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Full-Text Articles in Labor Economics

The Racial And Spatial Impacts Of The Paycheck Protection Program, T. William Lester, Matthew D. Wilson May 2022

The Racial And Spatial Impacts Of The Paycheck Protection Program, T. William Lester, Matthew D. Wilson

External Papers and Reports

No abstract provided.


Credit Availability For Minority Business Owners In An Evolving Credit Environment: Before And During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Mark E. Schweitzer, Brett Barkley May 2022

Credit Availability For Minority Business Owners In An Evolving Credit Environment: Before And During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Mark E. Schweitzer, Brett Barkley

External Papers and Reports

No abstract provided.


Banking Deserts And The Paycheck Protection Program, Kristopher Deming, Stephan Weiler May 2022

Banking Deserts And The Paycheck Protection Program, Kristopher Deming, Stephan Weiler

External Papers and Reports

No abstract provided.


Bank Types, Inclusivity, And Payroll Protection Program Lending During Covid-19, Mark K. Cassell, Michael Schwan, Marc Schneiberg May 2022

Bank Types, Inclusivity, And Payroll Protection Program Lending During Covid-19, Mark K. Cassell, Michael Schwan, Marc Schneiberg

External Papers and Reports

No abstract provided.


Income Generation Through Entrepreneurship: Seed Initiative, Iliana G. Perez May 2022

Income Generation Through Entrepreneurship: Seed Initiative, Iliana G. Perez

External Papers and Reports

No abstract provided.


The Economic And Business Case For Ensuring High-Quality Childcare And Preschool, Timothy J. Bartik Mar 2022

The Economic And Business Case For Ensuring High-Quality Childcare And Preschool, Timothy J. Bartik

Presentations

No abstract provided.


Monopsony In Manufacturing, Chen Yeh, Claudia Macaluso, Brad J. Hershbein Mar 2022

Monopsony In Manufacturing, Chen Yeh, Claudia Macaluso, Brad J. Hershbein

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Monopsony In The U.S. Labor Market, Chen Yeh, Claudia Macaluso, Brad J. Hershbein Mar 2022

Monopsony In The U.S. Labor Market, Chen Yeh, Claudia Macaluso, Brad J. Hershbein

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper quantifies the extent to which the U.S. manufacturing labor market is characterized by employer market power and how such market power has changed over time. We find that the vast majority of U.S. manufacturing plants operate in a monopsonistic environment and, at least since the early 2000s, the labor market in U.S. manufacturing has become more monopsonistic. To reach this conclusion, we exploit rich administrative data for U.S. manufacturers and estimate plant-level markdowns—the ratio between a plant’s marginal revenue product of labor and its wage. In a competitive labor market, markdowns would be equal to unity. Instead, we …


Why Aren’T People Leaving Janesville? Industry Persistence, Trade Shocks, And Mobility, Sebastian Ottinger, Michael Poyker Feb 2022

Why Aren’T People Leaving Janesville? Industry Persistence, Trade Shocks, And Mobility, Sebastian Ottinger, Michael Poyker

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Particular industries have dominated many locations in the United States for more than a century. We show that individuals residing in such locations were systematically less likely to move away from there during the past few decades. By identifying locations with sizable employment shares in the same manufacturing industries in 1870 and 1980, we documented less out-migration in the decades following 1980 than earlier. In response to the largest shock affecting manufacturing employment since then, these locations adjusted differently: the “China shock” led to higher unemployment in their communities, but fewer people moved away. Drawing on rich data of social …


Isolated States Of America: State Borders, Mobility, And Labor Markets, Riley Wilson Jan 2022

Isolated States Of America: State Borders, Mobility, And Labor Markets, Riley Wilson

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.


Wage Posting Or Wage Bargaining?: A Test Using Dual Jobholders, Marta Lachowska, Alexandre Mas, Raffaele Saggio, Stephen A. Woodbury Jan 2022

Wage Posting Or Wage Bargaining?: A Test Using Dual Jobholders, Marta Lachowska, Alexandre Mas, Raffaele Saggio, Stephen A. Woodbury

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.


Wage Posting Or Wage Bargaining?: A Test Using Dual Jobholders, Marta Lachowska, Alexandre Mas, Raffaele Saggio, Stephen A. Woodbury Jan 2022

Wage Posting Or Wage Bargaining?: A Test Using Dual Jobholders, Marta Lachowska, Alexandre Mas, Raffaele Saggio, Stephen A. Woodbury

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Wage Posting Or Wage Bargaining? A Test Using Dual Jobholders, Marta Lachowska, Alexandre Mas, Raffaele Saggio, Stephen A. Woodbury Jan 2022

Wage Posting Or Wage Bargaining? A Test Using Dual Jobholders, Marta Lachowska, Alexandre Mas, Raffaele Saggio, Stephen A. Woodbury

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper examines the behavior of dual jobholders to test a simple model of wage bargaining and wage posting. We estimate the sensitivity of wages and separation rates to wage shocks in a worker’s secondary job to assess the degree of bargaining versus wage posting in the labor market. We interpret the evidence within a model where workers facing hours constraints in their primary job may take a second, flexible-hours job for additional income. When a secondary job offers a sufficiently high wage, a worker either bargains with the primary employer for a wage increase or separates. The model provides …


What Do We Know About Alternative Work Arrangements In The United States? A Synthesis Of Research Evidence From Household Surveys, And Administrative Data, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman Jan 2022

What Do We Know About Alternative Work Arrangements In The United States? A Synthesis Of Research Evidence From Household Surveys, And Administrative Data, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman

Reports

The Contingent Worker Supplement (CWS) to the Current Population Survey (CPS), fielded six times between 1995 and 2017, was designed to measure jobs that were temporary in nature as well as work arrangements thought to be associated with less commitment between workers and employers. The latter includes independent contractor and platform work, temporary help and other intermediated contract work arrangements, and on-call work, which captures a certain type of unpredictable work schedule. While the CWS provides consistent measures of the work arrangements covered in the survey over a 22-year time span, it has shortcomings. Data from other household surveys, employer …


Contingent And Alternative Employment: Lessons From The Contingent Worker Supplement, 1995–2017, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman Jan 2022

Contingent And Alternative Employment: Lessons From The Contingent Worker Supplement, 1995–2017, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman

Reports

The Contingent Worker Supplement (CWS) to the Current Population Survey—administered six times between 1995 and 2017—is uniquely valuable in providing detailed information on a consistent set of work arrangements in a large, nationally representative survey. Drawing on data from all six CWS waves, we provide an in-depth picture of the nature of contingent and alternative work and whether and how employment arrangements are changing in the United States. We exploit questions in the CWS to distinguish between three types of self-employment, including two types of independent contractors. We also link data on individuals in the CWS to their data in …


Isolated States Of America: State Borders, Mobility, And Labor Markets, Riley Wilson Dec 2021

Isolated States Of America: State Borders, Mobility, And Labor Markets, Riley Wilson

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Isolated States Of America: The Impact Of State Borders On Mobility And Regional Labor Market Adjustments, Riley Wilson Dec 2021

Isolated States Of America: The Impact Of State Borders On Mobility And Regional Labor Market Adjustments, Riley Wilson

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

I document a new empirical pattern of internal mobility in the United States. Namely, county-to-county migration and commuting drop off discretely at state borders. People are three times as likely to move to a county 15 miles away, but in the same state, than to move to an equally distant county in a different state. These gaps remain even among neighboring counties or counties in the same commuting zone. This pattern is not explained by differences in county characteristics, is not driven by any particular demographic group, and is not explained by pecuniary costs such as differences in state occupational …


General Equilibrium Effects Of Insurance Expansions: Evidence From Long-Term Care Labor Markets, Martin Hackmann, Jӧrg Heining, Roman Klimke, Maria Polyakova, Holger Seibert Nov 2021

General Equilibrium Effects Of Insurance Expansions: Evidence From Long-Term Care Labor Markets, Martin Hackmann, Jӧrg Heining, Roman Klimke, Maria Polyakova, Holger Seibert

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Arrow (1963) hypothesized that demand-side moral hazard induced by health insurance leads to supply-side expansions in healthcare markets. Capturing these effects empirically has been challenging, as non-marginal insurance expansions are rare and detailed data on healthcare labor and capital is sparse. We combine administrative labor market data with the geographic variation in the rollout of a universal insurance program—the introduction of long-term care (LTC) insurance in Germany in 1995—to document a substantial expansion of the inpatient LTC labor market in response to insurance expansion. A 10 percentage point expansion in the share of insured elderly leads to 0.05 (7%) more …


Labor Market Consequences Of Antitax Avoidance Policies, Katarzyna Bilicka Oct 2021

Labor Market Consequences Of Antitax Avoidance Policies, Katarzyna Bilicka

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

In this paper, I analyze the local labor market consequences of multinational firms reallocating employees across their affiliates in response to antitax avoidance policies. I leverage the introduction of a worldwide debt cap in 2010 in the United Kingdom as a quasi-natural experiment that limited one of the forms of profit shifting—debt shifting—for a group of multinational corporations (MNCs). Multinationals affected by the reform reallocated their employees from the United Kingdom to foreign locations. This affected London-based service sector firms the most. I show that this led to a reduction in the number of jobs available in regions exposed to …


When Labor Enforcement And Immigration Enforcement Collide: Deterring Worker Complaints Worsens Workplace Safety, Amanda M. Grittner, Matthew S. Johnson Oct 2021

When Labor Enforcement And Immigration Enforcement Collide: Deterring Worker Complaints Worsens Workplace Safety, Amanda M. Grittner, Matthew S. Johnson

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Regulatory agencies overseeing the labor market often rely on worker complaints to direct their enforcement. However, if workers face differential barriers to complain, this system could result in ineffective targeting and create disparities in working conditions. To investigate these implications, we examine how the onset of Secure Communities—a localized immigration enforcement program—affected occupational safety and health. Counties’ participation in Secure Communities substantially reduced complaints to government safety regulators, but increased injuries, at workplaces with Hispanic workers. We show that these effects are most consistent with employers reducing safety inputs in response to workers’ decreased willingness to complain.


The Impact Of The Pandemic On U.S. Labor Markets: Past, Present And Future Concerns, Michael Horrigan Oct 2021

The Impact Of The Pandemic On U.S. Labor Markets: Past, Present And Future Concerns, Michael Horrigan

Presentations

No abstract provided.


The Dynamics Of Referral Hiring And Racial Inequality: Evidence From Brazil, Conrad Miller, Ian Schmutte Oct 2021

The Dynamics Of Referral Hiring And Racial Inequality: Evidence From Brazil, Conrad Miller, Ian Schmutte

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

We study how referral hiring contributes to racial inequality in firm-level labor demand over the firm’s life cycle using data from Brazil. We consider a search model where referral networks are segregated, firms are more informed about the match quality of referred candidates, and some referrals are made by nonreferred employees. Consistent with the model, we find that firms are more likely to hire candidates and less likely to dismiss employees of the same race as the founder, but these differences diminish as firms’ cumulative hires increase. Referral hiring helps to explain racial differences in dismissals, seniority, and employer size.


Place-Based Jobs Policies: We Need To Boost Employment Rates In Distressed Places, But: One Size Does Not Fit All, Timothy J. Bartik Sep 2021

Place-Based Jobs Policies: We Need To Boost Employment Rates In Distressed Places, But: One Size Does Not Fit All, Timothy J. Bartik

Presentations

No abstract provided.


A Model Of Occupational Licensing And Statistical Discrimination, Peter Q. Blair, Bobby W. Chung Aug 2021

A Model Of Occupational Licensing And Statistical Discrimination, Peter Q. Blair, Bobby W. Chung

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

We develop a model of statistical discrimination in occupational licensing. In the model, there is endogenous occupation selection and wage determination that depends on how costly it is to obtain the license and the productivity of the human capital that is bundled with the license. Under these assumptions, we find a unique equilibrium with sharp comparative statics for the licensing premiums. The key theoretical result in this paper is that the licensing premium is higher for workers who are members of demographic groups that face a higher cost of licensing. The intuition for this result is that the higher cost …


Informed Choices: Gender Gaps In Career Advice, Yana Gallen, Melanie Wasserman Jul 2021

Informed Choices: Gender Gaps In Career Advice, Yana Gallen, Melanie Wasserman

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.


Trade And Structural Change: Focusing On The Specifics, Andrew Greenland, John W. Lopresti Jun 2021

Trade And Structural Change: Focusing On The Specifics, Andrew Greenland, John W. Lopresti

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Using a newly digitized database encompassing the universe of tariff lines across five US trade policy regimes between 1900 and 1940, we show that price dynamics combine with industry reliance on specific tariffs to generate large swings in average tariff levels. Intra-policy variation in tariffs is strongly predictive of import growth throughout our sample. Using linked Census data, we quantify the effects of imports on structural change in this era. We find that import growth decreases labor force participation and inhibits the transition into the expanding manufacturing and service sectors, especially among the young.


Informed Choices: Gender Gaps In Career Advice, Yana Gallen, Melanie Wasserman May 2021

Informed Choices: Gender Gaps In Career Advice, Yana Gallen, Melanie Wasserman

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


An Assessment Of The Economic Conditions In The City Of Battle Creek, Kathleen Bolter, Jim Robey, Gerrit Anderson Apr 2021

An Assessment Of The Economic Conditions In The City Of Battle Creek, Kathleen Bolter, Jim Robey, Gerrit Anderson

Reports

The City of Battle Creek offers current and future residents many benefits including a lower cost of living, growing health care and manufacturing sectors, and relatively high wages for the region. At the same time, the City of Battle Creek, like many small-sized midwestern cities, faces many challenges. Its workforce is shrinking and aging. Residents lack the educational attainment needed to compete in the twenty-first-century economy. And, economic, social, racial, and ethnic divisions exist within the city. Together, these issues could risk the ability of the City of Battle Creek to reach a new level of competitiveness and attract new …


Youth Disconnection During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Mark Borgschulte, Yuci Chen Apr 2021

Youth Disconnection During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Mark Borgschulte, Yuci Chen

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Youth Disconnection During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Mark Borgschulte, Yuci Chen Apr 2021

Youth Disconnection During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Mark Borgschulte, Yuci Chen

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper studies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth disconnection—i.e., the share of young people who were neither in school nor at work. Youth disconnection offers important advantages, relative to unemployment or participation rates, as a measure of the labor market for the most marginal and disadvantaged youth. Before the pandemic, approximately one out of eight young people between the ages of 18 and 24 were disconnected. The disconnection rate increased dramatically in April 2020 because of the pandemic; however, it has decreased quickly since that time. The increase in the disconnection rate at the beginning of the …