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Articles 1711 - 1740 of 2097

Full-Text Articles in Economic History

7. Malthus And The Problem Of Population, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

7. Malthus And The Problem Of Population, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section XIV: The Industrial Revolution, Classical Economics, and Economic Liberalism

One of the central beliefs of classical economic theory was that there is an inexorable tendency for population to press against the available natural resources, especially those providing the food supply. This doctrine, though not originating with him, was eloquently expressed by Thomas Robert Malthas (1766-1834) in an essay which first appeared in 1798. Malthus, a high-ranking graduate of Cambridge University, was a clergyman in the Church of England before he became a professor of history and political economy at the East India College, Haileybury, in 1805. This college had just been established by the British East India Company to …

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8. David Ricardo And Classical Economics, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

8. David Ricardo And Classical Economics, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section XIV: The Industrial Revolution, Classical Economics, and Economic Liberalism

It is David Ricardo, (1772-1823) rather than Malthus who has long been regarded as the more outstanding of the classical economists after Adam Smith. His father was a Jewish immigrant to England who became a prosperous merchant and broker. Ricardo entered his father's business, but after marrying a Quakeress and embracing her faith was forced onto his own resources. By the time he reached his early forties he had gained a large fortune as a stock broker which enabled him to retire to a large rural estate. Here he played the role of landlord and engaged in serious study. In …

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10. Criticism And Revision Of Classical Economics, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

10. Criticism And Revision Of Classical Economics, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section XIV: The Industrial Revolution, Classical Economics, and Economic Liberalism

The work of the classical economists was primarily one of deduction. In a sense it is a tribute to their capacity to draw corollaries and conclusions from basic principles accepted as established truths. The finely spun theoretical model which they constructed was not long immune from attack by several quarters. As we shall see in Chapter XVI, the Marxian Socialists took the labor theory of value and used it to advocate the overthrow of capitalistic society. [excerpt]

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5. The Democracies Between The Wars (1919-1939), Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

5. The Democracies Between The Wars (1919-1939), Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section XVIII: The Western World in the Twentieth Century: The Historical Setting

At first glance, the events of World War I seemed to be a triumphant vindication of the spirit of 1848. It was the leading democratic great powers - Britain, France, and the United States - who had emerged the victors. In the political reconstruction of Europe, republics had replaces many monarchies. West of Russia, new and apparently democratic constitutions were established in Germany, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. Yet the sad truth was that by the outbreak of World War II in 1939 the majority of the once democratic states of central and eastern Europe …

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1. Some Major Factors Of The Contemporary Social World: The American Example, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

1. Some Major Factors Of The Contemporary Social World: The American Example, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section XIX: An Analysis of the Contemporary World’s Search for Meaning

One of the major factors of the contemporary social world is industrialization. Recent industrial developments have moved in two major directions. First, there has been a tremendous increase in technological innovation, reaching the stage which we call automation. The machines which we have developed are doing their work only too well, including some tasks which we had long though could be done only by human hands and heads. Not only the blue-collar worker but also the white-collar worker seems to be faced with the possibility of technological unemployment. [excerpt]

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4. The Rise Of Capitalism, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold A. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

4. The Rise Of Capitalism, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold A. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section V: The Rise of Capitalism and the National State to 1500

It will be seen from the foregoing that some of the spirit and practices of modern capitalism were already apparent as early as the eleventh and twelfth centuries. European thought was becoming more secular with the development of a mercantile culture which stressed the production of goods for profit in contrast with the former emphasis on production for use. Medieval man began exploiting opportunities for more effective production and is distribution of the products of farm, mine, and shop. From this search evolved the economic system we call capitalism. In its rudimentary form this institution was not unknown during the …

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2. The Renaissance Of Northern Europe, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold A. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

2. The Renaissance Of Northern Europe, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold A. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section VI: Renaissance Humanism

The Renaissance north of the Alps was akin to the Italian Renaissance, but it appeared later and developed distinctive features of its own. It had a dual origin in infection and invention. Infection was the result of the brisk traffic of merchants, scholars, princes, soldiers, Churchmen, and artists which passed between Italy and the North, carrying tidings of the new developments in Rome, Florence, Venice, and Milan. In addition, northern Europeans hit on ideas of their own. Since they, like the Italians, were experiencing the growth of trade, urban life, and the centralized state, their response to these events was …

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1. The Renaissance In Italy, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold A. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

1. The Renaissance In Italy, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold A. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section VI: Renaissance Humanism

Italian wealth in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was a fertile seedbed in which Renaissance civilization flowered. We have already noted how Italy led the way in the development of commercial capitalism. This flourishing economy placed in the hands of a vigorous class of self-made men sufficient wealth to give Italian civilization a gilding of luxury and display such as the Western World had not seen since the fall of Rome. [excerpt]

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4. Mercantilism, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

4. Mercantilism, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section IX: Early Modern Europe, 1500-1789

The rise of the national state and the expansion of Europe, which have just been described, were accompanied by the further development of commercial capitalism along lines already laid down in the later Middle Ages. The most notable fact about capitalism between 1500 and 1789 was its overall growth, not so much in the development of new techniques (at least not until the very end of the period) as in the wider use and elaboration of old ones. The New Monarchy and its successors afforded protection to businessmen and something resembling a national market. In addition, the government with its …

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9. Economic Liberalism, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

9. Economic Liberalism, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section XIV: The Industrial Revolution, Classical Economics, and Economic Liberalism

Some of the classical economists thought that their function was to describe the general principles of economic life and not to prescribe the means of improving society. Wealth, not happiness, remarked Senior, is the economist's concern. Others, who took more seriously the titles they chose for the books they were publishing, thought differently. [excerpt]

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3. The Economic Scene (1919-1939), Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

3. The Economic Scene (1919-1939), Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section XVIII: The Western World in the Twentieth Century: The Historical Setting

Control over the processes of production was made more efficient by the application of the new techniques of scientific management, a concept which first achieved prominence in America. Uneconomic producers were closed down in what was called rationalization of production. In Britain, unprofitable coal mines were abandoned through cooperation between government and business. In some cases, plant efficiency was increased by better layout and labor-saving machines. American coal mining was revolutionized by the conveyor belt and mechanical cutting equipment. Material-saving devices were introduced, such as those which reduced the amount of coal necessary to generate a kilowatt of electricity. Standardization …

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6. Classical Economics From Smith To Malthus, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

6. Classical Economics From Smith To Malthus, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section XIV: The Industrial Revolution, Classical Economics, and Economic Liberalism

In 1776, several years after his good friend James Watt had obtained the first patent covering the steam engine and several years before the process for making wrought iron was devised, Adam Smith (1723-1790), a retired professor of moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow, published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. This book was immediately popular. It went through five editions in English and was translated into four foreign languages during its author's lifetime, and has stimulated and provoked Western economic thought and debate down to our own time. It won for …

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2. Economics, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart Jan 1958

2. Economics, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart

Section XXI: Meaning in the Social Sciences

The study of the way in which man makes a living — a short definition of economics — or of how he makes use of limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants -- another definition — has been traced in this work from Aristotle through the Middle Ages and mercantilism to the nineteenth century, when the classicists and their numerous critics, under the influence of industrialization and the intellectual trends of the day, created a large body of economic thought. In Chapter XIV we saw how, at the end of the century, Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) attempted to reformulate classical theory to …

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Bureau Of Labor Statistics - Wage Stats: 1958 (2), U.S. Department Of Labor Jan 1958

Bureau Of Labor Statistics - Wage Stats: 1958 (2), U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

The Bureau of Labor Statistics report documents quarterly and annual changes in union wage scales for major building trades across multiple U.S. cities, highlighting modest increases and documenting detailed rate schedules for bricklayers, carpenters, electricians, painters, plasterers, plumbers, and building laborers.

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Bureau Of Labor Statistics - Wage Stats: 1958 (3), U.S. Department Of Labor Jan 1958

Bureau Of Labor Statistics - Wage Stats: 1958 (3), U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

The Bureau of Labor Statistics report documents quarterly and annual changes in union wage scales for major building trades across multiple U.S. cities, highlighting modest increases and documenting detailed rate schedules for bricklayers, carpenters, electricians, painters, plasterers, plumbers, and building laborers.

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Employment And Wages - 1958 (2), U.S. Department Of Labor Jan 1958

Employment And Wages - 1958 (2), U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

This publication documents employment and wage trends among workers covered by State Unemployment Insurance and UCFE programs during the third quarter of 1958. The report highlights the nation's continuing recovery from the 1957-1958 recession, presenting detailed employment, payroll, industry, state, and federal agency statistics.

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Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: January 1958, U.S. Department Of Labor Jan 1958

Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: January 1958, U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

This report presents comprehensive labor market and employment security statistics for late 1957, covering employment service operations, placement activities, unemployment insurance administration, appeals processing, and labor force participation trends. Special sections analyze insured claimants, benefit exhaustions, dependents’ allowances, and employment services provided to women, veterans, handicapped workers, and labor surplus areas.

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Employment And Wages - 1958, U.S. Department Of Labor Jan 1958

Employment And Wages - 1958, U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

This report presents employment and wage statistics for workers covered by State Unemployment Insurance laws and the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) program during the second quarter of 1958. It analyzes the effects of the 1957-1958 recession on covered employment, wages, and industrial activity across states and industries, providing detailed labor market data at the national and state levels.

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Bureau Of Labor Statistics - Wage Stats: 1958, U.S. Department Of Labor Jan 1958

Bureau Of Labor Statistics - Wage Stats: 1958, U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

The Bureau of Labor Statistics report documents quarterly and annual changes in union wage scales for major building trades across multiple U.S. cities, highlighting modest increases and documenting detailed rate schedules for bricklayers, carpenters, electricians, painters, plasterers, plumbers, and building laborers.

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Bureau Of Labor Statistics - Wage Stats: 1958 (4), U.S. Department Of Labor Jan 1958

Bureau Of Labor Statistics - Wage Stats: 1958 (4), U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

The Bureau of Labor Statistics report documents quarterly and annual changes in union wage scales for major building trades across multiple U.S. cities, highlighting modest increases and documenting detailed rate schedules for bricklayers, carpenters, electricians, painters, plasterers, plumbers, and building laborers.

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Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: December 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor Dec 1957

Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: December 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

This report presents October 1957 employment service and labor market statistics, including job placements, unemployment compensation activities, agricultural labor referrals, employer services, interstate claims, and disqualification determinations. The publication provides detailed state-by-state data on women, handicapped workers, veterans, and employment security program administration during a period of changing labor market conditions.

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Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: November 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor Nov 1957

Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: November 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

This report presents September 1957 labor market and employment security statistics, including employment service operations, nonagricultural and agricultural placements, unemployment compensation activities, and interstate claims and payments. Particular attention is given to women, handicapped workers, veterans, and labor market service delivery, providing a detailed snapshot of U.S. employment security conditions during 1957.

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Monthly Bulletin Uc Benefits_Nov 1957, Employment Security Commission Of New Mexico Nov 1957

Monthly Bulletin Uc Benefits_Nov 1957, Employment Security Commission Of New Mexico

Historic Publications

Employment Security Commission of New Mexico in 1957 produced unemployment claims benefits program data under the contract to US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: August 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor Aug 1957

Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: August 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

This report compiles nationwide and state-level labor market data, including employment service operations, occupational and industry placements, unemployment compensation activities, and agricultural labor referrals. It also provides specialized statistics for women and handicapped workers and includes measures of the timeliness of unemployment benefit payments across the United States.

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Monthly Bulletin Uc Benefits_Aug 1957, Employment Security Commission Of New Mexico Aug 1957

Monthly Bulletin Uc Benefits_Aug 1957, Employment Security Commission Of New Mexico

Historic Publications

Employment Security Commission of New Mexico in 1957 produced unemployment claims benefits program data under the contract to US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Monthly Bulletin: Employment And Earnings, Fourth Quarter 1956, Employment Security Commission Of New Mexico Jul 1957

Monthly Bulletin: Employment And Earnings, Fourth Quarter 1956, Employment Security Commission Of New Mexico

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages

This special bulletin of the Employment Security Commission of New Mexico presents covered employment, total wages, and average weekly earnings for the fourth quarter of 1956, with detailed breakdowns by industry and county.

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Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: July 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor Jul 1957

Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: July 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

This report presents detailed state and regional employment service and unemployment insurance data, including labor market activities for women, veterans, handicapped workers, and agricultural and nonagricultural placements. It also contains special tables on unemployment insurance beneficiaries, benefit exhaustions, and dependents' allowances, providing insight into labor market and social insurance conditions in the United States during 1957.

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Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: June 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor Jun 1957

Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: June 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

This report presents detailed national and state labor market and employment security data, including employment service activities, unemployment insurance disqualifications, appeals activity, contribution operations, and workforce placement statistics. The report provides a comprehensive overview of employment security program administration and labor market conditions during the economic expansion of the late 1950s.

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Monthly Bulletin Uc Benefits_June 1957, Employment Security Commission Of New Mexico Jun 1957

Monthly Bulletin Uc Benefits_June 1957, Employment Security Commission Of New Mexico

Historic Publications

Employment Security Commission of New Mexico in 1957 produced unemployment claims benefits program data under the contract to US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: May 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor May 1957

Statistical Supplement - Labor Market And Employment Security: May 1957, U.S. Department Of Labor

Historic Publications

This report compiles extensive labor market and employment security statistics, including employment service operations, unemployment insurance appeals, interstate claims and payments, workforce placements, and benefit payment administration. The report offers a comprehensive state-by-state view of labor market conditions and employment security program performance during 1957.

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