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Articles 1 - 30 of 36
Full-Text Articles in Counselor Education
Counseling Supervision In Vocational Rehabilitation: An Integration And Extension Of The Discrimination Model And Critical Disability Theory, Nichole Tichy, Harvey C. Peters
Counseling Supervision In Vocational Rehabilitation: An Integration And Extension Of The Discrimination Model And Critical Disability Theory, Nichole Tichy, Harvey C. Peters
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
As a specialized counseling discipline, vocational rehabilitation aims to support individuals with disabilities in obtaining integrated and competitive employment within their communities. Within the rehabilitation counseling profession, the practice of clinical supervision is considered an essential function of the job; however, most professionals report inadequate or nonexistent supervision within their professional settings. Research on this topic is scarce, and few clinical supervision models exist specific to the needs of rehabilitation counselors. In this manuscript, we present an adaptation of the discrimination model for counselors that incorporates vocational rehabilitation and critical disability theory to encourage the challenging and dismantling of ableism. …
Ai-Assisted Case Conceptualization: Enhancing Ethical Decision-Making In Graduate Counseling Education, Thang S. Tran, Praveen K. Rudra, Justin Jacques
Ai-Assisted Case Conceptualization: Enhancing Ethical Decision-Making In Graduate Counseling Education, Thang S. Tran, Praveen K. Rudra, Justin Jacques
Journal of Educational Leadership in Action
As artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into counselor education, a significant gap exists between the rapid adoption of technology and the development of structured pedagogical frameworks for ethical decision-making. This article introduces a multi-component framework to support ethical AI integration in graduate counseling education, comprising three key elements: (1) a case conceptualization model with AI assistance, (2) Morgan (SC), an intentionally imperfect AI school counseling thought partner trained on ethical standards and decision-making models, and (3) structured protocols for ethical decision-making aligned with American Counseling Association and National Board for Certified Counselors guidance. The framework is designed to center …
Counselors’ Experiences Of The Alliance In Videoconference Supervision: The Role Of Nonverbals, John E. Trenery, Azra Karajic Siwiec, Randall L. Astramovich
Counselors’ Experiences Of The Alliance In Videoconference Supervision: The Role Of Nonverbals, John E. Trenery, Azra Karajic Siwiec, Randall L. Astramovich
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
The role of nonverbal immediacy and intimacy in shaping the supervisory alliance during videoconference-based clinical supervision is understudied. Using a generic qualitative research design, data were collected from 15 practicing counselors through semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis identified six primary themes, highlighting both the perceived barriers and the essential role of nonverbal cues, as well as the need for amplified behaviors in video-based interactions. The findings point to significant gaps in telesupervision training and introduce a novel framework to strengthen telepresence in videoconference supervision. This study offers actionable insight for educational institutions and governing bodies, emphasizing the importance of targeted curricula …
Counseling Professionals' Perspectives On Ai Integration In Education And Supervision: A Concept Mapping Study, Hank Crofford, Elif Bor, Gülşah Kemer
Counseling Professionals' Perspectives On Ai Integration In Education And Supervision: A Concept Mapping Study, Hank Crofford, Elif Bor, Gülşah Kemer
Counseling & Human Services Faculty Publications
The rapid emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised important questions about how new technologies will shape professional norms and practices in counseling. The purpose of this study was to understand how counseling professionals expect AI to be integrated into counselor education and supervision (CES). Using a mixed‐methods concept mapping design, 31 participants generated and sorted statements about the potential roles, benefits, and concerns associated with AI in the profession. Participants represented diverse counseling roles, including counselor educators, licensed professional counselors, supervisors, master's‐ and doctoral‐level trainees, and other counseling‐related professionals. Standard concept mapping procedures were conducted using R, resulting in …
Illuminating Secrets Of Harmful Supervision: A Narrative Inquiry Into The Lived Experiences Of Marriage And Family Therapy Supervisees Of Color During Clinical Supervision And The Effects On Their Personal And Professional Identity, Danielle Garcia Gomez
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
Harmful supervision is a critical yet often underexamined issue for supervisees of color (SOC), whose lived experiences are underrepresented in clinical supervision literature. Given the hierarchical and evaluative nature of clinical supervision, power dynamics are placed at the center of professional training, thereby creating conditions where unchecked supervisory power can lead to harm. Within Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT), research on harmful supervision is limited, despite the profession’s emphasis on relational dynamics. This qualitative study aimed to amplify the voices of SOC victim-survivors of harmful supervision and to answer the research question: How have harmful supervision experiences affected the personal …
The Trauma-Informed Supervision Model (Tism), Melissa Luke, Sarah Litt
The Trauma-Informed Supervision Model (Tism), Melissa Luke, Sarah Litt
Trauma Counseling and Resilience
Trauma-informed counseling is an increasingly important component of contemporary counselor training and practice, but it remains under-represented in supervisory models and frameworks. As supervision is identified as the primary and signature practice for the training of all mental health professionals, we developed a conceptual and integrative supervision model grounded in the theoretical and research support for trauma-informed counselor training. Extending the discrimination model, we present the second-generation trauma-informed supervision model (TISM), a six domain by three foci by three role model to address this gap. We illustrate each of the 54 domain-foci-role combinations with trauma-informed supervisory examples that can inform …
Ethics And Clinical Supervision: Understanding The Needs Of Counselors In Training And Self-Efficacy Development In Clinical Supervisors, Brooke Carroll
Ethics And Clinical Supervision: Understanding The Needs Of Counselors In Training And Self-Efficacy Development In Clinical Supervisors, Brooke Carroll
Dissertations, 2020-current
This dissertation examines foundational principles of ethics, clinical supervision, and clinical supervisor ethical decision-making self-efficacy development. Counselors-in-training, those who have completed their degrees but are not yet licensed, are profoundly impacted by their experience in clinical supervision. Therefore, it is imperative for the clinical supervisors who are leading this new generation of counselors to embody the highest respect and execution of ethical practice and ethical decision making. To do this, clinical supervisor ethical decision-making self-efficacy must be tended to, developed, and understood. When mastered, these clinical supervisors are better equipped to assist their supervisees through ethical dilemmas and critical incidents. …
Changing The Face Of Power: Understanding Black Female Clinical Supervisors Through The Superwoman Schema, Shanelle V. Clay
Changing The Face Of Power: Understanding Black Female Clinical Supervisors Through The Superwoman Schema, Shanelle V. Clay
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
According to the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics (2014), the counseling profession’s core values include honoring diversity and embracing a multicultural approach to both direct services and supervision. Despite the acknowledgement of multiculturalism in clinical supervision, there is minimal research on the impact of supervisors’ intersectionality on supervision dynamics. This qualitative research study will examine the experience of Black female clinical supervisors and the impact the Superwoman Schema has on their role in supervision. This phenomenological research is grounded in the Superwoman Schema Conceptual Framework and Black Feminist Thought. A total of five superordinate themes and 14 subordinate themes …
Intersectional Opportunities For Drama Therapy And Counseling, Erica Craig-Mann
Intersectional Opportunities For Drama Therapy And Counseling, Erica Craig-Mann
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
The purpose of this study was to explore the intersectional possibilities between the fields of drama therapy and mental health counseling through the lens of transformative learning theory. Specifically, the research sought to understand the lived experiences of professionals trained in both disciplines to identify how these fields might mutually inform, strengthen, and enhance one another through collaboration and/or dual training. Data were collected through a qualitative online survey and analyzed using thematic analysis. Five themes emerged: (a) Theoretical and Practical Overlaps and Distinctions; (b) Drama Therapy-Informed Counseling: Embodiment, Creativity, and Experiential Practice; (c) Counseling-Informed Drama Therapy: Frameworks for Practice, …
Exploring The Use Of Somatic Skills And Techniques In Clinical Supervision, Areka D. Foster
Exploring The Use Of Somatic Skills And Techniques In Clinical Supervision, Areka D. Foster
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
This study explores the lived experiences of clinical supervisors who engage in somatically oriented supervision. Informed by relational-cultural theory and polyvagal theory, the research employs a grounded theory methodology to investigate the potential development of a somatic supervision framework. Eleven participants completed semi-structured interviews and data were analyzed using both thematic analysis and grounded theory techniques. Eleven core themes emerged: (a) conceptualizations of somatic supervision, (b) integration of somatic techniques in supervisory practice, (c) theoretical foundations for somatic supervision, (d) attunement to countertransference, (e) the supervisory relationship, (f) trauma-informed approaches, (g) somatic techniques and practices, (h) initiating and structuring somatic …
Ecological Attunement: Exploring Eco-Informed Clinical Supervision, Ari C. Bonagofski
Ecological Attunement: Exploring Eco-Informed Clinical Supervision, Ari C. Bonagofski
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
This dissertation examined what constitutes eco-informed clinical supervision, identified its essential components, described its practical implementation, and analyzed how it expands systemic practice. The lack of attention climate- and nature-related issues receive in the couple and family therapy field coupled with the climate crisis and disconnection from nature create a gap in training and care for those experiencing ecological distress. Clinical supervision is one method of addressing this issue by teaching and developing competence working with climate- and nature-related issues. Using a modified three-part Delphi methodology, this study included two surveys followed by an optional individual interview. Panelists agreed on …
A Target Model For Social Justice Supervision, Sara E. Ellison, Paul Tierney, Margaret Taylor
A Target Model For Social Justice Supervision, Sara E. Ellison, Paul Tierney, Margaret Taylor
Teaching and Supervision in Counseling
Addressing social justice in supervision is essential to dismantling systemic oppression and infusing social justice practices into the profession of counseling. Despite the importance of social justice to the training and development of novice counselors, few models exist in the professional literature to guide supervisors wishing to integrate these essential competencies. This article proposes a simple, structured Target Model for Social Justice Supervision utilizing the roles of Bernard’s Discrimination Model to focus on self-awareness, client and supervisee worldview, the counseling and supervision relationship, social justice interventions, and evaluation procedures. Specific goals, strategies, interventions, and the application of the model are …
Developing Expertise And Multiculturally Informed Supervision Practices, Mary Martha Abernathy
Developing Expertise And Multiculturally Informed Supervision Practices, Mary Martha Abernathy
Dissertations
The American Counseling Association (Media Kit, 2023) records state that 62% of their membership is made up of master’s level clinicians, with 18.92% holding a doctorate and another 5.07% enrolled in a doctoral program. Membership is largely skewed toward master’s level professionals and only 7.44% of ACA members report working in a counselor education setting (Media Kit, 2023). However, most research regarding supervision is based on supervisors practicing in an academic setting (Cook et al., 2018; Jones et al., 2019; Kemer et al., 2014; Kemer et al., 2017; Kemer, 2020). The objective of these studies is to understand how master’s …
Supervision Needs Of Novice Behavioral Health Providers In Integrated Primary Care Settings: A Delphi Study, Nicholas D. Schmoyer
Supervision Needs Of Novice Behavioral Health Providers In Integrated Primary Care Settings: A Delphi Study, Nicholas D. Schmoyer
Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations
The integration of behavioral health providers (BHPs, i.e., clinical mental health counselors, clinical psychologists, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists) into primary care settings has developed as a healthcare practice associated with enhanced patient clinical outcomes, enhanced patient satisfaction, reduced healthcare expenditures, and enhanced provider wellness and satisfaction, known together as the Quadruple Aim. For BHPs practicing in integrated primary care (IPC) settings, researchers have highlighted a variety of challenges they experience when integrating in these settings, with a consistent challenge being a lack of satisfactory training and supervision. Clinical supervision has been hailed as the “signature pedagogy” for …
Supporting Counselors-In-Training: A Toolbox For Doctoral Student Supervisors, Jeffrey M. Warren, Mark Schwarze, Helen S. Lupton-Smith
Supporting Counselors-In-Training: A Toolbox For Doctoral Student Supervisors, Jeffrey M. Warren, Mark Schwarze, Helen S. Lupton-Smith
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counselor education doctoral students are often required to supervise master-level counselors-in-training as part of their supervision internship. While practical, this arrangement places doctoral students and their supervisees in potentially compromised situations, given their lack of experience in these respective roles. This article offers a toolbox of strategies doctoral student supervisors can use to facilitate their work with counselors-in-training. These strategies address focus areas identified through prior research. Doctoral student supervisors are encouraged to use this toolbox in conjunction with the support and guidance of their faculty supervisor as they navigate clinical supervision.
The Proctor Model Of Clinical Supervision: An Introduction For Professional Counselors, Gideon Litherland, Gretchen Schulthes, Charlotte Cowles, Edward Ewe
The Proctor Model Of Clinical Supervision: An Introduction For Professional Counselors, Gideon Litherland, Gretchen Schulthes, Charlotte Cowles, Edward Ewe
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counseling supervisors require an increasingly diverse set of tools, theories, and interventions to address the myriad concerns that arise in clinical supervision. The ability to support, provide feedback, and systematically address supervisee issues are critical to effective supervision. Deliberate practice remains a key indicator of clinical effectiveness, with supervision skills requiring the same attention and practice. As consumers of supervision or providers of supervision services, professional counselors require useful models of how to engage in supervision. The Proctor Model is an internationally recognized and implemented model of supervision that has great utility for professional counselors.
Supervision In Schools: A Developmental Approach, Jessica Miserentino, Michael D. Hannon
Supervision In Schools: A Developmental Approach, Jessica Miserentino, Michael D. Hannon
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
School counselor supervision has been identified as both integral to effective school counseling practice and significantly underrepresented in counseling research. We provide a critical review of school counseling supervision literature and provide a rationale for using the Integrated Developmental Model for supervising school counselors through a case study. We conclude with recommendations for counselor preparation programs to integrate sustainable practices to help advocate for more frequent supervision support for school counselors.
Experience Is The Best Teacher: Exploring Clinical Supervisors’ Experiences Who Receive Exclusively Administrative Supervision From Non-Licensed/Non-Clinically Trained Superiors, Monica Pattillo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The goals of clinical supervision are to ensure that the supervisee is using skills appropriately and properly handling a client caseload, all while being mentored by an experienced professional, known as a clinical supervisor. However, little is known about the support clinical supervisors receive in their roles. If the support is inadequate, there is a potential to impact the welfare of the clients. Additionally, there are very few researchers that have looked at clinical supervisors’ experiences when receiving their own supervision. In order to add to the body of literature on clinical supervision, this study explored clinical supervisors’ experiences when …
Broaching Race And Race-Related Issues: Phenomenological Inquiry Of Doctoral Student Supervisors Of Counselor Trainees, Judith Wambui Preston
Broaching Race And Race-Related Issues: Phenomenological Inquiry Of Doctoral Student Supervisors Of Counselor Trainees, Judith Wambui Preston
Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations
Clinical supervision is a central building block in counseling that ensures client welfare, fosters supervisees’ professional development, and facilities the gatekeeping process of those entering the profession (Bernard & Goodyear, 2019). In addition to gatekeeping, the American Counseling Association (ACA; 2014) Code of Ethics mandates clinical supervisors to be aware of and address multiculturalism’s role in the supervisory relationship. Because of this mandate, doctoral student supervisors of counselor trainees in CACREP-accredited programs are responsible for integrating multicultural considerations through broaching to ensure racially and culturally responsive counseling to clients from diverse backgrounds (Bayne & Branco, 2018; Jones et al., 2019). …
Modeled Wellness: How Perceived Supervisor Wellness Explains Supervisee Personal Wellness, Kevin A. Doyle, Laura Welfare
Modeled Wellness: How Perceived Supervisor Wellness Explains Supervisee Personal Wellness, Kevin A. Doyle, Laura Welfare
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
In this quantitative investigation of 105 counselors-in-training, we analyzed how their perceptions of supervisor wellness are related to their own levels of wellness. The supervisee’s perception of their site supervisor’s level of wellness did explain the personal wellness of the counselor-in-training and the strength of the supervisory relationship acted as a suppressor variable in the expanded regression model. Implications for counselor educators and supervisors include the importance of adopting positive wellness attitudes and behaviors. Counselors-in-training appear to notice, for good and for bad, their supervisors’ levels of wellness. Adopting positive wellness attitudes and behaviors allows supervisors to model positive approaches.
Predictors Of Counseling Self-Efficacy: Examining Counselor Trainee’S Perception Of Supervisory Interaction Style, Poonam V. Doshi, Alfred W. Ward, Rostyslaw W. Robak
Predictors Of Counseling Self-Efficacy: Examining Counselor Trainee’S Perception Of Supervisory Interaction Style, Poonam V. Doshi, Alfred W. Ward, Rostyslaw W. Robak
Teaching and Supervision in Counseling
Abstract: The present research examined the relationship between perceived supervisory autonomy support and counseling self-efficacy (CSE) of counselor trainees. We explored whether this relationship was mediated by autonomous work motivation using the framework of self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2017) . Participants were master’s level mental health counseling interns (n = 182) enrolled in field internships. Mediational analyses showed that autonomous work motivation partially mediated the relationship between perceived autonomy support from supervisor and counselor trainees’ CSE. Results underscore the importance of adopting autonomy-supportive styles of clinical supervision for enhancing counselor trainees’ counseling self-efficacy. What is the public significance …
Examining Face-To-Face And Online Supervisee Disclosure Within The Supervisory Alliance, Letitia D'Aria Unger Johnson
Examining Face-To-Face And Online Supervisee Disclosure Within The Supervisory Alliance, Letitia D'Aria Unger Johnson
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
The purpose of this research was to examine face-to-face and online supervisee disclosure within the supervisory alliance. Just as client care pivoted to online platforms, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, so did clinical supervision, which was uncharted territory for many, including those familiar with online counseling. The methodology used was consensual qualitative research (CSR). Eight participants were recruited as a sample of convenience, and semistructured interviews were conducted via Zoom. Results indicated domains such as important characteristics of the supervisory relationship, importance of communication, supervisor characteristics related to self-disclosure, positive aspects and negative aspects of online supervision, and …
In-Home Counseling Clinical Supervision: A Multiple-Case Study Analysis, Janelle M. Cox, Connie T. Jones, Stephanie F. Dailey
In-Home Counseling Clinical Supervision: A Multiple-Case Study Analysis, Janelle M. Cox, Connie T. Jones, Stephanie F. Dailey
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
An understanding of the knowledge and skills necessary for clinical supervision of in-home counselors is scarce in counseling. To address this gap, the authors conducted a multiple-case study with three clinical supervisors from two in-home counseling agencies in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Data was collected through multiple sources: individual interviews, clinical supervisors contracts, and philosophies. Within-case and cross-case analysis resulted in four themes: clinical supervision practices, training and evaluation, ethical dilemmas, and boundary setting. Implications of these findings suggest clinical supervisors at in-home agencies are not receiving formal training and rely heavily on previous experience to guide their clinical supervision practice, …
Preparing Counselors In Training To Work Within Interdisciplinary Settings: What Are Supervisee’S Needs From Supervision, Jeanel Franklin, Suelle Micallef Marmara
Preparing Counselors In Training To Work Within Interdisciplinary Settings: What Are Supervisee’S Needs From Supervision, Jeanel Franklin, Suelle Micallef Marmara
College of Education & Professional Studies (Darden) Posters
Counselors are increasingly required to work in diverse and multicultural settings and within interprofessional and multi-professional teams (Schmit et al., 2018). For counselors to work effectively with professionals from other disciplines, they need training in collaborative competencies that include knowledge of each professions’ roles, responsibilities, and expertise (Arthur & Russell-Mayhew, 2010). Arthur and Russell-Mayhew identified supervision as possible leverage to support counselors in acquiring competencies to learn with and from other disciplines. However, there is limited research on how supervision supports health professionals, particularly counselors, in an interdisciplinary team (Owens et al., 1999). Therefore, the purpose of this study is …
Signature Pedagogy And Beyond: Reflections On Baltrinic And Wachter Morris (2020, L. Dianne Borders Phd
Signature Pedagogy And Beyond: Reflections On Baltrinic And Wachter Morris (2020, L. Dianne Borders Phd
Teaching and Supervision in Counseling
In a response to Baltrinic and Wachter Morris (2020), I expand on the term signature pedagogy and illustrate how clinical supervision satisfies the criteria for this designation in the counseling field. I then suggest an alternative term, “pedagogical foundations” (from Baltrinic and Wachter Morris), to ground work towards the authors’ goals of asking the ‘right questions’ about the ‘best things’ underlying counselor education practices and research. Finally, I outline some additional avenues (toward the same goals) via explorations of traditional learning theories and science of learning principles that emphasize student learning processes in the classroom - how students learn.
Best Practices In Clinical Supervision: What Must Supervisees Do?, Johana Rocha
Best Practices In Clinical Supervision: What Must Supervisees Do?, Johana Rocha
Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations
Clinical supervision is critical for training competent counselors who provide ethical and professional services aimed at protecting the welfare of the populations they serve. Despite clearly outlining the roles and responsibilities of supervisors in supervision literature (Borders et al., 2014), scholars have not offered guidelines to inform supervisees with their responsibilities to make the most out of their supervision experiences. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to attend to the gap in the literature by understanding what supervisees perceive as their responsibilities in clinical supervision. Such an effort may inform further studies and provide an empirical basis to establish …
Applying Markov Chain Analysis To Supervisory Interactions, Dan Li, David K. Duys, Darcy Haag Granello
Applying Markov Chain Analysis To Supervisory Interactions, Dan Li, David K. Duys, Darcy Haag Granello
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
In this study, we explored transitional dynamics (i.e., movement patterns between six common supervision events) of the supervision process using transcripts of 20 actual supervision sessions in naturalistic settings. Specifically, we first proposed an events-based framework to conceptualize the supervision process. We then provided a step-by-step protocol to perform Markov chain analysis, which is an innovative and useful means to study ongoing processes. Next, we identified transitional dynamics of the entire sample and then detected statistically different verbal interactional patterns for the dyads with longer or shorter trainee experience. Results of this study provided insights on supervision process features for …
Perceived Quality Of Clinical Supervision And Level Of Vicarious Trauma In Therapists-In-Training, Jessica L. Mantia
Perceived Quality Of Clinical Supervision And Level Of Vicarious Trauma In Therapists-In-Training, Jessica L. Mantia
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study examined the relationship between perceived quality of clinical supervision and levels of vicarious trauma (VT) and secondary traumatic stress (STS) in a sample of novice therapists who reported working with survivors of sexual trauma. The researcher included therapist’s personal sexual trauma history and history of therapy for sexual trauma as covariate variables. Results did not support the predictive value of clinical supervision in determining level of VT or STS in this population. There were no meaningful differences among groups based on personal history of sexual trauma or participation in therapy. A high percentage of participants in this sample …
Integrating Intersectionality Into Clinical Supervision: A Developmental Model Addressing Broader Definitions Of Multicultural Competence, Jennifer H. Greene, Paulina S. Flasch
Integrating Intersectionality Into Clinical Supervision: A Developmental Model Addressing Broader Definitions Of Multicultural Competence, Jennifer H. Greene, Paulina S. Flasch
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Intersectionality addresses multiple areas of diversity while considering areas of power, privilege, marginalization, and oppression. Intersectionality as a theory has gained recognition and utilization in multiple fields, including counseling. Intersectionality can and should be utilized in counseling supervision while maintaining a focus on the development of counselors in training. Intersectional supervision is a part of social justice work, the “fifth force” in counseling. The authors provide context for intersectionality as a theory and apply intersectionality to the multiple roles that supervisors take on in the context of supervision. Potential impact on clients is discussed. Suggestions for specific supervision techniques and …
The Validation Of The Multicultural Supervision Scale, Varunee Faii Sangganjanavanich, Yue Dang, Xin Liang
The Validation Of The Multicultural Supervision Scale, Varunee Faii Sangganjanavanich, Yue Dang, Xin Liang
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
The Multicultural Supervision Scale (MSS) is a self-reported instrument aimed at measuring supervisors’ multicultural supervision competencies. A total of 308 individuals completed the present study for the purpose of validating the MSS with the consideration of the influence of social desirability. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the MSS including Supervisory Skills, Supervisors’ Attitudes and Beliefs, and Stereotypes Toward Diverse Populations. Statistical evidence suggested that the MSS, which consists of 21 self-reported items, demonstrated a moderate level of internal consistency and validity of its construct. Directions for future research and implications to clinical supervision and …