘Do Good’ App, Emily Trumble
Honors Theses
Although we all want to do the right thing, doing so reliably is often extremely difficult because we do not always know what the right thing to do is. Personal biases undermine our ability to perceive information in a way that does not favor ourselves. Additionally, even without those biases we often do not have enough information to make adequately informed decisions . The solution to this problem is the Do Good App, an app which would assist people in making the correct decisions. Unlike humans, the Do Good app would not be biased and it would have easy access …
Access Alone: The Unintentionality Of The Diversification Of Higher Education, Katherine Szeluga
Access Alone: The Unintentionality Of The Diversification Of Higher Education, Katherine Szeluga
Honors Theses
Recently, American colleges and universities have seen an increase in hate and bias incidents. These incidents are, unfortunately, nothing new. In coming to terms with the continuity of discrimination in higher education, history matters. The process of diversification challenged higher education in seen and unforeseen ways. Namely, institutions of higher education often fail to reconcile the distinctions between their stated institutional claims and actual practices. More bluntly, university administrations have not been as intentional about inclusivity and diversity as they would like the public to believe. Many of America’s universities have failed to institute apparati that might allow diversity to …
Power And Performance: The Role Of Witchcraft In The Leadership Of Queen Elizabeth I And James I Of England, Sabrina Garcia
Power And Performance: The Role Of Witchcraft In The Leadership Of Queen Elizabeth I And James I Of England, Sabrina Garcia
Honors Theses
Modern day beliefs about the Early Modern European witchcraft trials portray this time period as ignorant and superstitious, easily falling pretty to religious fervor. However, when looking at the primary source materials from the Elizabethan and Jacobean reigns one can see that beliefs on witchcraft were quite varied and complex. By using primary documents, as well as popular plays at the time that focus on malleus maleficarum (harmful magic) this thesis attempts to explore what witchcraft beliefs can reflect about the leadership performance styles of the monarchs Queen Elizabeth I and James I of England. Witchcraft was an intellectual battleground …
Opportunities For Interaction: Natural Observations Of Children’S Social Behavior In Five Societies., Tanya Broesch, Patrick L. Carolan, Senay Cebioğlu, Christopher Von Rueden, Adam Boyette, Cristina Moya, Barry Hewlett, Michelle A. Kline
Opportunities For Interaction: Natural Observations Of Children’S Social Behavior In Five Societies., Tanya Broesch, Patrick L. Carolan, Senay Cebioğlu, Christopher Von Rueden, Adam Boyette, Cristina Moya, Barry Hewlett, Michelle A. Kline
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
We examine the opportunities children have for interacting with others and the extent to which they are the focus of others’ visual attention in five societies where extended family communities are the norm. We compiled six video-recorded datasets (two from one society) collected by a team of anthropologists and psychologists conducting long-term research in each society. The six datasets include video observations of children among the Yasawas (Fiji), Tanna (Vanuatu), Tsimane (Bolivia), Huatasani (Peru), and Aka (infants and children 4–12 years old; Central African Republic). Each dataset consists of a series of videos of children ranging in age from 2 …
The Importance Of Leaders In The Time Of Covid-19, Lindsay Pett
The Importance Of Leaders In The Time Of Covid-19, Lindsay Pett
Honors Theses
This capstone examines if leaders mattered during the time of COVID-19. I analyzed this by examining the effect of the stringency of leaders’ policies on total cases and deaths per million from COVID-19. This initial analysis found that a decrease in the stringency index was associated with increases in both cases and deaths. Next, I ran additional statistical analyses examining if leaders had an effect on COVID-19 outcomes independent of the economic situation, health infrastructure, and cultural norms of their respective countries. It was found that the stringency of leaders’ policies still had an effect on cases and deaths independent …
Speech And Sovereignty: A Kantian Defense Of Freedom Of Expression, Alec Greven
Speech And Sovereignty: A Kantian Defense Of Freedom Of Expression, Alec Greven
Honors Theses
This thesis critically examines the moral foundations of free expression and offers a framework for evaluating morally justifiable forms of censorship. This investigation has three parts. The first section argues that rational considerations constrain how moral principles for censorship can be structured methodologically. It concludes that moral principles must be universally coherent and consistently applied. The second section considers several existing justifications for censorship that fall short of these methodological requirements and arbitrarily apply extensionally inadequate moral principles. To be rational, these approaches must either abandon these inconsistent justifications or commit to more consistently authoritarian moral principles. The third section …
A Lion’S Blues: Heroism, Heroic Self-Representations, And Emotional Distress In The Life And Character Of Yonatan (Yoni) Netanyahu, Golan Shahar, Raz Bauminger, Shai Itamar
A Lion’S Blues: Heroism, Heroic Self-Representations, And Emotional Distress In The Life And Character Of Yonatan (Yoni) Netanyahu, Golan Shahar, Raz Bauminger, Shai Itamar
Heroism Science
The realization that heroism – representing either a trait or a value system – is potentially pernicious is important for both scientific and societal reasons. In this article, we adopt a psychobiographical perspective to analyze the character and life of one of Israel’s greatest heroes, Yonathan (“Yoni”) Netanyahu. Yoni was an illustrious military leader, as well as an outstanding intellectual and adored persona. He served as the commander of the special operation forces spearheading the famous Entebbe Operation during which Israeli commando forces rescued hostages taken captive in Uganda. Yoni was the only military causality in this operation, which was …
An Abhidharmic Theory Of Welfare, Javier S. Hidalgo
An Abhidharmic Theory Of Welfare, Javier S. Hidalgo
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Do Buddhist philosophical commitments support a particular theory of well-being? Most authors who have examined this question argue that Buddhist ideas are compatible with multiple theories of well-being. In this paper, I contend that one tradition of Buddhist philosophy—Abhidharma—does imply a specific theory of welfare. In particular, Abhidharma supports hedonism. Most Ābhidharmikas claim that only property-particulars called dharmas ultimately exist and I argue that an Abhidharmic theory of well-being should only refer to these properties. Yet the only dharmas that could plausibly be intrinsically good are phenomenal properties that are good in virtue of how they feel. Thus, the only …
Speciesism, Prejudice, And Epistemic Peer Disagreement, Samuel Director
Speciesism, Prejudice, And Epistemic Peer Disagreement, Samuel Director
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Peter Singer famously argues that speciesism, like racism and sexism, is based on a prejudice. As Singer argues, since we reject racism and sexism, we must also reject speciesism. Since Singer articulated this line of reasoning, it has become a wide- spread argument against speciesism. Shelly Kagan has recently critiqued this argument, claiming that one can endorse speciesism without doing so on the basis of a prejudice. In this paper, I defend Kagan’s conclusion (that one can endorse speciesism without being prejudiced). However, many philosophers have found Kagan’s argument deeply unsatisfactory; so, I advance an alternative argument, different from Kagan’s, …
The 2020 Election And Its Aftermath: Love, Lies, And Ensorceling Leadership, George R. Goethals
The 2020 Election And Its Aftermath: Love, Lies, And Ensorceling Leadership, George R. Goethals
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Though Donald Trump decisively lost the 2020 US presidential election, his mob-inciting charisma created a large and devoted base unusual in American politics. Insights from Sigmund Freud’s account of the emotional connections between leaders and followers, and later reframing of those views, suggest some of the dynamics that create the intense attachment expressed by Trump supporters, and his resulting ability to get his most loyal followers and allies to believe and do almost anything, no matter the evidence revealing his lies and the extremity of his demands. Essential elements include qualities of a leader and the leader’s message that make …
Jepson School Of Leadership Studies Dean's Report 2020 - 2021, Sandra J. Peart
Jepson School Of Leadership Studies Dean's Report 2020 - 2021, Sandra J. Peart
Jepson School of Leadership Studies Dean's Reports
University of Richmond's Jepson School of Leadership Studies Dean's Report for 2020 - 2021.
Brock On Open Borders, Javier S. Hidalgo
Brock On Open Borders, Javier S. Hidalgo
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Justice for People on the Move includes rich and insightful discussions of many areas of immigration policy. But, in this paper, I’ll focus on evaluating Brock’s arguments against open borders. Justice for People on the Move includes rich and insightful discussions of many areas of immigration policy. But, in this paper, I’ll focus on evaluating Brock’s arguments against open borders.
How Social-Class Background Influences Perceptions Of Political Leaders, Crystal L. Hoyt, Brenten H. Deshields
How Social-Class Background Influences Perceptions Of Political Leaders, Crystal L. Hoyt, Brenten H. Deshields
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
In this research, we contribute to a nascent literature examining how cues to social class can guide voters' political judgments. Drawing upon and merging a voting-cues framework with the stereotype-content model, we test predictions that, relative to those from high-class backgrounds, candidates from lower- and working-class backgrounds will be perceived to be more ideologically liberal, warmer, and will be evaluated more positively. We test these predictions across four experimental studies (NStudy1 = 200; NStudy2 = 537; NStudy3 = 352; NStudy4 = 654) employing a candidate-evaluation paradigm; participants were presented with basic candidate background information, including cues to candidate …
Growth Mindset Messaging In Stigma-Relevant Contexts: Harnessing Benefits Without Costs, Crystal L. Hoyt, Jeni L. Burnette
Growth Mindset Messaging In Stigma-Relevant Contexts: Harnessing Benefits Without Costs, Crystal L. Hoyt, Jeni L. Burnette
Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications
Growth mindsets are increasingly used to promote learning, development, and health. The increased popularity resulted in scrutiny and disputes about utility. The current work reviews a perspective critical to the debate. Namely, we focus on emerging research that examines both the favorable and potentially adverse consequences of growth mindset messaging in stigma-relevant contexts. This double-edged sword model merges the mindset perspective with attribution theory and the psychological essentialism literature. In stigmatizing contexts and in isolation, growth mindsets can indirectly predict less positive outcomes, via personal responsibility for the problem, but more positive outcomes, via expectations for the potential to manage …